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This study compares the performance of machine learning models for selecting COVID-19 and influenza tests during coexisting outbreaks in Brazil, avoiding the waste of resources in healthcare units. We used COVID-19 and influenza datasets from Brazil to train the Decision Tree (DT), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), Random Forest (RF), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), K-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Logistic Regression algorithms. Moreover, we tested the models using the 10-fold cross-validation method to increase confidence in the results. During the experiments, the GBM, DT, RF, XGBoost, and SVM models showed the best performances, with similar results. The high performance of tree-based models is relevant for the classification of COVID-19 and influenza because they are usually easier to interpret, positively impacting the decision-making of health professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth retardants have been used as an anti-lodging to reduce shoot growth by blocking the gibberellins biosynthesis without decreasing yield. We hypothesized that the type and dosage of growth retardants vary in effectiveness on reducing vegetative growth and increasing seed yield, as well as that prohexadione calcium (Pro-Ca) may also be an effective growth retardant for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The goal of this study was to assess the effects of increasing rates of paclobutrazol (PBZ), mepiquat chloride (MC), and Pro-Ca on common bean morphophysiological and yield traits, based on a field experiment carried out in Vitória da Conquista, northeastern Brazil. Morphophysiological traits were assessed 14 and 38 days after application (DAA) of regulators, and yield traits were assessed at the end of the crop cycle. There was a positive relationship between increasing rates of regulators and decrease in stem length mainly up to 14 DAA, and Pro-Ca was more effective than the other regulators. At 38 DAA, increase in shoot dry mass was recorded when PBZ and MC were sprayed at rates from 100 to 400 g a.i. ha−1. Pro-Ca application increased the height of first pod insertion. Low rates of PBZ (25–50 g a.i. ha−1) increased, whereas high rates of Pro-Ca (200 and 400 g a.i. ha−1) tended to decrease the number of pods per plant. MC reduced the number of empty pods and increased the number of seeds per pod. The 100-seed weight increased up to a peak with an estimated rate of 162.5 g a.i. ha−1 for PBZ, 151.0 g a.i. ha−1 for MC, and 211.8 g a.i. ha−1 for Pro-Ca. PBZ and MC marginally increased seed yield with peaks at the estimated rates of 190.8 and 212.4 g a.i. ha−1, respectively, whereas rates of Pro-Ca greater than 50 g a.i. ha−1 decreased seed yield. The regulators were effective in reducing the plant size, thus mitigating lodging risks in common bean crop with highlight on Pro-Ca, but this regulator at high rates tended to reduce common bean yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discrimination and limited access to healthcare services in remote areas can affect vaccination coverage. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate vaccination coverage for children living in quilombola communities and rural settlements in the central region of Brazil during their first year of life and to analyze the factors associated with incomplete vaccination. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on children born between 2015 and 2017. The percentage of children who received all vaccines recommended by the National Immunization Program in Brazil by 11 months and 29 days was used to calculate immunization coverage. Children who received the following vaccines were considered as having a complete basic vaccination schedule: one dose of BCG; three doses of Hepatitis B, of Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis (DPT), of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and of Poliovirus (Polio); two doses of Rotavirus, of 10-valent pneumococcal (PCV10), and of Serogroup C meningococcal conjugate (MenC); and one dose of Yellow Fever (YF). Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) and other doses recommended at or after 12 months were not included. Consolidated logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with incomplete vaccination coverage. Overall vaccination coverage was 52.8% (95% CI: 45.5–59.9%) and ranged from 70.4% for the Yellow Fever vaccine to 78.3% for the Rotavirus vaccine, with no significant differences between the quilombola and settler groups. Notably, the likelihood of incomplete general vaccination coverage was higher among children who did not receive a visit from a healthcare professional. Urgent strategies are required to achieve and ensure health equity for this unique and traditionally distinct group with low vaccination coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos de Pesquisa is the property of Fundacao Carlos Chagas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Configurações is the property of Centro de Investigacao em Ciencias Sociais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A systematic study of the distribution of the Naturally Occurring Radioactivity in stone dust and crushed stone, has been carried out with an objective of establishing reliable baseline data on the radiation level and hence to evaluate hazard indices approach and the production of radioactive heat (RHP) due to radiation exposure to the workers and to the inhabitants of the studied area. Twenty-six samples have been collected from different locations in the State of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). To calculate the specific activity, gamma ray spectrometry and a detector of High Purity Germanium (HPGe; Canberra, 30% relative efficiency) was used. The activity concentration of 238U, 226Ra 232Th and 40K ranged from 29.3 ± 18.6 to 206.8 ± 21.5 Bq kg−1, 30.3 ± 1.0 to 134.3 ± 1.8, 27.9 ± 0.7 to 86.2 ± 0.9 Bq kg−1, and 734.9 ± 35.1 to 1204.8 ± 53.5 Bq kg−1, respectively. The mean values of the I ex , I in , I γ , I α , A UI , I RP112Rn , I PA , I PI and I Yu indices were 0.68 ± 0.09, 0.92 ± 0.12, 0.93 ± 0.12, 0.43 ± 0.07, 0.88 ± 0.20, 1.25 ± 0.21, 0.34 ± 0.05, 0.75 ± 0.10, 0.63 ± 0.08 and 34. ± 6.31, respectively. The average radioactive heat production (RHP) of 2.01 ± 0.28 μ Wm−3 was above the values found in the literature, which may contribute to the heat flow in the study area because the raw materials that make up the samples showed a high value of environmental radioactivity. The Brazilian Hazard Index to assess the radiological risk of crushed stone and stone dust was created and the average value was 0.74 ± 0.10, a value below 1, which means only moderate control over the use of these materials, with no indication of restriction to the its use. • High-res gamma spectrometer measured levels of natural radionuclides in stone dust, crushed stone. • Study assesses radionuclide exposure risks in building materials, safety for workers & residents. • Research helps build database to minimize ionizing radiation damage, inform public policy. • A Brazilian Risk Index for samples was created to better adapt to the reality of using these materials in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper aims: This paper analyzes Command and Control (C2) Systems and identifies the level of knowledge on the subject by actors involved in disaster response operations in Brazil, besides assessing the evolution in this area since the disaster of the Serrana Region of Rio de Janeiro in 2011. Originality: The concept of C2 is still little explored academically, especially in disaster management systems. This study contributes to the understanding of the dynamics of different C2 Systems operated in Brazil, as well as identifying the level of knowledge on the subject and its evolution since 2011. Research method: This is an exploratory survey in which data was analyzed using descriptive statistics techniques. Main findings: We conclude that the actors involved in real disaster situations have little formal training in C2. The findings indicate that the performance of a simulated exercise helps in disaster preparedness, but the participants observed deficiencies concerning C2 training besides the lack of local community