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Internationalization in higher education is essential, and although active learning methodologies are increasing and allow students to develop transversal skills, most still have a very local scope. In this context, the Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) methodology is an interesting approach to benefit the students' development. It consists of an online program that involves creating multicultural teams to develop a specific learning project. Although this methodology is expanding, its use in physiology is still scarce. This paper aims to show an example of applying COIL methodology in physiology topics to enhance higher-education students' innovation and business skills. Our example project developed a sports-assessment service concept focused on physiology and biomechanics assessments. The program involved teams from Brazil, Germany, and Spain, comprising undergraduate and master students. Over 7 weeks, these teams, mentored by professors and researchers, engaged in workshops covering COIL methodology, business model design, executive summary planning, economic analyses, and communication techniques. Key outcomes included learning new concepts, developing soft skills, building confidence in innovative solution proposals, and experiencing diverse cultures. Challenges faced were language barriers, scheduling, task complexity, and logistical issues. This experience confirms the effectiveness of incorporating programs using COIL methodology into educational curriculums. Doing so exposes physiology students to innovation, entrepreneurship, and business creation while strengthening their professional connections and opening up postgraduation opportunities.

Strong convective systems characterize the tropical central-southern region of Brazil. These systems provide abundant water supply for agroindustrial activities and pose flood risks to large cities. Here, we present high-frequency (2–10 min ; inter- and intra-event) rainfall isotopic compositions (n = 90 samples) to reveal regional and local atmospheric processes controlling the isotopic variability of convective systems between 2019–2021. Inter-event rainfall weighted-average (δwgd) values were low (δ18Owgd ≤ - 10.0 ‰) due to the higher rainfall along the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model trajectories from the Amazon forest during the summer. In contrast, during autumn and spring seasons HYSPLIT model trajectories from the Atlantic Ocean and southern Brazil exhibited lower rainfall amounts, resulting in high δ18Owgd ≥ - 4.2 ‰. This strong regional δwgd pattern often masks intra-event isotopic variability. Therefore, we analyzed the vertical structure of local rainfall using reflectivity (Z) from microradar data. Variations in Z indicate that microphysical processes as raindrops fall led to changes in δ18O and deuterium excess (d -excess). Our findings establish a novel framework for evaluating the meteorological controls on the isotopic variability of convective precipitation in tropical South America, fill the gap in high-frequency studies in this region, and generate an isotopic dataset for convective model evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical trees store a large amount of nutrients in their woody tissues, thus triggering the question of what the functional association of these elements with other wood traits is. Given the osmotic activity of mineral elements such as potassium, sodium, and calcium, these elements should be strong candidates in mediating the water storing capacity in tropical trees. We investigated the role of wood nutrients in facilitating wood water storage in trees by using branch samples from 48 tropical tree species in South America and examined their associations with wood density (ρ). Wood density varied from 316 kg/m3 in Peru plots, where the soil nutrient status is relatively higher, to 908 kg/m3 in Brazil plots, where the nutrient availability is lower. Phosphorus content in wood varied significantly between plots with lowest values found in French Guiana (1.2 mol/m3) and plots with highest values found in Peru (43.6 mol/m3). Conversely, potassium in woody tissues showed a significant cross-species variation with Minquartia guianensis in Brazil showing the lowest values (8.8 mol/m3) and with Neea divaricata in Peru having the highest values (114 mol/m3). We found that lower wood density trees store more water in their woody tissues with cations, especially potassium, having a positive association with water storage. Specific relationships between wood cation concentrations and stem water storage potential nevertheless depend on both species' identity and growing location. Tropical trees with increased water storage capacity show lower wood density and have an increased reliance on cations to regulate this reservoir. Our study highlights that cations play a more important role in tropical tree water relations than has previously been thought, with potassium being particularly important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, unprecedentedly among the official statistical institutes worldwide, the IBGE included a particular module on evaluating primary health care in its central population-based