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Copyright of Ciencia, Cuidado e Saude is the property of Universidade Estadual de Maringa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The spatial distribution of enteroparasitosis in an indigenous village from Paraná was evaluated to identify areas of risk for these infections. A cross-sectional study (from November 2010 to June 2011) was performed using Three Faecal Test®and Kato & Katz method and a questionnaire on housing and hygiene conditions was administered. Local geostatistical analyses were performed to determine the spatial distribution of intestinal parasitic infections. The overall prevalence of enteroparasites was 67.2 % (457/680), and the most prevalent taxa wereAscaris lumbricoides(48.8 %) andTrichuris trichiura (44.7 %). The prevalence of heavy infection by soil-transmitted helminths was 3.6 % and the families lived in houses with an average of 5.1 residents and < 2 bedrooms per household. The average number of species per individual present spatial heterogeneity with the highest values (≥0.8) in areas with high clustering of residences. The visualization of the spatial distribution of intestinal parasites in this indigenous village is an important contribution to determining health risk areas and planning decisions and services. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To describe the characteristics and the raw suicide mortality rates (RSMR) during the period 2000-2007 in the municipality with the largest proportion of self-reported indigenous people in Brazil, São Gabriel da Cachoeira (SGC), State of Amazonas. Method: A retrospective descriptive study was carried out using data from the Information Department of the Brazilian Unified Health System (DATASUS). We considered suicide the cause of death coded in the records as voluntary self-Inflicted injuries according to the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision. Results: Forty-four suicide cases were registered in this period. The average RSMR was 16.8 per 100,000 inhabitants (male, 26.6; female, 6.3). The highest rates were observed in the age groups 15-24 years and 25-34 years, with RSMR of 43.1 and 30.2 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. Most suicides occurred among indigenous people (97.7%), males (81.8%), and unmarried people (70.5%). In most cases, deaths occurred at home (86.4%), during weekends (59.1%) and mainly by hanging (97.7%). Conclusion: Suicide is a significant health and social problem in SGC. The suicide profile observed in this municipality was, as a whole, more similar to that observed in certain indigenous communities than that found in most urban and non-indigenous environments, demonstrating the sociocultural specificity of these events in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an indigenous Brazilian population. Methods: Indigenous Brazilians aged 1869 years from Jaguapiru Village, Dourados, MS were studied. Participants were selected by simple random sampling of 360 houses in the village. The abdominal circumference of the population was evaluated, and measurements <80 cm for females or <90 cm for males were considered normal. Capillary blood glucose levels by glucometer and oral glucose tolerance tests were measured, and, when necessary, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels were assessed. Results: Of the 632 indigenous Brazilians in the study, 281 were males. We observed that 287 (45.4%) presented abdominal circumference values greater than normal; of those, 199 were women (43.4% of all women in the study) and 88 were men (26.1% of all men in the study). Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome is common in the Indian Jaguapiru Village. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: to investigate the prevalence of and factors associated with the occurrence of anemia in indigenous Surui women aged between 15 and 49 years. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was carried out based on the 2005 census of Sete de Setembro indigenous territory in the Brazilian State of Rondônia. Hemoglobin measurement (Hb) was carried out using a portable β-hemoglobinometer. The cut-off points for anemia were Hb <12.0 g/dL in non-pregnant women and Hb <11.0 g/dL in pregnant women. Demographic and socio-economic data were gathered using a standardized questionnaire. The first stage of statistical analysis included the: chi-square; the chi-square linear tendency test; Student's t; a test for linearity and analysis of variance. In the second stage, the final logistic model was adjusted. RESULTS: the overall prevalence of anemia in non-pregnant women was 67.3% and, in pregnant women, 81.8%. Multivariate analysis showed that women with one or two anemic children aged between 6 and 35 months were three times more likely to be anemic; women from the lowest socio-economic stratum were 3.5 times more likely to be anemic. The likelihood of a Surui woman of low socio-economic status being anemic was 26% higher than that of one from the highest socio-economic stratum. CONCLUSIONS: anemia is a serious health problem among Surui women and is influenced by household factors, such as having children with anemia and socio-economic circumstances. It is suggested that measures to treat and prevent anemia among the Surui take these factors into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite broad availability of a national tuberculosis (TB) control program that has proved effective in Brazil, TB remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among indigenous peoples. Aim: We report the results of an interdisciplinary investigation of TB epidemiology, healthcare services, and ethnomedicine among the Xavante Indians of Central Brazil. Subjects and methods: Fieldwork components included clinical assessment of TB (479 subjects, 89.3% of the population = 1 year of age), analysis of medical health records, and ethnographic research. Results: We found TB to constitute a major health risk, with moderately high annual risk of infection (0.94%), moderate prevalence of infection, high percentage of X-ray images suggestive of TB (14.2% in subjects ≥ 10 years of age), and a relatively low percentage of individuals with reactive TB skin tests (16.6% of reactions ≥ 10 mm) despite high BCG vaccine coverage. We also found a high rate of TB patients showing no evidence of prior infection. Ethnographic interviews show that Xavante and biomedical health perspectives are simultaneously divergent in their etiologies but pragmatically compatible. Conclusion: Ineffective diagnosis procedures compromise the efficacy of existing TB prevention efforts and threaten to undermine otherwise favorable institutional and cultural conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazilian census data show a remarkable increase in the population self-reporting as "indigenous" between 1991 and 2000 but do not readily enable that increase to be analyzed in terms of the nearly 200 specific indigenous societies or ethnicities that exist in Brazil. In this article, we investigate some instances and implications of how the 2000 Brazilian National Census employed categories conceived for the national population to register one specific people-the Xavante of Mato Grosso, Central Brazil-with their own inherent social arrangements and morphologies. We do so by comparing census data corresponding to Xavante Indigenous Reserves with an independently collected set of demographic data for the same year. Although we found census data to adequately represent