involvement in the simulated exercise. Implications for theory and practice: This study contributes to the disaster management literature, showing empirical evidence that the results obtained in a simulated exercise can boost the specialization of professionals in C2 systems in the area of disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhabdias Stiles and Hassal, 1905 comprises approximately 90 species of parasitic lung nematodes of amphibians and reptiles that have a wide distribution, with 21 species occurring in the Neotropics. In the present study, we describe Rhabdias waiapi n. sp. found parasitizing the lungs of the anuran species Pristimantis chiastonotus from the Amazon Biome in the Amapá State, Northern Brazil. The new species is characterized by having an elongated body, expansions of the cuticular inflation in the anterior end that become more discrete along the body, an anterior end with a slight constriction at the level of the esophageal apex with four rounded subapical elevations of the body wall, six lips, four near the edge of the oral opening and two more distant lateral ones, and a gradually tapering elongated tail. In addition, molecular analyses and phylogenetic reconstructions were made, with sequences from the coding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. Those results strongly support the status of the new taxon, which formed a poorly supported clade with Rhabdias sp. 5 from Anolis brasiliensis from Northeast Brazil. Rhabdias waiapi n. sp. is the 19th species of the genus described in the Neotropics for amphibians, the 10th in Brazil, the second described from hosts of the family Strabomantidae from the Neotropical region, and the first amphibian nematode species described in the Amapá State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica is the property of Universidad de la Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of mechanically separated meat (MSM) washing cycles (0, 1, or 2) of saramunete (Pseudupeneus maculatus) and percent inclusion of corn starch (0%, 1%, or 2%) on the chemical, physical, texture, microbiological and sensory characteristics, during fish sausage processing. The results showed that increased number of washing cycles increased moisture content and water holding capacity (WHC) and reduced fat levels and a* and b* color characteristics of the sausages. The inclusion of 2% corn starch increased WHC, and reduced moisture, fat, and a* and b* color. The microbial counts of all sausages were within the limits established by the Brazilian legislation. The products were well accepted by assessors, with sensory scores equivalent to "moderately liked". The factorial experiment suggested optimized processing by no (0) MSM washing cycle, to minimize nutrient losses, and 2% inclusion of corn starch in the sausage formulation. Practical applications: In the northeastern region of Brazil, artisanal fishing is the most commonly used method for the capture of fish, and saramunete (Pseudupeneus maculatus) stands out as the species with relevant production potential. This fish has a good sensory acceptance and is marketed in open markets, with an expressive demand in the foreign market. However, fish consumption per capita in Brazil is very modest when compared to other countries, with 10 kg per inhabitant per year, against 20 to 30 kg per inhabitant per year in developed countries. Due to its nutritional profile and market potential, fish sausages have been the object of research. The present study showed the great potential of saramunete, a fish species widely captured in Brazil, to be used in the manufacture of high value‐added emulsion‐type sausage products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim is to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes/subtypes among crack users in‐treatment in Central Brazil. A cross‐sectional survey in which 600 in‐treatment crack users were interviewed and tested for anti‐HCV Ab by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was conducted between August 2012 and April 2013. Anti‐HCV‐positive samples were also submitted for HCV RNA detection by polymerase chain reaction. Positive HCV RNA samples were genotyped by direct sequencing analysis of the NS5B region of the viral genome, followed by phylogenetic analysis. Of the total, 3.7% (95.0% CI, 2.4%‐5.6%) were anti‐HCV positive. Age over 40 years and history of injecting drugs were risk factors for HCV, while snorting cocaine was a protector variable. HCV RNA was detected in 14 of 22 anti‐HCV‐positive samples, and the genotypes 1 (n = 10) and 3 (n = 2), subtypes 1a (n = 7), 1b (n = 3), and 3a (n = 2) were identified. The HCV prevalence found among crack users is almost threefold that observed in the general population in Brazil supporting that this population is at higher risk for HCV. The findings of cocaine insufflation as a protective behavior for HCV infection in this population should be explored. Highlights: The HCV prevalence found among crack users is almost threefold that observed in the general population in Brazil supporting that this population is at higher risk for HCV. The findings of injection drug use as a predictor of HCV exposure, and on the contrary cocaine insufflation as a protective factor, reinforce the parenteral route as the major mode of HCV dissemination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista CESUMAR: Ciências Humanas e Sociais Aplicadas is the property of Revista Cesumar - Ciencias Humanas e Sociais Aplicadas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A survey to investigate the occurrence of cassava anthracnose disease (CAD) and distribution of Colletotrichum spp. in cassava plantations in different eco-zones of the Reconcavo Region in Bahia, Brazil, investigated during the rainy season of 2014. A total of 50 cassava fields distributed among 18 municipalities were visited and intensity of anthracnose evaluated. The highest disease incidence (DI) (83.3%) was in samples collected in São Félix, and the lowest (34.4%), in Varzedo. Municipalities that presented the highest values for DI were located within the 'Af' Köppen–Geiger eco-zone, also presenting the highest values for the estimated McKinney disease index. Based on previous studies of multilocus phylogeny, seven different species of Colletotrichum were identified (Colletotrichum fructicola, Colletotrichum tropicale, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides s.s, Colletotrichum theobromicola, Colletotrichum siamense, Colletotrichum brevisporum and Colletotrichum plurivorum) and a new approach based on ERIC-PCR was used aiming to group the 82 isolates according to these findings. The highest percentage of genetic variance (> 78%) was among isolates within fields. Based on the survey and genetic analysis, C. fructicola is probably the main causal agent of cassava anthracnose in the Recôncavo Region, since this species was present with highest incidence in all eco-zones, 47.61, 42.86 and 57.14% for Af (tropical rainforest climate), As (tropical dry savanna climate) and Aw (tropical wet savanna climate), respectively. This study is the first report of C. fructicola lineages as the most likely pathogen causing anthracnose disease of cassava in Brazil, and these findings may be used to guide the selection of resistant varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Caldasia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study conducted at São Paulo State University feedlot, Dracena campus, Brazil, was designed to evaluate the addition of either sodium butyrate (BUT) or exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (ENZ) on dry matter intake (DMI), ruminal pH, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and rumen disappearance rate of Angus cattle. Three Angus steers, cannulated in the rumen (+ 690 kg), were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square, resulting in 6 experimental periods, in a total of 203 days of study. Each experimental period lasted 28 days; 14 days of adaptation diets, and 14 days of the finishing diet containing 85% concentrate (71% finely-ground corn). Cattle were given a 7-day washout interval between periods, where they were allowed to graze. The experimental diets fed to the animals were different only with respect to the feed additives used, according to the treatments: Control (CTL; no