population survey, the National Health Survey (PNS-2019). The survey considered the reduced version of the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT), developed and disseminated by Starfield and Shi, to assess the existence and extent of the structure and process characteristics of PHC services. It is the most significant probabilistic sample using this instrument ever conducted in a single country in the world that interviewed users aged 18 or over (n=9,677). The results of the Brazilian overall PCAT scores (5.9 [5.8; 5.9]) point to significant regional and intraregional contrasts, with the South of the country standing out with the best evaluations of primary care services (overall score = 6.3 [6.2; 6.5]) and the North with the worse (overall score = 5,5 [5,3; 5,7]). There were also statistically significant and more favorable differences between residents of households registered by family health teams, among older adults, and those using health services the most (adults with reported morbidities). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euglossini is an important tribe of Neotropical bees found primarily in wet forest environments, although their distribution extends to seasonal tropical forests and mountainous grassland habitats. However, little is known about the geography and diversity of euglossine bees in mountain regions, particularly in the Brazilian semi-arid Cerrado vegetation. We evaluated the distribution of euglossine bees along an elevational gradient in Serra do Cipó, Brazil, where the vegetation varies from savanna (Cerrado) at lower elevations to rupestrian grasslands in mountain summits, and an ecotone of cerrado/rupestrian grassland at mid elevations. We also tested whether bee species richness and abundance were influenced by environmental variables (vegetation and climate) that change with elevation. Bee abundance decreased with elevation, while species richness peaked at mid elevations. Species replacement along the elevational gradient led to differences in species composition between sites; but species diversity remained relatively constant, along the gradient. Abundance and diversity patterns were similar between the dry and rainy seasons, despite differences in species composition. We emphasize the importance of preserving corridors of mesic environments in the conservation of euglossine bees for maintaining ecosystem services in mountain savannas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the factors that influence the composition and structure of bee communities in natural habitats is critical for conservation and restoration efforts, mainly in disturbed ecosystems that are widely used for agricultural crop production, such as tropical dry forests (TDF). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of tree species composition and vegetation structure on the composition, abundance and species richness of eusocial and non-eusocial wild bee assemblages. Bees (19.909 individuals of 96 species) were collected in fifteen plots in different secondary succession stages in a TDF in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. We found a positive relationship between tree community similarity and bee community similarity, for both eusocial and non-eusocial bees. Average tree height positively affected the abundance and species richness of eusocial bees, while the abundance of non-eusocial bees was negatively affected by tree species richness. Similar tree species composition and vegetation structure between plots at the same stage of secondary succession probably determined more similar bee communities than dissimilar tree communities. Most eusocial bee species are dependent on cavities in large trees to house their colonies, while most non-eusocial bees probably prefer open habitats because they provide a greater density and diversity of floral resources, and suitable areas for ground-nesting species. Since eusocial bees represented 94% of the individuals sampled, the conservation and restoration of mature forests is of primary importance in order to increase eusocial bee diversity, and the maintenance of these areas in the vicinity of agricultural systems is crucial to increase the ecosystem service of pollination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Forest cover on a landscape scale enhanced local insect diversity. • The size of effect differs among landscape scales. • Forest cover drives insects guilds differently. • Species turnover contributed most to β-diversity. Tropical dry forests are among the most threatened tropical ecosystems. Human-modifications to landscapes create forest patches that vary in size and shape, which in turn affects regional insect diversity. We evaluated β-diversity of insect herbivores and the effects that forest cover has on guild richness and abundance at five landscape scales (radii). We assessed insect herbivore communities in 48 plots of four dry forest sites—three in Brazil and one in Mexico—ranging in latitude from 19° south to 19° north. We collected 2893 insects representing 438 morphospecies, of which 113 were leaf-chewing, 225 sap-sucking and 100 xylophagous. β-diversity was higher in the site with the most unpredictable weather, and species turnover contributed most to β-diversity