basic characteristics of the Xavante population (population size and age and sex distributions), we also found they reclassified and transformed Xavante households and thereby denatured Xavante sociality of its demographic and sociocultural complexity. The Xavante case is an example of how national demographic censuses not only capture data regarding indigenous peoples but also help shape those data by contributing to how indigenousness is perceived. Our findings suggest that the Brazilian National Census should seek to be more sensitive to indigenous realities and thereby to assess more accurately fundamental aspects of indigenous societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The materials and objects used as a support to children's recreational activities are important references to understand the symbolic dialogue between children and their social group (thus, they are directly related to the socio-cultural reality around them), and to better understand children's play culture. This article aims at examining the play culture of a group of children of the Guarani ethnic group in a specific situation -- a village near urban nuclei that is undergoing a situation of territorial dispute -, based on the analysis of materials and objects used as a support to the play activity. In the study, 34 children from the same village were observed during 20 days. In this period, 100 sessions of systematic observation were carried out, and notes were registered in a field diary. The data were categorized by type of material / object used as a support to the play activity, and by toy groups regarding the gender of the participants: groups of boys, groups of girls, mixed groups. The results showed significant similarities and differences with respect to research conducted with other ethnic groups in other regions of Brazil, and confirm the importance of supporting objects in recreational activities. Contrary to what is exposed in classic ethnographic research, the group of surveyed children has a rich play culture, with the use of diverse objects and materials, including industrialized and handicraft toys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

End-stage renal disease in Brazil: Epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Brazil is one of the largest and most populous nations in the world, ranking among the 5 largest economies in the Americas and among the 15 largest economies in the world. However, Brazil is still plagued by social problems such as the persistence of poverty and immense deficiencies in its health system. Currently, there are approximately 390 patients on chronic renal replacement therapy (RRT) per million population, about one third the US prevalence, which suggests that end-stage renal disease is either underdiagnosed or undertreated. The epidemiology of renal disease in the small remaining native Brazilian population is largely unknown. However, it is likely that the prevalence of renal disease is low among at least 2 tribes: the Yanomamis in northern Brazil and the Xingu Indians in central Brazil. Sodium intake is very low, physical activity is intense, and the prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular disease is negligible among these people, which stresses the potential pathogenic importance of so-called civilized habits. There is currently no conclusive evidence that African descendants or any other Brazilian ethnic minorities are especially vulnerable to renal disease. Access to RRT in Brazil is universal. However, because both the end-stage renal disease population and operational RRT costs are steadily increasing, the system may face severe limitations in the near future. Much effort is needed to limit the prevalence of renal disease, to detain or retard the progression of chronic nephropathies, and to ensure that high-quality RRT will remain available to all those who need it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how information about cannibalism was treated during the pacification of the Wari' Indians in Brazil in 1956-62. Recent academic critiques have emphasized that colonial agents promulgate self-serving images of cannibal savagery to justify the subjugation of native peoples. The Wari' case illustrates this point, but it also reveals other, more complex responses. Horror, disgust, and an emphasis on primitive Otherness were part of Brazilian. public discourses about Wari' cannibalism, but so were empathy, cultural relativism, and an emphasis on the humanity of the cannibals. Some of the strongest efforts to keep Wari' from being stereotyped as savages came from the Protestant missionaries, Catholic clergy, and government officials most closely involved in pacifying them. Brazilian journalists exploited the news, but responded to pressures to downplay exploitative sensationalism by framing their stories in the language of ethnography and anthropological perspectives of cultural relativism. This story sounds a cautionary note about tendencies to represent, the agents of colonialism as one-dimensional figures unswervingly dedicated to highlighting the symbolic distance between themselves and those they colonized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the coverage, characteristics and the risk of suicide in the indigenous people of Tabatinga in the Brazilian Amazon., Methods: An active surveillance strategy for suicide cases was used: records of the Ministry of Health, the Municipal Health Secretariat, the Special Indigenous Health District of the Upper River Solimões (Distrito Sanitario Especial Indígena Alto Río Solimões), the Military Hospital of Tabatinga, the National Indian Foundation (Fundación Nacional del Indio) and the civil registry offices were examined from 2007 to 2011 for individuals over 9 years of age. Adjusted rates were estimated using the direct method and according to age. A descriptive analysis was performed and the hypothesis tests were considered significant if p-values were <0.05., Results: The coverage of indigenous suicide was 82.8%, since 11 (17.2%) were classified as hidden suicides. For men between 15 and 29 years of age, and for women aged from 12 to 20 years, the probability of suicide was around 70.0%. In 17.2% of the sample there was a record of alcohol consumption before death and relationship between victims. The corrected adjusted mortality rate was 111.7/100,000 (95% CI, 84.6-148.6)., Conclusions: The risk of suicide in the indigenous people of the Tabatinga is very high. Coping strategies should consider the complex relationship between suicide and alcohol consumption, gender differences and the existence of vulnerable groups, such as young people, especially those with close relatives who have committed suicide., (Copyright © 2018 Asociación Colombiana de Psiquiatría. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Summary: Tuberculosis (TB) stands out as one of the principal infectious diseases affecting Amazonian Indians. Recent research indicates that incidence rates among indigenous peoples may be as much as ten times higher than those of the general Brazilian population. Purified protein derivative reactivity in Amazonia is low compared with populations of European descent; anergy rates usually surpass 50%, even under high BCG coverage. An annual risk of infection of 1.2–2.2% points to high rates of transmission. Whether or not particular susceptibility to TB is linked to genetics, Amazonian Indians face a disproportionately high risk of contracting and dying from TB. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]