feed additives added), ENZ [0.01% of diet dry matter (DM)], and BUT (0.3% and 0.1% of diet DM during adaptation and finishing phases, respectively). The DMI was measured daily, and rumen pH and temperature were measured by data loggers on days 25 and 26 of each experimental period. The rumen fluid samples were collected at 0, 4, 8, and 12 hours after feeding on day 26 of each period to determine the molar proportion of SCFA. The rumen of the animals was emptied on day 27 at 1100 h (3 hours after feeding) and day 28 at 0800 h (before feeding) in each experimental period. The rumen contents were separated into solid and liquid fractions and then weighed. Based on the solid and liquid mass values obtained, as well as the DM intake, the rumen disappearance rate was calculated and expressed in %/h. Data were analyzed by PROC MIXED of SAS (2003), using Tukey's test to compare means when appropriate, considering P = 0.05 as significant. The DMI was not affected (P > 0.76) by treatments in this study. Likewise, no treatment effect was observed on minimum, maximum, and mean ruminal pH (P > 0.23). The pH time below 6.2, 5.6, and 5.2 was not affected by treatments (P > 0.45), as well as pH area under 6.2, 5.6, and 5.2 (P > 0.55). Rumen temperature was lower in cattle fed ENZ when compared with those fed CON and BUT (39.63°C vs. 40.12°C and 40.02°C, respectively; P = 0.04). Furthermore, the molar proportions of SCFA were not affected by treatments (P > 0.71). Cattle consuming ENZ increased ruminal disappearance rate (%/h) when compared with CTL-fed cattle (8.61 vs 6.36; P = 0.05). Thus, the addition of BUT to feedlot diets did not cause any impact on ruminal fermentation parameters; however, the use of ENZ promoted small benefits that deserve further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several molecular techniques have been used to differentiate species or genetic lineages of microorganisms prior to sequencing. Among them, BOX‐ and ERIC‐PCRs may provide specific banding patterns for different species, allowing its differentiation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate these techniques as a tool for differentiation of phylogenetic lineages belonging to the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex associated with cassava anthracnose disease. Sets of BOX‐ and ERIC‐PCR primers were used to assess the differentiation of lineages belonging to the complex with 81 C. gloeosporioides sensu lato (s.l.) isolates from different cassava producing regions. Some were identified by sequencing, such as Colletotrichum fructicola, Colletotrichum tropicale, C. gloeosporioides s.s, Colletotrichum theobromicola, Colletotrichum siamense, Colletotrichum brevisporum and Colletotrichum sichuanensis. The primers were able to amplify DNA fragments from all isolates. The ERIC‐PCR presented a wider range of banding patterns in comparison to BOX‐PCR, providing better differentiation of the individuals, as well as a higher correlation with the phylogenetic data was obtained by ERIC‐PCR and the combined data set for "BOX‐/ERIC‐PCRs," inferred by Mantel test. However, the use of concatenated data (BOX‐/ERIC‐PCRs) reduced the discriminatory capacity presented by ERIC‐PCR alone, probably due to the lowest resolution of BOX‐PCR. Therefore, ERIC‐PCR technique enabled efficient differentiation of isolates belonging to the C. gloeosporioides complex and can be used to analyse multiple isolates in a collection and also being an important tool as a guide in the decision‐making process prior to sequencing. Based on this methodology, it was possible to identify two new species associated with cassava anthracnose disease, C. brevisporum and C. sichuanensis, being the first report of these two species associated with cassava anthracnose disease in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Neotropical genus Pseudopaludicola includes 24 species distributed throughout South America. Herein, we formally describe the 25th member of this Neotropical clade as a new species: Pseudopaludicola jazmynmcdonaldae sp. nov. from an Amazon- Cerrado transitional zone in Brazil. The recognition of this new species is supported by adult morphology, advertisement call, and molecular data. It is diagnosed mainly by the following characters: small size; upper eyelids smooth, with no palpebral tubercles; heel smooth, with no enlarged conical tubercle; terminal phalanges knobbed, with no T-shaped terminal phalanges or expanded toe tips; relatively short hind limbs (tibiotarsal articulation just reaching the corner of the mouth); single, subgular, smooth, dark vocal sac in life, with no warty texture; and an advertisement call composed of regular series of short multipulsed notes, emitted at high rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare the VO2 max between the sexes and in different age groups in the Brazilian population. A total of 6,590 cardiopulmonary tests were performed of healthy individuals, regardless of physical activity level, of both sexes between 11 and 45 yrs of age (3,482 women and 3,108 men, respectively). The tests were performed between January 2012 and December 2017, and the oxygen consumption was measured directly with a gas analyzer. The subjects of both sexes were divided into 7 age groups: G1 (11 to 15 yrs old); G2 (16 to 20 yrs old); G3 (21 to 25 yrs old); G4 (26 to 30 yrs old); G5 (31 to 35 yrs old); G6 (36 to 40 yrs old); and G7 (41 to 45 yrs old). The results showed a main effect of sex (F(1) = 16665.5, P<0.001; ES = 0.157), age group (F(6) = 75.4, P<0.001; age (F(4) = 4.7, P = 0.003, ES = 0.003). Significant reductions were found in males between groups G2 and G3, G4 and G5, and G5 and G6 (P<0.01). Comparing the sexes, men showed higher values of VO2 max in all age groups (P<0.001). In summary, although VO2 max values are higher in males, the decline in this group was more pronounced over time. We recommend that physical activity should be promoted in the Brazilian population, especially among males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lifestyle can be related to occupational activity; however, little is known about lifestyle of Brazilian police officers with different work demands. Thus, lifestyle and its relation to health-related physical fitness (HRPF) of police officers of the Special Operations Battalion (SOB) and Traffic Police Battalion (TPB) from Patos-PB, Brazil were analyzed. Forty-four active military personnel men were analyzed by occupational activity: SOB (n=23) and TPB (n=21). Lifestyle was analyzed by the Individual Lifestyle Profile (ILP) scale and HRPF by a battery of tests: anthropometric measurements, sit-and-reach test, 1-min curl-up test, elbow flexion and 20-m shuttle run test. Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square and partial correlation (controlled by age and schooling) were used. Lifestyle components were similar between the groups (p>0.05). There were no significant associations between the negative and positive profiles of lifestyle components with the groups (P>0.05). ILP showed a weak correlation with HRPF in general or by occupational activity (-0.310

