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Objective: Rehabilitation of sport-related knee injuries predominantly focuses on physical impairments despite calls to address psychological, social, and contextual (non-physical) factors. This scoping review aimed to explore the role of non-physical factors across the acute, rehabilitation and return to sport (RTS) stages of recovery following a sport-related knee injury. Methods: This review followed the PRISMA Extension for scoping reviews and Arksey and O'Malley framework. Six electronic databases were searched. Included studies contained original data that described a non-physical factor related to rehabilitation, recovery, or RTS after a traumatic sport-related knee injury. Two authors independently conducted title-abstract and full-text reviews. Study quality was assessed with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Thematic analysis was undertaken. Results: Of 7,289 records, 77 studies representing 5,540 participants (37% females, 84% anterior cruciate ligament tears, aged 14-60 years) were included. Psychological factors were reported in all studies, while only 39% and 25% of studies reported on social and contextual factors, respectively. 84% of studies investigated non-physical factors during the rehabilitation or RTS stage with few considering them at time of injury. A cross-cutting concept of individualization was present across four psychological (barriers beyond fear, active coping, independence, recovery expectations), two social (social support, engagement in care), and two contextual (environmental influences, sport culture) themes. Conclusion: Diverse psychological, social, and contextual factors are present across all stages of recovery following a traumatic sport-related knee injury. A better understanding of these factors at the time of injury could assist with optimizing injury management. Clinical implications: It is essential that psychological, social, and contextual factors are prioritized in the management of sport-related knee injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Despite its association with poor long-term outcomes, little is known about the onset or physical manifestation of kinesiophobia early after youth sport-related knee injury. This research assesses the relationship between kinesiophobia and knee strength, balance, or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in acutely injured compared to uninjured youth. Methods: Participants included 44 youth (11-19 years) with an acute (<4 months) sport-related knee injury and 44 uninjured age-, sex-, and sport-matched controls. The outcome was the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK). Covariates included normalized bilateral knee extensor and flexor strength (isokinetic dynamometer; Nm/kg), bilateral Y-balance test (YBT), and average daily minutes of MVPA (ActiGraph). Descriptive statistics including matched-pair difference (95%CI) were calculated for all variables by study group. Unadjusted conditional (matchedpair) logistic regression assessed the odds of TSK score >37 by study group (odds ratio; 95%CI) and multivariable regression (95%CI) assessed the association between TSK score and each covariate, adjusting for injury history. Results: Participant median age was 17 years (range 10-20) and 65% were female. The median time since injury was 1.5 months (range 0.4-4.2). The injured group had higher TSK scores [matched-pair difference (95%CI); 5 (3, 8)]; demonstrated weaker index (injured) knee extensor [-1.42 Nm/kg (-2.00, -0.84)], index flexor strength [-1.02 Nm/kg (-1.53, -0.51)], and non-index knee extensor [-0.56 Nm/kg (-1.08, -0.05)]; and had a 4.75-fold (95%CI 1.62, 13.96) greater odds of TSK score >37 compared to uninjured controls. No associations were found between TSK and strength, YBT, or MVPA. Conclusion: Injured youth have increased kinesiophobia early after injury, but this fear does not appear to be related to physical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Improving exercise therapy adherence after youth sport-related musculoskeletal injury is crucial for recovery and reducing long-term consequences. This scoping review consolidates reported barriers, facilitators, and strategies to boost exercise therapy adherence in youth musculoskeletal injuries to inform future research and clinical practice. Methods: Arksey and O'Malley's framework and the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews were followed. Six databases were searched using predetermined keywords and subject headings. English studies with original data featuring an adherence barrier, facilitator, or boosting strategy and youth (0-19 years) with musculoskeletal disorders treated with exercise therapy were included. Two authors independently conducted title/ abstract and full-text reviews, and assessed study quality with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Descriptive consolidation and inductive thematic analysis were completed. Results: Of 4,930 records, 34 studies representing 1,563 participants (65% female, 2-19 years old), 11 musculoskeletal disorders and multiple exercise interventions were included. Time constraints, physical environment (e.g., location), and negative exercise experiences were commonly identified barriers. Social support and positive exercise experiences were frequently identified facilitators. Reinforcement, exercise program modification, and education were recurring boosting strategies, despite being infrequent barriers or facilitators. Exercise experience, time, and environment (physical and social) emerged as key themes related to youth exercise therapy adherence. Conclusion: A diversity of barriers and facilitators to exercise therapy for youth musculoskeletal disorders exist. Strategies to boost adherence are not consistent with identified barriers or facilitators. Clinical implications: Making exercise enjoyable, social, and convenient may be important to maximizing adherence to exercise therapy in young injured athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild Pacific salmonids (WPS) are economically and culturally important to the Pacific North region. Most recently, some populations of WPS have been in decline. Of hypothesized factors contributing to the decline, infectious agents have been postulated to increase the risk of mortality in Pacific salmon. We present a literature review of both published journal and unpublished data to describe the distribution of infectious agents reported in wild Pacific salmonid populations in British Columbia (BC), Canada. We targeted 10 infectious agents, considered to potentially cause severe economic losses in Atlantic salmon or be of conservation concern for wild salmon in BC. The findings indicated a low frequency of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, piscine orthoreovirus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus, Aeromonas salmonicida, Renibacterium salmoninarum, Piscirickettsia salmonis and other Rickettsia-like organisms, Yersinia ruckeri, Tenacibaculum maritimum and Moritella viscosa. No positive results were reported for infestations with Paramoeba perurans in peer-reviewed papers and the DFO Fish Pathology Program database. This review synthesizes existing information, as well as gaps therein, that can support the design and implementation of a long-term surveillance programme of infectious agents in wild salmonids in BC., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)