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Forestry is becoming more complex as a result of diverging societal demands. Indigenous Peoples' reconciliation and the challenges of climate change call for research that embraces transdisciplinarity, reciprocity, and problem-focused learning at the landscape scale. Both globally and in Canada, forestry and forest research are struggling to keep pace with this growing complexity. Place-based collaborative research and learning initiatives, described here as "learning landscapes," offer an under-explored approach to meeting diversifying goals for forest landscapes. We describe recent progress in Quesnel, British Columbia, where researchers and local institutions are engaging to strengthen resilience and innovation in the forest sector. We first define the concept of learning landscape in the context of transdisciplinary sustainability science, and then illustrate this approach using the case study of Quesnel. We describe a process of systems diagnosis, including asset mapping and analysis of potential forestry pathways through a "best bets" framework. We propose a Theory of Change as a way forward, outlining opportunities for government, industry, and communities in developing regional capacity for integrated management and high-value forest products. We reflect on the contributions of learning landscapes to knowledge generation, experiential learning, and institutional development, and discuss implications for steering decision-making in locally driven sustainability transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Solid organ transplantations are among the most expensive treatments yet relatively few investigators have reported well-characterized and reliable information on costs. The objective here was to compare the direct medical costs of kidney, liver, heart, and lung transplantations in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Methods: Using data from a province-wide population-based registry, resource utilization data were collated for 1333 patients who underwent solid organ transplantation between 1995 and 2003. Resource categories included hospital stays, physician fees, laboratory and diagnostic testing, and immunosuppressants. Mean costs (2003 $CDN) were derived for the index hospitalization and each of the 2 years after hospital discharge. To enable valid comparisons, the same costing methodology was applied to all four programs. Results: The mean costs of transplantation varied from $27,695 for kidney recipients to $89,942 for lung recipients, with inpatient hospital stays comprising the largest component. Mean costs for the first and second follow-up years ranged from $27,592 and $11,424 for lung recipients to $21,144 and $8086 for liver recipients. Immunosuppressants accounted for between two-thirds and three-fourths of costs by the second year. Within each program, variations in costs could not be accounted for by demographic factors. Conclusions: We observed in BC a threefold variation in mean costs of organ transplantation procedures, with the variations between programs diminishing during follow-up. Policymakers and decision-makers seeking to better understand the deployment of resources for transplantation may focus on clinical factors at the time of hospitalization and factors that influence use and costs of immunosuppressants during the induction and maintenance phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]