Copyright of Revista Lusofona de Educacao is the property of Universidade Lusofona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, CEIEF and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Núcleo de Estudos em Microbiologia Agrícola (NEMA) is an academic-scientific group created by graduate students in the Post Graduate in Agricultural Microbiology in the Department of Microbiology at Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil. NEMA's purposes include promoting and sharing research and knowledge on microbiology in different fields of application. Here, we will comment on our experience in organizing the Summer School on Microbiology and teaching microbiology to undergraduate students during the program. NEMA offers this annual event to disseminate and stimulate knowledge about microbiology for undergraduate students in a participatory, collaborative and interactive way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Motricidade is the property of Silabas Didaticas LDA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Chironectes minimus is a marsupial with unique morphological and ecological characteristics. Owing mainly to its semi-aquatic habits, it is rarely collected by conventional methods, being consequently underrepresented in scientific collections. Its distribution in South America is currently considered disjunct, with a north-west and a south-east portion, and a large gap of more than one thousand kilometers that comprises central Amazonia and a large portion of the Cerrado. On the basis of four museum specimens and two photographed live animals, we present six new records for the species. These records extend the species' distribution, showing that its range is continuous from southern Amazonia and through Cerrado gallery forests, to the southern portion of its range in southeastern South America. Most known records of C. minimus are from preserved riparian forests that usually present certain characteristics, such as fast-flowing water, stony substrate, and/or natural holes used as dens. Therefore, we hypothesize that the occurrence of this species is more closely related to well-preserved riparian forests containing these types of habitats than to the biomes themselves. Consequently, this species is probably found through most tropical and subtropical South American biomes that present the aforementioned habitat types. Therefore, the previous distributional gap of the species, now filled on its central-east portion, was probably a sampling artifact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: to investigate the prevalence and risk behaviors by means of reporting of sexually transmitted diseases among crack users. Method: cross-sectional study carried out with 588 crack users in a referral care unit for the treatment of chemical dependency. Data were collected by means of face-to-face interview and analyzed using Stata statistical software, version 8.0. Results: of the total participants, 154 (26.2%; 95% CI: 22.8-29.9) reported antecedents of sexually transmitted diseases. Ages between 25 and 30 years (RP: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.0-4.0) and over 30 years (RP: 3.8; 95% CI: 2.1-6.8), alcohol consumption (RP: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1-3.3), antecedents of prostitution (RP: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3-2.9) and sexual intercourse with person living with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS (RP: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.8-4.2) were independently associated with reporting of sexually transmitted diseases. Conclusion: the results of this study suggest high risk and vulnerability of crack users for sexually transmitted diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapevines grown on acid soils with low fertility in southern Brazil are treated with intense foliar applications of copper (Cu) fungicides, resulting in an increased level of Cu in the soil and increased toxicity. The present study evaluated the accumulation and bioavailability of Cu, and soils with varying levels of Cu from the main producing regions of southern Brazil were collected. The forms of Cu present in the soil were assessed using chemical extractants; additionally, oat cultivation was performed, reflecting the use of the plant as an indicator of Cu bioavailability. Cu accumulated in the topsoil, mainly in bioavailable forms, and there was also an increase of Cu up to a depth of 0.4 m. Cu was primarily found in the mineral fraction, with apparent saturation of the soil organic matter functional groups. Inceptisol and Alfisol soils with a long history of cupric fungicide application were found to have levels of Cu toxic to oat plants. Furthermore, accumulated copper in Alfisol soil from the Campanha Gaúcha region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul had higher bioavailability compared to Cu accumulated in Inceptisol soil from the Serra Gaúcha region. In addition, the copper concentration in roots was found to serve as an indicator of Cu bioavailability in soil, but not of copper phytotoxicity in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Controlling the COVID-19 outbreak in Brazil is a challenge due to the population's size and urban density, inefficient maintenance of social distancing and testing strategies, and limited availability of testing resources.Objective: The purpose of this study is to effectively prioritize patients who are symptomatic for testing to assist early COVID-19 detection in Brazil, addressing problems related to inefficient testing and control strategies.Methods: Raw data from 55,676 Brazilians were preprocessed, and the chi-square test was used to confirm the relevance of the following features: gender, health professional, fever, sore throat, dyspnea, olfactory disorders, cough, coryza, taste disorders, and headache. Classification models were implemented relying on preprocessed data sets; supervised learning; and the algorithms multilayer perceptron (MLP), gradient boosting machine (GBM), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), and logistic regression (LR). The models' performances were analyzed using 10-fold cross-validation, classification metrics, and the Friedman and Nemenyi statistical tests. The permutation feature importance method was applied for ranking the features used by the classification models with the highest performances.Results: Gender, fever, and dyspnea were among the highest-ranked features used by the classification models. The comparative analysis presents MLP, GBM, DT, RF, XGBoost, and SVM as the highest performance models with similar results. KNN and LR were outperformed by the other algorithms. Applying the easy interpretability as an additional comparison criterion, the DT was considered the most suitable model.Conclusions: The DT classification model can effectively (with a mean accuracy≥89.12%) assist COVID-19 test prioritization in Brazil. The model can be applied to recommend the prioritizing of a patient who is symptomatic for COVID-19 testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to perform the first molecular and clinical-epidemiological analysis of dengue cases in Divinopolis, MG, Brazil. Data from 4,110 cases of dengue were accessed and 190 clinical samples were collected for molecular analyses. In this study, 2.7% of the men and 3.0% of the women were admitted to hospital. There was no association between gender and hospital admission. The symptoms observed in this study are according to the Health Ministry, but fever was present in 82.2% and not in 100% of cases. The chance of hospital admission was 1.55 higher in patients with any kind of bleeding (334) and 2.4% of individuals without bleeding were also hospitalized due to other warning signs. In the molecular analyses, 23% of the samples were positive for DENV. DENV-2 and DENV-3 were identified in 2010, DENV-3 in 2011, DENV-1 in 2012, and DENV-1 and DENV-4 in 2013. DENV detection was possible in samples with only one day of symptoms. This first report of dengue data in Divinopolis provided more insight into the viral types and effects of disease in the city, confirming the need for caution in assessing cases of suspected dengue and for revision of the criteria proposed by the Health Ministry to classify cases of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micromorphology of the achene surface of 26 Brazilian species of Eleocharis was studied by scanning electron microscopy in order to evaluate its usefulness in the taxonomy of the genus. The results point out two patterns of cell organization according to silica structures of achenes. The first corresponds to a group of species (group A) that have small to medium cells arranged vertically. The second is found in those species (group B) with medium to large cells arranged horizontally. These data were useful in separating species of Eleocharis subgenus Scirpidium and E. subgenus Limnochloa (group B) from E. subgenus Eleocharis (group A). However, group A shows considerable variation in silica wall arrangement. Eleocharis squamigera, previously considered as part of E. subgenus Eleocharis, shows features rather similar to those of Scirpidium, confirming recent phylogenies. The subgenus Limnochloa was clearly distinguished from others by achenes with large cells (over 55 μm width), presence of crenate or repand anticlinal walls, and some orifices near the wall in some species. The silica wall ornamentation seems to be a useful morphological tool for studying relationships between subgenera