at all dry forest sites. Forest cover on a landscape scale enhanced local species richness and abundance of insects per day. Nevertheless, leaf-chewing richness was only associated with the smallest landscape scale (0.25 km radius), while sap-sucking and xylophagous insect richness and abundance were positively affected by forest cover at all spatial scales, with a higher explanatory power between scales of 1–1.5 km, which reflects potential dispersal distances. The high degree of species replacement (turnover) among plots of dry forest sites and the biological relevance of forest cover to herbivores suggest that maintaining forest areas in the surrounding landscape will contribute to dry forest insect diversity and the maintenance of their ecological services. Variation in landscape scale requirements among guilds indicates that managing landscape features is as important for the preservation of dry forest diversity as is conserving a particular forest fragment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to discuss how women appropriate and are represented in electoral television advertising as candidates for political representation positions. Communication in the campaigns - especially through television - is one of the key pieces in Brazilian electoral disputes, at the same time the insertion of women in political spaces is increasingly. Based on this issues, it is identified how the Paraná's women candidates, when they have access to television, use the communication space offered to them. For this, the discourse and the issues in the advertising are analyzed. The method used is quantitative analysis of content and 1878 segments of the 2014 electoral advertising for the federal legislature were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal pollinators contribute to human food production and security thereby ensuring an important component of human well-being. The recent decline of these agents in Europe and North America has aroused the concern of a potential global pollinator crisis. In order to prioritize efforts for pollinator conservation, we evaluated the extent to which food production depends on animal pollinators in Brazil—one of the world’s agriculture leaders—by comparing cultivated area, produced volume and yield value of major food crops that are pollinator dependent with those that are pollinator non-dependent. In addition, we valued the ecosystem service of pollination based on the degree of pollinator dependence of each crop and the consequence of a decline in food production to the Brazilian Gross Domestic Product and Brazilian food security. A total of 68% of the 53 major food crops in Brazil depend to some degree on animals for pollination. Pollinator non-dependent crops produce a greater volume of food, mainly because of the high production of sugarcane, but the cultivated area and monetary value of pollinator dependent crops are higher (59% of total cultivated area and 68% of monetary value). The loss of pollination services for 29 of the major food crops would reduce production by 16.55–51 million tons, which would amount to 4.86–14.56 billion dollars/year, and reduce the agricultural contribution to the Brazilian GDP by 6.46%– 19.36%. These impacts would be largely absorbed by family farmers, which represent 74.4% of the agricultural labor force in Brazil. The main effects of a pollinator crisis in Brazil would be felt by the poorer and more rural classes due to their lower income and direct or exclusive dependence on this ecosystem service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defining the pharmacokinetic parameters and depletion intervals for antimicrobials used in fish will help in the development of important guidelines for future regulations by Brazilian agencies on the use of these substances in fish farming. This paper presents a depletion study for enrofloxacin ( ENR) and its main metabolite, ciprofloxacin ( CIP), in pacu ( Piaractus mesopotamicus) fillets. The depletion study was carried out under monitored environmental conditions, with the temperature controlled at 27 °C to mimic the fish farming conditions in Brazil. ENR was administered orally via medicated feed for 10 consecutive days at daily dosages of 10 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). The fish were slaughtered at 6, 12, and 24 h and 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 17, and 24 days after the medication period. Considering a maximum residue limit of 100 μg/kg for the sum of the ENR and CIP residues in the fillet, the results obtained in the depletion study allowed the estimation of a half-life for ENR of 2.75 days and a withdrawal period of 23 days. The results obtained in this study are important for the farming of pacu in tropical regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture has become an important source of fish available for human consumption. In order to achieve greater productivity, intensive fish cultivation systems are employed, which can cause greater susceptibility to diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Antimicrobial substances are compounds used in livestock production with the objectives of inhibiting the growth of microorganisms and treatment or prevention of diseases. It is well recognized that the issues of antimicrobial use in food animals are of global concern about its impact on food safety. This paper present an overview of the aquaculture production in the whole world, raising the particularities in Brazil, highlighting the importance of the use of veterinary drugs in this system of animal food production, and address the potential risks arising from their indiscriminate use and their impacts on aquaculture production as they affect human health and the environment. The manuscript also discusses the analytical methods commonly used in the determination of veterinary drug residues in fish, with special issue for fluroquinolones residues and with emphasis on employment of LC-MS/MS analytical technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare canopy herbivore diversity and resultant insect damage to vegetation in two distinct and adjacent ecosystems, specifically a dry forest ecosystem and a cerrado (savanna) ecosystem that occur together in an abrupt transition zone in southeastern Brazil. In the dry forest, the canopy was reached using a single rope climbing technique, whereas the shorter canopy of the cerrado was assessed using a 7 m ladder. Insect specimens were collected by beating the foliage, and 20 representative leaves were collected to calculate the specific leaf mass (SLM) and leaf area loss through herbivory. Also, we collected ten soil samples from each habitat to determine soil nutrient content. We sampled 118 herbivorous insects from ten families, mostly in dry forest trees (96 individuals belonging to 31 species). A higher abundance of chewing and sap-sucking insects were observed in dry forest trees than in cerrado trees. The same pattern was observed for the richness of chewers, with a higher degree of diversity of chewers found in dry forest trees than in cerrado trees. Herbivorous insects were not affected by SLM regardless of guild and habitat. However, we observed a negative correlation between the herbivory rate and the specific leaf mass (SLM). The cerrado trees showed a higher SLM and lower herbivory rates than trees occurring in the dry forest. These results suggest that herbivory rates in the transition dry forest–cerrado may be driven by soil nutrient content, which is thought to influence leaf sclerophylly. Abstract in Portuguese is available at . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated changes in species composition and structure of tree and liana communities along a successional gradient in a seasonally dry tropical forest. There was a progressive increase in tree richness and all tree structural traits from early to late stages, as well as marked changes in tree species composition and dominance. This pattern is probably related to pasture management practices such as ploughing, which remove tree roots and preclude regeneration by resprouting. On the other hand, liana density decreased from intermediate to late stages, showing a negative correlation with tree density. The higher liana abundance in intermediate stage is probably due to a balanced availability of support and light availability, since these variables may show opposite trends during forest growth. Predicted succession models may represent extremes in a continuum of possible successional pathways strongly influenced by land use history, climate, soil type, and by the outcomes of tree–liana interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in soil water content were determined in two cerrado (sensu stricto) areas with contrasting fire history and woody vegetation density. The study was undertaken near Brasília, Brazil, from 1999 to 2001. Soil water content was measured with a neutron probe in three access tubes per site to a depth of 4.7 m. One site has been protected from fire for more than 30 years and, as a consequence, has a high density of woody plants. The other site had been frequently burned, and has a high herbaceous vegetation density and less woody vegetation. Soil water uptake patterns were strongly seasonal, and despite similarities in hydrological processes, the protected area systematically used more water than the burned area. Three temporarily contiguous patterns of water absorption were differentiated, characterized by variation in the soil depth from which water was extracted. In the early dry season, vegetation used water from throughout the soil profile but with a slight preference for water in the upper soil layers. Toward the peak of the dry season, vegetation had used most or all available water from the surface to a depth of 1.7 m, but continued to extract water from greater depths. Following the first rains, all water used was from the recently wetted upper soil layers only. Evaporation rates were a linear function of soil water availability, indicating a strong coupling of atmospheric water demand and the physiological response of the vegetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the consequences of land use on carbon and energy exchanges between the ecosystem and atmosphere, we measured CO2 and water vapour fluxes over an introduced Brachiara brizantha pasture located in the Cerrado region of Central Brazil. Measurements using eddy covariance technique were carried out in field campaigns during the wet and dry