and distinguishes Limnochloa from the other subgenera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The impact of plant defoliation on the yield of short-season soybean cultivars was evaluated in five trials carried out in two crop seasons (2008/2009 and 2009/2010) in three states in Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Goiás and Mato Grosso). In 2008/2009, defoliation was performed by removing one, two or three leaflets (33.3%, 66.6% and 100% defoliation, respectively) from all leaves at different plant developmental stages (V5, V8, R2, from V5 to R2, and from V5 to harvest). In 2009/2010, the defoliation levels studied were 16.7% (half leaflet) and 33.3% (one leaflet), performed weekly during the vegetative or reproductive period, and during the entire cycle in three trials in Goiás. All tested cultivars tolerated defoliation levels equal and sometimes even higher than current Economic Thresholds (ETs) (30% vegetative stage defoliation threshold and 15% reproductive stage defoliation threshold) without significant yield loss. This indicates that even for the new cultivars belonging to shorter maturity groups or of indeterminate growth habit, soybean plants showed high defoliation tolerance. Thus, we conclude that the currently recommended ET for leaf-lamina consumers in the soybean crop is still valid and should be used by growers, even for the newer cultivars belonging to the lower maturity groups with indeterminate growth habit. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper evaluates interactions between firms and universities in Minas Gerais, one of the Brazilian states. The heterogeneity in Minas Gerais replicates the heterogeneity that exists in Brazil as a whole. This paper adapts the pioneering Yale and Carnegie Mellon surveys (USA) to an immature national system of innovation. We found that, in immature systems of innovation, beyond their traditional functions, universities perform a dual role in their interactions with firms: they substitute for and complement the research and development done by the firms themselves. In addition, contrary to conventional wisdom, even in the so-called low-tech and medium-tech sectors, universities matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper presents a study about the student familiarity with analogue situations. In order to do this, it was determined to what extent analogue situations presented to students in teaching activities can be considered familiar as well as their justifications given to evaluate the familiarity. Then, firstly were used some questionnaires that were applied to 112 second and third grade students of four High Schools in Candelária, Nova Palma and Santa Maria in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. After that, some individual interviews with a sample of 06 students from one of the schools involved in the study was done. The answer analysis showed that: a) the students considered familiar just the situations effectively lived; b) some students created new analogies, comparing them to the ones already presented, just changing from student to student the analogy elaborated; c) the analogues that seem appropriated to scientists and teachers sometimes were not presented in the same way to the students, once they rejected them; d) the need for justifying the analogues familiarity enabled the students to explore their personal experiences in order to find out other analogues that could justify the first ones; e) the justifications to the familiarity came from different foundations while some students recurred to lived situations and/or professional experiences, others appeal to the knowledge classified in the school contents; f) the students showed scientific knowledge and information which were learned in and out of the school as well as they used these knowledge and informations to produce their answers; g) the analogues came from a conceptual topic of a specific scientific domain, always face the risk of being little familiar; h) in some regions, some analogue situations showed not familiar to students and familiar to others; i) the socio-cultural aspects from the region where the students live tend to condition the knowledge they use to demonstrate upon the analogues. Finally, it is suggested that teachers verify which analogues should be used in a given context. Besides that, it is advisable, during the analogy teaching, to give preference to analogues present in the students everyday life or suggested by them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, conducted at São Paulo University feedlot, Dracena, Brazil, was designed to evaluate the effect of adding either high-moisture corn, calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA), or organic Zn+Cr on feedlot performance and carcass traits of Nellore cattle fed for 112 days. One-hundred fifty 18-mo-old Nellore bulls (404±24kg) were used and initially ranked, according to sires' information, into groups of high and low EPD. Secondly, cattle were blocked by weight and randomly allocated to 30 pens (n = 5/pen), which were randomly assigned to the following 2x2 + 1 arrangement of treatments: Finely-ground corn, High-moisture corn, Finely-ground + CSFA, High-moisture corn + CSFA, and High-moisture corn + CSFA + Zn (90 ppm) and Cr (0.45 ppm). All diets contained 25 ppm of monensin. On day 0, one animal per pen was randomly selected to be slaughtered for baseline purposes. The replacement of finely-ground by high-moisture corn increased (P < 0.05) final BW (585 vs. 573 kg), ADG, HCW (321 kg vs. 315 kg) and decreased (P < 0.01) DMI (9.7 vs. 10.1 kg). Likewise, the addition of CSFA increased final BW, ADG (1.62 vs. 1.50 kg), and HCW (321 vs. 314 kg). The addition of Cr+Zn led to increased (P = 0.02) dressing percentage. No treatment effect was observed on final marbling (P > 0.55). It was observed interactions between treatments and EPD for G:F (P = 0.02) and final 12thrib-fat thickness (P = 0.03), where cattle from low-EPD groups needed highmoisture corn, CSFA and organic Zn+Cr to improve G:F and increase fat deposition; however, animals from high-EPD groups required only high-moisture corn. The adding of either high-moisture corn, CSFA, or organic Zn+Cr improved feedlot performance of Nellore cattle, and its effects seemed to be more effective in animals from low-EPD groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The Neotropical brown stink bug Euschistus heros (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is currently one of the major soybean pests in Brazil, causing considerable and often irreversible damage to the crop. The main control strategy for regulating brown stink bug populations has been the use of insecticides, especially those belonging to the neonicotinoid class; however, the spraying of these insecticides does not achieve the desired control efficiency in some locations. Therefore, to improve the programs for detecting and monitoring E. heros resistance to insecticides, a new ingestion bioassay method by liquid diet encapsulation was evaluated in comparison with traditional bioassay methods. The new bioassay method of ingestion by encapsulation is very promising for detecting and monitoring resistance of E. heros populations to neonicotinoid insecticides. The novel ingestion bioassay method was developed for detecting and monitoring resistance of Euschistus heros by encapsulating an artificial liquid diet using Parafilm®. This methodology was compared with the tarsal contact (vial test) and topical application methods for thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, and lambda-cyhalothrin. The best bioassay method for the neonicotinoid insecticides thiamethoxam and imidacloprid was ingestion. For pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin, the best result was obtained by topical application. Using the best bioassay method for each insecticide, the susceptibility to these insecticides was monitored in 30 populations of E. heros collected from soybean crops in Brazil from 2018 to 2020. High variations in susceptibility to thiamethoxam (resistance ratios, 1.6–22 times), imidacloprid (resistance ratios, 1.6–22 times), and lambda-cyhalothrin (resistance ratios, 5–40 times) were detected among the evaluated E. heros populations. In order to monitor the susceptibility of E. heros to insecticides, diagnostic