seasons. Midday CO2 net ecosystem exchange rates during the wet season were -40μmol m-1s-1, which is more than twice the rate found in the dry season -15μmol m-1s-1. This was observed despite similar magnitudes of irradiance, air and soil temperatures. During the wet season, inferred rates of canopy photosynthesis did not show any tendency to saturate at high solar radiation levels, with rates of around 50μmol m-2s-1 being observed at the maximum incoming photon flux densities of 2200 μmol m-2s-1. This contrasted strongly to the dry period when light saturation occurred with 1500 μmol m-1s-1 and with maximum canopy photosynthetic rates of only 20μmol m-2s-1. Both canopy photosynthetic rates and night-time ecosystem CO2 efflux rates were much greater than has been observed for cerrado native vegetation in both the wet and dry seasons. Indeed, observed CO2 exchange rates were also much greater than has previously been reported for C4 pastures in the tropics. The high rates in the wet season may have been attributable, at least in part, to the pasture not being grazed. Higher than expected net rates of carbon acquisition during the dry season may also have been attributable to some early rain events. Nevertheless, the present study demonstrates that well-managed, productive tropical pastures can attain ecosystem gas exchange rates equivalent to fertilized C4 crops growing in the temperate zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel blue planning discourse has been elevated through marine spatial planning (MSP) discussions in Brazil since 2011, following the evolution of international ocean governance policy innovation in the past decades. This paper investigates the early evolution stages of a socio-political arena around MSP in Brazil using as reference the IOC-UNESCO's step-by-step approach. It also employs the interactive governance theory to describe and analyze the challenges and opportunities in four phases in the evolution of a MSP policy arena at the Brazil's Blue Amazon level; and discuss it in terms of five major functional governability narratives this trajectory evoke to actors in this new interactive governance playing field. The evolution of Brazilian MSP arena was triggered by discussions at the international level (Phase I – 2011 to 2012), which encountered some resistance until it was reframed under a new formal intra-governmental institutional building process (Phase II – 2012 to 2013). Following a rapid surge and apparent early advances in MSP discussions (Phase III - 2014), the final (current) Phase IV can be characterized by the quiescence of the innovation process led by federal government, and the rise in numbers and diversity of agents in the MSP policy arena. It is noted with this analysis that Brazil is behind the international schedule on MSP, as it is still struggling in the 'articulation and framing phase'. The analysis of thirty-four challenges and opportunities identified in this trajectory shows that improving functional capacities to govern (governability) the ocean in Brazil will require all actors to: (1) streamline cross-network knowledge-exchange to improve the nascent MSP arena; (2) further understand institutional dynamics impeding policy integration; (3) foster a more symmetrically responsive ocean governance arena; (4) promote coordinated scaling through principle-based policy-building and; (5) strengthening critical but proactive civil society participation at multiple, interrelated area-based ocean governance innovation frontlines. The accumulated capacities shared by existing knowledge-to-action networks in Brazil may render the emerging arena a dynamic, creative, and regional ocean learning experiment. • Four phases in the early evolution of a MSP arena in Brazil are identified • The Brazilian arena remains in an early articulation and framing phase • Subnational experiences are accessible to inspire coevolution of the national arena • Challenges and opportunities call for improved ocean governance capacities • Five functional governability narratives are distilled with associated solutions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic bacillus which is the leading cause of health-care-associated infective diarrhea. The rising incidence of antibiotic resistance in pathogens such as C. difficile makes researches on alternative antibacterial products very important, especially those exploring natural products like propolis. Brazilian Red Propolis, found in the Northeast region of Brazil, is composed by products from regional plants that have the antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro activity of Brazilian Red Propolis (BRP) against C. difficile strains in planktonic and biofilm forms. The susceptibility of four strains of C. difficile to BRP was analyzed by broth microdilution method and vancomycin was included as control drug. BRP-exposed C. difficile cells were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then, the effects of BRP on growing and mature C. difficile biofilms were also evaluated. BRP minimum inhibitory concentration was 625 μg/mL against all tested strains, while vancomycin MIC range was 0.5–2 μg/mL. SEM showed the loss of homogeneity in bacterial cell wall and cell fragmentation, after BRP-exposure. BRP, at MIC, reduced (P < 0.05) the biomass, matrix proteins and matrix carbohydrates of growing biofilms, and, at 8xMIC, reduced (P < 0.05) the biomass and matrix proteins of mature biofilms. The present study demonstrated that BRP inhibits planktonic growth, damages cell wall, decreases biofilm growth and harms mature biofilms of C. difficile. [Display omitted] • Brazilian Red Propolis (BRP) have the antimicrobial activity at C. difficile strains. • BRP inhibits planktonic growth and cause damages cell wall of C. difficile strains. • BRP decreases biofilm growth and reduces mature biofilms in vitro of C. difficile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Satisfaction Survey for Inflatable Penile Implants (SSIPI) has been validated in English. No validated Portuguese and Spanish versions currently exist. Objective: We aimed to linguistically validate SSIPI in Portuguese and Spanish to evaluate satisfaction outcomes with a validated instrument. Methods: Our methodology adhered to best practices established by the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) and involved: forward translation of the 16-item SSIPI into Portuguese and Spanish by 2 independent IPP surgeons, reconciliation, back translation into English by 2 different independent bilingual IPP surgeons, and comparison to the original SSIPI for conceptual equivalence. The translated SSIPI versions underwent in-parallel cognitive debriefing (CD) at the US, Colombia, Spain, and Brazil centers. All interviews were recorded in person or via secure video conference to determine if misunderstandings or modifications were needed. Results: 12 and 17 native Portuguese and Spanish speakers, respectively, with IPPs, participated in the CD process for their native language SSIPI. Interviews lasted approximately 1 hour each. The Portuguese SSIPI validation was conducted at 2 different centers in Brazil, resulting in 83% of the patients reporting that the survey was easy to answer. Of 16 questions, only 3 (Q7, Q11, and Q16) raised concerns for 6 patients. 5 patients had issues with the concept of the word "naturalness" and "spontaneity" from Q7 and Q16. One patient struggled with interpreting the word "conceal" in Q11. Regarding the duration taken to answer, 10/12 patients said it was acceptable. The Spanish SSIPI was tested at 4 US, Colombia, and Spain academic centers. 63% indicated the survey was easy to answer. In most cases, replacing a single word in the item with another was proposed. 53% had difficulties comprehending the answer choice options with Q3; however, all participants perceived the time required to complete the SSIPI as reasonable. Conclusions: While the Portuguese SSIPI has been demonstrated to be easier to read and interpret than the Spanish SSIPI, with minor changes to wording/phrasing, both versions have the potential to improve IPP outcomes literature globally. Concerning questions will be modified before conducting the final validation steps. Disclosure: Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: Roman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amazon Basin forest soils contain considerable soil organic carbon stocks; however, the contribution of soil pyrogenic carbon (PyC) to the total is unknown. PyC is derived from local fires (historical and modern) and external inputs via aeolian deposition. To establish an initial estimate of PyC stocks in non- terra preta forest with no known history of fire, to assess site and vertical variability, as well as to determine optimal sampling design, we sampled 37 one hectare forest plots in the Amazon Basin and analysed PyC via hydrogen pyrolysis of three individual samples per plot and of bulked samples to 200 cm depth. Using our data and published total organic carbon stocks, we present the first field-based estimate of total PyC stock for the Amazon Basin of 1.10 Pg over 0–30 cm soil depth, and 2.76 Pg over 0–100 cm soil depth. This is up to 20 times higher than previously assumed. Three individual samples per 1 ha are sufficient to capture the site variability of PyC in our plots. PyC showed significant, large-scale variability among plots. To capture 50% of the PyC in 200 cm soil profiles, soil must be sampled to a depth of at least 71 cm. PyC represents a significant (11%) portion of total organic carbon in soil profiles 0–200 cm depth. This finding highlights the potentially important role that historical fire has played in modifying soil C stocks. Our data suggest that PyC is an important carbon pool for long-term storage, involved in millennial scale biogeochemical cycling, particularly in the subsurface soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven new (1-7) and seven previously reported (8-14) halogenated metabolites were isolated from the organic extract of the Brazilian red alga Laurencia catarinensis. The structure elucidation and the assignment of the relative configurations of the new natural products were based on detailed NMR and MS spectroscopic analyses, whereas the structure of metabolite 6 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The absolute configuration of metabolite 1 was determined using the modified Mosher's method. The in vitro cytotoxicity of compounds 1-14 was evaluated against HT29, MCF7, and A431 cell lines.