concentrations were defined based on the LC99 of the susceptible reference population: 5.65 µL of a.i./mL for thiamethoxam, 12.45 µL of a.i./mL for imidacloprid, and 0.20 µg of a.i./insect for lambda-cyhalothrin. Subsequently, we select an E. heros strain resistant to neonicotinoid insecticides and another to lambda-cyhalothrin. The resistance ratios obtained after seven selection cycles were 66, 41 and 44 times for thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mayaro virus (MAYV), an Aedes mosquito-borne alphavirus, is endemic to Brazil and other South America countries. We investigated dengue- and chikungunya-negative febrile patients visiting rural areas near Goiânia, Goiás, and found a high proportion (55%) of MAYV IgM. Our findings suggest the presence of highly endemic foci of MAYV in central Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ceratocystis fimbriata isolates exhibit variability in chromosome number and size. • Variability in both large and small chromosomes was observed among the Brazilian isolates. • REMAP-based cluster analysis indicates C. fimbriata exhibits retrotransposon-associated genetic variability. • Repetitive elements may potentially be involved in C. fimbriata chromosomal rearrangements. Ceratocystis fimbriata is an important pathogen that causes wilt in several plant species. Despite the importance of this pathogen, knowledge about its karyotypic polymorphism and genomic architecture is limited. The main objective of this study was to investigate the karyotype of isolates of the C. fimbriata species complex from different host plants and geographical origins in Brazil. First, the identity of the isolates was confirmed conducting multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) phylogeny using β-tubulin (TUBB), translation elongation factor 1α (TEF-1α) and mating-type (MAT1 and MAT2) gene sequences. To investigate the chromosomal polymorphism, two conditions of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were used and the karyotypes of the isolates obtained. The retrotransposon-microsatellite amplified polymorphism (REMAP) molecular marker was utilized to assess the genetic variability among isolates. In the MLSA utilizing the concatenated gene sequences, Ceratocystis cacaofunesta and C. fimbriata formed separate clades, but considerable variation among C. fimbriata isolates was observed. Polymorphism in chromosome number and size was found, indicating the existence of genomic differences among isolates and occurrence of chromosomal rearrangements in the species complex. The number of chromosomes varied from seven to nine and the estimated minimum chromosome sizes were estimated to be between 2.7 and 6.0 Mbp. Small polymorphic chromosomes ranging from 1.2 to 1.8 Mbp were observed in all isolates, raising the hypothesis that they could be supernumerary chromosomes. REMAP analysis revealed a high genetic variability and that isolates from the same host tend to group together in a same cluster. Our results bring new insights into the chromosomal diversity and genome organization of the C. fimbriata complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The system is a continuous real time PQ monitoring based on the concept of Digitally Enabled Substation Architecture or Substation 4.0 (SB4.0). • It presents a scalable architecture that allows the analysis of data from multiple substations. • It presents a practical implementation of the SB4.0 concept by proposing a novel multi-functional Substation Edge Device called here as PQMC (Power Quality Monitoring Center). • The system was installed in two substations that are part of the electrical Brazilian transmission grid. From the knowledge of the authors the system is one of the first PQ monitoring system using the concept SB4.0. • The PQMC receives voltage and current samples from a Merging Unit (MU), using the IEC 61850 Sampled Values (SV) format, and calculates various power quality parameters. • The system also provides a Data Logger application triggered by instantaneous Total Harmonic Distortion (iTHD) and by short duration voltage disturbance. • The Power Quality Monitoring and the Data Logger systems are software applications running in an industrial computer. • The System is time synchronized by GPS, providing time synchronized power quality parameters as well as waveform signals. • Results obtained from the proposed system was compared with commercial IED. • Experimental validation of the system in the laboratory and in the field. • This work is the result of a Research and Development Project with a power transmission company located in northern Brazil. • Modular architecture of the PQMC based on asynchronous queues is also a contribution of this work. This approach grants to the proposed IED a great scalability owing to the use of the single-producer multiple-consumers design pattern. • In the PQMC architecture, the signal processing routines of different channels are completely independent and do not depend on each other. • The proposed architecture allows for the modification of the PQMC features just by reconfiguring the software and without hardware changes, which is quite adherent to the SB4.0 concept. The growth of penetration of large blocks of inverter based renewable energy in transmission power systems may lower the power quality of these systems, especially with rising of harmonic and interharmonic distortion and voltage fluctuation. Poor Power Quality (PQ) can negatively affect the protection system and may cause premature aging of electrical equipment connected to the power system. Thus, real-time and continuous PQ monitoring can be of great value for operation, maintenance and expansion of the system. This paper presents a recently implemented real-time PQ monitoring system based on the concept of Digitally Enabled Substation Architecture or Substation 4.0 (SB4.0). The proposed PQ monitoring system receives voltage and current signal samples from a Merging Unit (MU) and calculates the various power quality parameters. Since the system uses the SB4.0 concept the power quality monitoring is a software application implemented in an industrial computer. Also, the system provides a Data Recording application, running as additional software task that provide oscillography triggered by instantaneous Total Harmonic Distortion (iTHD). This paper presents the architecture of the developed and implemented system as well as the field results gathered from a transmission system in the north of Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cesium 137 is present in worldwide. To evaluate its deposition in the Brazilian state of Alagoas a total of 41 samples were collected by the Geological Survey of Brazil, then processed and analyzed by gamma-ray spectrometry with hyperpure germanium detectors. The activity concentration varied from (0.3 ± 0.1) Bq/kg to (1.1 ± 0.4) Bq/kg. The present study shows that the Borborema Plateau acts as a natural barrier to rainfall, favoring the deposition of 137Cs on the local soil. • Soil samples were collected in the first 25 cm from the surface. • Cs-137 activity concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 1.1 Bq/kg, with an geometric mean of 0.53 Bq/kg. • Most samples containing 137Cs were found in the rainiest region of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In fruit juice and pulp production, around 40–50% of waste generated is related to industrially processed fruit gross amount. Brazil is responsible for 57% of world market production, having the waste generation lost or being undervalued. Anaerobic digestion is an alternative for energetic valorization of this waste. The aim of this work is to evaluate methane generation potential of fruit waste (passion fruit peel, orange and cashew bagasse) and determine kinetic parameters for scale up. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) was evaluated in 250 mL batch reactors in mesophilic conditions for 60 days, using industrial and sewage anaerobic sludge as inocula. Kinetic parameters were determined from methane production curves, adjusting in first-order and modified Gompertz kinetic models. The best observed maximum generation potential (BMP) was 348 NmL.g−1 VS, in biogas, and 128 NmL.g−1 VS in methane, for orange bagasse with industrial sludge. Configuration methane accumulated volume presented better fit in modified Gompertz kinetic model. Fruit waste anaerobic digestion is a promising alternative for valorization and utilization of its energy potential, providing gains to productive chain. Image 1 • The anaerobic digestion of fruit residues was satisfactory. • he maximum potential for generation of biogas and methane was from orange with industrial sludge. • Fruit waste are better suited to the modified Gompertz model, with R2= 0.99. • The evaluated fruit residues show a high percentage of methane, it can be used for energy purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Transition out of one of the most extreme global ice ages in Earth history. • Sub-sea ice microbial marine ecosystem on the cusp of oxygenation. • Short-term redox fluctuations allowed phosphate to precipitate on the seafloor. • Photosynthesis and oxygen limited by ice cover during the Marinoan Snowball Earth. Termination of the Marinoan Snowball Earth ice age (635 Ma) marked the transition to a greenhouse world. This climate change forever modified the biogeochemical cycling of iron and phosphorus, ended large-scale iron formation deposition, began accumulation of phosphorus on marine shelves, and led to the Ediacaran radiation of eukaryotes. The Jacadigo Basin, Brazil, contains a nearly complete record of this critical transition. Glaciomarine diamictites and iron formation accumulated during two Marinoan ice advances with hydrothermal input of iron delivered via ice-margin upwelling. Biochemically precipitated rhythmites of siderite, sedimentary apatite, and hematite represent microbially mediated, sub-sea ice precipitation. Siderite laminae preserve microbial textures and have a mean ∂13C = −8.80‰, PDB (+/−0.86‰) reflecting degradation of organic matter at the seafloor. These millimeter-scale rhythmites are a sensitive record of sub-ice dynamics because they formed in response to short-term fluctuations of O 2 due to seasonal sub-ice photosynthesis. They demonstrate the connection between ice cover, O 2 , and cycling of iron and nutrient elements such as phosphorus. These biochemical rhythmites suggest that Cryogenian sea ice limited oxygen production prior to the onset of the Neoproterozoic Oxygenation Event. O 2 increased enough to concentrate bioavailable phosphorus at the seafloor, which was essential for later diversification of metazoans in the Ediacaran. Such sub-ice Cryogenian biochemical systems may provide Earth-based analogs for life on ice-covered worlds, such as Europa and Enceladus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil, concrete and cement are highly used in construction, therefore mixers are widely used in this industry. During the fabrication process of concrete/cement, the equipment may fail and compromise the appropriate mixing procedure. Besides that, it is also important to determine the right point of homogeneity of the mixture. It is important to have a methodology to monitor the mixing process to ensure the quality of the product. This study presents a methodology based on the principles of the radioactive particle tracking technique to predict the instantaneous positions occupied by the radioactive particle inside an industrial mixer by means of a mathematical location algorithm. The detection geometry modeled by means of MCNPX code employs an array of eight NaI(Tl) scintillator detectors, a 198Au spherical gamma-rays source with isotropic emission and a test section filled with concrete that represents an industrial mixer. The choice of the radionuclide is due its well-characterized peak of 411 keV, its half-life of 2.7 days and the possibility to obtain 198Au by neutron activation in reactors. The purpose of this study is to use an artificial neural network as a location algorithm of the 198Au radioactive particle inside an industrial mixer. Results showed that over 56% of the cases were below 5% of relative error for all coordinates of the radioactive particle, which indicates that it is possible to track the radioactive particle trajectory inside the industrial mixer using the artificial neural network algorithm. • Radioactive Particle Tracking methodology to evaluate concrete mixer. • Mathematical simulation developed using MCNPX code. • Geometry employs 198Au (411 keV) gamma-ray source and eight NaI(Tl) detectors. • An artificial neural network calculates the radioactive particle position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rocky outcrops surrounded by vegetation in northeastern Brazil form special ecosystems of high species richness and endemism and represent priority areas for biodiversity studies and conservation measures. Floristic surveys of rocky outcrops in the State of Ceará resulted in the identification of a new species of Solanum from the Thomasiifolium clade. Its morphological description, geographic distribution, habitat, ecology, informal conservation status, and environmental suitability models are provided and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rate and method of lime application modify soil chemical attributes, but the re-acidification process after liming remains poorly understood in the long-term. This study aimed to assess the long-term effect of surface and incorporated liming on shifting soil use from native grassland of South Brazilian Campos to no-tillage system (NTS) for grain production in a highly acidic sandy-loam Ultisol. In 1994, an experiment in a randomized block with split plot design and four replications was installed in Southern Brazil. The main plot consisted of lime application method (surface or incorporation by soil tillage), while the subplots were lime rates (0.0, 2.0, 8.5 and 17.0 Mg ha −1 ), corresponding, approximately, to 0, 1/8, 1/2, and 1 fold the recommended dose to rise soil pH to 6.0 in the 0–20 cm soil layer. The 2 Mg ha ‒1 treatment had reapplication every two years until soil accumulated 8 Mg ha ‒1 of lime. In October 2006 and 2012 (i.e., 12 and 18 years after lime application), soil samples were collected at every centimeter from 1 to 10 cm depth, every 2.5 cm from 10 to 25 cm, every 5 cm from 25 to 50 cm and 50 to 60 cm. The chemical attributes related to soil acidity were evaluated. Even after 18 years of lime application, the re-acidification process recovered only 50% of the exchangeable Al and 30% of the potential acidity compared to native soil. Lime incorporation before NTS adoption proved to be more rapid and efficient to mitigate soil acidity than surface liming, and it is suitable for correction of deep-layered soil acidity in the soil profile. Surface lime application induced a lower alkalinization front in the soil profile, and even after 18 years there was no neutralization of total exchangeable Al in the 10–20 cm layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infant milk is a manufactured food designed for feeding babies and infants under 12 months of age. This product is indicated when, for some reason, the baby can not be fed by breast milk. It is used in case of intolerance to milk from farmed animals and is widely used for the nutrition of newborns in artificial lactation, in place of breastfeeding. It can be used as a complete or partial substitute for human milk. In the current study, the committed effective dose and lifetime cancer risk due to ingestion of 4 K, 226Ra, and 228Ra were estimated using activity concentration obtained from high-resolution gamma spectrometry. Consumption data and dose coefficients were obtained from Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and data published by ICRP 119. Infant milk and water samples were collected in the Rio de Janeiro trade, placed in a polystyrene container, and then sealed to reach the secular radioactive equilibrium condition (at least 45 days). The samples were analyzed by gamma spectrometry using a High Purity Germanium (HPGE). Detection efficiency for each sample was obtained with LabSOCS software. For infant milk samples, the highest values of activity concentrations were (242 ± 9) Bq.kg−1 for 4 K, (5 ± 1) Bq.kg−1 for 228Ra and presented values below the detection limit for 226Ra. The higher values obtained for water samples were (10 ± 1) Bq.l−1, (5 ± 1) Bq.l−1, (5.3 ± 0.1) Bq.l−1 for 4 K, 226Ra and 228Ra, respectively. These values of committed effective dose are below the values stipulated by UNSCEAR (290 μSv.y−1) and by the ICRP (1 mSv.y−1). The values obtained for lifetime cancer risk are considered negligible, once they are below the limit considered for taking action (10−4). It can be concluded that the values calculated do not present a significant risk regarding the intake of infant milk in the first two years of the child's life. • 1° estimate in Brazil of the cancer risk from the ingestion of infant formulas consumed by children using gamma spectrometry. • Activity concentrations were determined using high resolution gamma spectrometry. • Committed effective dose and the cancer risk was estimated due to the ingestion of infant milk. • Milk ingestion does not represent any significant radiological health effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Styrax caporum is a native shrub from the Brazilian savanna. Most of its leaves are diaheliotropic, whereas some are paraheliotropic, mainly at noon. A previous study of this species revealed higher stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rates (E) in para- compared to diaheliotropic leaves, and a rise in CO2 assimilation rates (A) with an increase of irradiance for paraheliotropic leaves. We hypothesized that this species exploits the paraheliotropism to enhance the light use efficiency, and that it is detected only if gas exchange is measured with light interception by both leaf surfaces. Gas exchange was measured with devices that enabled light interception on only one of the leaf surfaces and with devices that enabled light interception by both leaf surfaces. Water relations, relative reflected light intensity, leaf temperature (T l), and leaf anatomical analyses were also performed. When both leaf surfaces were illuminated, a higher A, E, and gs were observed in para- compared to diaheliotropic leaves; however, A did not depend on gs, which did not influence CO2 accumulation in the stomatal cavity (Ci). When only the adaxial leaf surface was illuminated, a greater A was detected for para- than for diaheliotropic leaves only at 11:00h; no differences in T l were observed between leaf types. Light curves revealed that under non-saturating light the adaxial side of paraheliotropic leaves had higher A than the abaxial side, but they showed similar values under saturating light. Although the abaxial leaf side was highly reflective, both surfaces presented the same response pattern for green light reflection, which can be explained by the compact spongy parenchyma observed in the leaves, increasing light use efficiency in terms of CO2 consumption for paraheliotropic leaves. We propose that paraheliotropism in S. camporum is not related to leaf heat avoidance or photoprotection. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Climate change impacts are important in shaping large ecotones, such as the transition zone between the Cerrado and Amazon rainforest (CAT) biogeographical domains. The accelerating rate of conversion of native vegetation, the most important factor for biodiversity loss in the Anthropocene, compounded by projected climate change impacts, requires a review of the effectiveness of existing designated protected areas (PA) and indigenous land (IL), where low-intensity and low-impact land use prevails. We identified priority tree species for conservation and quantified changes in their projected spatial distribution in future climate scenarios to estimate the conservation effectiveness of the current network of PA and IL in the CAT. Applying niche-based models to compare the geographical range of species in current and future climates, we estimated the displacement of species from their current distribution owing to projected climate change. We used four different IPCC emission scenarios for 2050 and quantified the losses or gains in species richness in PA and IL. All species were projected to suffer a reduction of climatically suitable area and a consequent range reduction. Inside both PA and IL there was a projected decrease in richness of the target species under climate change. The current PA network and designated IL in the CAT do not appear to safeguard future conservation of the species they currently contain. The future 'climate refugia' that our work identified could form the basis of plans to expand the protected area network in a region that remains under ever increasing pressure of deforestation in Brazil. • We compared the current and projected future distributions of tree species. • Threatened, rare and widespread species were analysed. • We quantified the species richness change in protected areas and Indigenous land. • Protected areas and Indigenous land presented decreases in species richness due to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen of fossil specimens are widely used for paleoecological and paleoenvironmental inferences, and there has been an effort to better understand the isotopic paleoecology and chronology of herbivores that inhabited the Brazilian Intertropical Region during the late Quaternary. In the present work, new radiocarbon datings and carbon and oxygen isotopes data for Eremotherium laurillardi , Notiomastodon platensis , Tapirus terrestris , Tayassu pecari, and Mazama gouazoubira are presented, from specimens that lived on Iuiu county (Toca Fria and Jatobá caves), state of Bahia, in the Brazilian Intertropical Region. E. laurillardi was dated as of ∼32 ka BP, representing the oldest direct dating for this species in the Brazilian Intertropical Region, while N. platensis was dated as of ∼25 ka BP. Fossils of the extant species T. pecari , M. gouazoubira, and T. terrestris presented radiocarbon ages of ∼23 ka BP, ∼21 ka BP, and ∼15 ka BP, respectively, showing that some of these species lived in Iuiu during the Last Glacial Maximum. According to our analyses, T. terrestris was the only specialist (δ 13C = −11.0‰; p i C 3 = 0.76; B A = 0.49), whereas the remaining taxa were generalists mixed-feeders (δ 13C = −1.3 to −10.0‰; p i C 3 = 0.24 to 0.69; B A > 0.58). The paleoenvironment reconstruction in Iuiu and other localities in BIR, during ∼32 ka BP to ∼15 ka BP, allow us to suggest that the dry arboreal to open Savanna habitats (rich in grass and shrubs) were the most common environment. • Radiocarbon datings for extant and extinct taxa from Brazilian Intertropical Region. • Unpublished isotopic data for Pleistocenic mammals from Bahia, Brazil. • Paleoenvironmental reconstruction for six late Pleistocene localities from BIR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil, concrete and cement are highly used in construction, therefore mixers are widely used in this industry. During the fabrication process of concrete/cement, the equipment may fail and compromise the appropriate mixing procedure. Besides that, it is also important to determine the right point of homogeneity of the mixture. It is important to have a methodology to monitor the mixing process to ensure the quality of the product. This study presents a methodology based on the principles of the radioactive particle tracking technique to predict the instantaneous positions occupied by the radioactive particle inside an industrial mixer by means of a mathematical location algorithm. The detection geometry modeled by means of MCNPX code employs an array of eight NaI(Tl) scintillator detectors, a 198Au spherical gamma-rays source with isotropic emission and a test section filled with concrete that represents an industrial mixer. The choice of the radionuclide is due its well-characterized peak of 411 keV, its half-life of 2.7 days and the possibility to obtain 198Au by neutron activation in reactors. The purpose of this study is to use an artificial neural network as a location algorithm of the 198Au radioactive particle inside an industrial mixer. Results showed that over 56% of the cases were below 5% of relative error for all coordinates of the radioactive particle, which indicates that it is possible to track the radioactive particle trajectory inside the industrial mixer using the artificial neural network algorithm. • Radioactive Particle Tracking methodology to evaluate concrete mixer. • Mathematical simulation developed using MCNPX code. • Geometry employs 198Au (411 keV) gamma-ray source and eight NaI(Tl) detectors. • An artificial neural network calculates the radioactive particle position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]