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Copyright of Revista Universitaria de Historia Militar (RUHM) is the property of Centro de Estudios de la Guerra and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The maritime sector is pivotal for the economic growth of coastal cities like Cádiz, Spain. In our globalised world, ports face high competitiveness, emphasising the growing need for English-proficient staff. This research focuses on the Port Authority of Cádiz Bay's language-training programme, aiming to enhance employees' English proficiency for job excellence. Through a qualitative study, the paper not only analyses the current programme but also proposes an alternative linguistic training approach. The ultimate objective is to equip port workers with language skills that contribute to providing excellent services to users, addressing the evolving demands of the maritime industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gulf of Cadiz is an extensive seepage area in the South Iberian Margin (NE Atlantic) encompassing over 40 mud volcanoes (MVs) at depths ranging from 200 to 4000m. The area has a long geologic history and a central biogeographic location with a complex circulation assuring oceanographic connectivity with the Mediterranean Sea, Equatorial and Northern Atlantic regions. The geodynamics of the region promotes a notorious diversity in the seep regime despite the relatively low fluxes of hydrocarbon-rich gases. We analyse quantitative samples taken during the cruises TTR14, TTR15 and MSM01-03 in seven mud volcanoes grouped into Shallow MVs (Mercator: 350m, Kidd: 500m, Meknès: 700m) and Deep MVs (Captain Arutyunov: 1300m, Carlos Ribeiro: 2200m, Bonjardim: 3000m, Porto: 3900m) and two additional reference sites (ca. 550m). Macrofauna (retained by a 500 µm sieve) was identified to species level whenever possible. The samples yielded modest abundances (70-1567 ind. per 0.25 m²) but a number of species among the highest ever reported for cold seeps. Among the 366 recorded species, 22 were symbiont-hosting bivalves (Thyasiridae, Vesicomyidae, Solemyidae) and tubeworms (Siboglinidae). The multivariate analyses indicated significant differences between Shallow and Deep MVs: The environmental conditions at the Shallow MVs makes them highly permeable to the penetration of background fauna leading to high diversity of the attendant assemblages (H': 2.92-3.94; ES(100): 28.3-45.0; J': 0.685-0.881). The Deep MVs showed, in general, contrasting features but were more heterogeneous (H': 1.41-3.06; ES(100): 10.5-30.5; J': 0.340-0.852) and often dominated by one or more siboglinid species. The rarefaction curves confirmed the differences in biodiversity of Deep and Shallow MVs as well as the approximation of the latter to the reference sites. The Bray--Curtis dissimilarity demonstrated the high β-diversity of the assemblages, especially in pairwise comparisons involving samples from the deeper MVs. Diversity partitioning assessed for species richness, Hurlbert's expected number of species and Shannon--Wiener index confirmed the high β-diversity across different spatial scales (within MVs, between MVs, between Deep and Shallow MVs). We suggest that historical and contemporary factors with differential synergies at different depths contribute to the high α-, β- and γ-diversity of the mud volcano faunal assemblages in the Gulf of Cadiz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of non-indigenous species to aquatic ecosystems is one of the main threats to global biodiversity. This paper reports the occurrence of the blue swimmer crab Portunus segnis in southwestern European waters (i.e., the Gulf of Cadiz). We discuss the invasive potential of P. segnis and possible mechanisms of its expansion into this new region. The detection of this species also highlights the importance of involving citizen scientists in the reporting of non-indigenous species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Estuarine dynamics are highly complex as a result of the temperature and salinity gradients, as well as the multiple interactions between atmospheric, maritime, and hydrological forcing agents. Given the environmental and socioeconomic importance of estuaries and their current and future threats due to human interventions and climate change, it is of vital importance to characterize these dynamics, monitor their evolution, and quantify the expected impacts derived from climate change. This paper presents a hybrid database combining data obtained in six field surveys (in 2012, 2013, and 2015) and results from a physically based 3D numerical model for the Bay of Cádiz (southern Spain), a highly anthropized mesotidal estuary. The 3D dataset includes water levels, currents, density, and wave climate, allowing for an analysis of bay dynamics at different timescales ranging from intratidal processes to seasonal variabilities. The results offer an example of the potential uses of the dataset and include (1) an assessment of the spatial and seasonal variability of the estuarine dynamics and (2) an analysis of the effects of severe weather events. These examples provide convincing evidence regarding how the dataset can be employed in multiple research fields and applications, including ocean–bay interactions, water exchange between basins, longwave and shortwave propagation along creek systems, and energy extraction of tidal waves. Therefore, this hybrid dataset may be of significant interest for stakeholders and scientists from different sectors (water engineering, ecology, urban development, energy, etc.) working on the environmental management of the Gulf of Cádiz and other tidally dominated shallow bays. It can also serve as a benchmark test for numerical hydrodynamic models, infrastructure intervention assessments (e.g., dikes or breakwaters), or renewable energy conversion system models. The dataset is available at 10.5281/zenodo.7484186. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of a large and complex monastery such as the Charterhouse of Jerez required a precise geometric plan, the layout, which once deployed on the ground becomes the shape control system of the construction process. The basic geometric figure that supports the layout is the square and the variations derived from the ratio between its side and its diagonal. This paper presents the graphic definition of this geometric layout and analyses its persistence over more than three centuries of architectural evolution (fifteenth through eighteenth centuries). During this lengthy process, it has been possible to characterise how the rigour of geometric abstraction, the natural conditions of the ground on which the monastery was founded, and the functional and symbolic demands of the Carthusian order have been balanced. Likewise, there has been an analysis of the situations in which disproportion is imposed: the alteration or abandonment of the geometric plan. These undesirable situations reveal the imposition of existing conditions and the evolution of artistic concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the concept of zombie infrastructure to understand the entangled histories of railroad colonialism, Indigenous dispossession, and corporate power in the California desert. I examine debates over the Cadiz project, a contemporary water project that proposes to take water from a California desert aquifer and transport it to the California coast. I argue that the life of the Cadiz project depends on Cadiz Inc.'s ability to revive the legal rights and body of a little-used railroad shortline, thus bringing back a legal infrastructure and corporate power from the late nineteenth century in the service of a new corporation. In so doing, the Cadiz project enlivens the racialized dispossession of land and labor that the railroad initially required. Routing the politics of a contemporary infrastructure project through the railroad and its octopus past, I argue, places the politics of infrastructure at the intersection of laws, monstrosity, and dispossession. Drawing on economic and legal geography, this paper proposes the concept of zombie infrastructure, a concept that builds on what activists call zombie projects in order to show the life and death of infrastructure, and reveals how contemporary capitalists enliven old infrastructures for new purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last 3 ka, different human communities occupied the Bay of Cádiz (SW Spain), including Phoenician, Carthaginian, Roman, Medieval and Modern settlements. Traces of such historical occupations have been recognized along the bay from a geoarchaeological point of view. Some of them bear a palaeogeographical interest related to the historical location of the shoreline. At the same time, Holocene sedimentary units and geomorphological elements identified along the bay can be interpreted as evidences of its morphological evolution. The objective of the present paper is to represent all the available data about archaeological sites and geomorphology in the northern Bay of Cádiz, with the aim of combining both sources of data for elaborating a simple proposal of landscape evolution during the last 3 millennia. The base for mapping was multiple, from historical aerial photographs to satellite imagery and a digital terrain model with a maximum resolution of 0.35 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article summarizes the XXXVI Conference of the Spanish Meteorological Association and the 22nd Hispanic-Portuguese Meteorology Meeting, which took place in Cádiz. After six years since the last time these conferences were held, over a hundred meteorology professionals gathered to present papers and share knowledge. Despite the difficulties, the organization was impeccable and social events of interest were carried out. The author congratulates the Organizing Committee and eagerly awaits the arrival of future events that bring together the meteorological community. [Extracted from the article]

Summary: This special issue contains selected high‐quality papers from the 2016 International Conference on Information Technology in Medicine and Education (ITME2016), which was held on December 23‐25, 2016 in Fuzhou, China. The ITME conference series aims to provide an international forum for the presentation and discussion of research and development trends regarding information technology in medicine and education. The ITME2016 attracted many international attendants, allowing deep discussion and the exchange of ideas and results related to ongoing research among attendants. This special issue contains nine papers based on those that were presented at ITME2016. Among these are those by Liu et al, Lin et al, Zhang et al, Lin et al, Zhou et al, Cai et al, Li et al, Zheng et al, and Dai et al, 2018. Research problems in these papers have been analyzed systematically, and for specific approaches or models, evaluation has been performed to demonstrate their feasibility and advantages. The papers were selected on this basis and also peer reviewed thoroughly. The nine papers reflect a vision of the area in state‐of‐art fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fundamental issue about installation of photovoltaic solar power stations is the optimization of the energy generation and the fault detection, for which different techniques and methodologies have already been developed considering meteorological conditions. This fact implies the use of unstable and difficult predictable variables which may give rise to a possible problem for the plausibility of the proposed techniques and methodologies in particular conditions. In this line, our goal is to provide a decision support system for photovoltaic fault detection avoiding meteorological conditions. This paper has developed a mathematical mechanism based on fuzzy sets in order to optimize the energy production in the photovoltaic facilities, detecting anomalous behaviors in the energy generated by the facilities over time. Specifically, the incorrect and correct behaviors of the photovoltaic facilities have been modeled through the use of different membership mappings. From these mappings, a decision support system based on ordered weighted averaging operators informs of the performances of the facilities per day, by using natural language. Moreover, a state machine is also designed to determine the stage of each facility based on the stages and the performances from previous days. The main advantage of the designed system is that it solves the problem of "constant loss of energy production", without the consideration of meteorological conditions and being able to be more profitable. Moreover, the system is also scalable and portable, and complements previous works in energy production optimization. Finally, the proposed mechanism has been tested with real data, provided by Grupo Energético de Puerto Real S.A. which is an enterprise in charge of the management of six photovoltaic facilities in Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain, and good results have been obtained for faulting detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the study of public and private organizations that provide training opportunities for the unemployed and puts special emphasis on social enterprises. This work delves into the relationships that these organizations maintain with the state, the market (companies), and the community or civil society. To this end, we follow the theoretical approach developed by Pestoff (1998, 2008), which is exemplified by his welfare triangle. This model began to be implemented in the 1980s under the term 'welfare-mix' and was indicative of a new approach to social and employment policy. In this context, we highlight the gradual increase in the number of training programs that social enterprises are offering worldwide, with many of these companies coming from the third sector (Bromley, Schofer & Longhofer, 2018). We also note the interactions these companies have with the market, the community or civil society, and the state (Defourny & Nyssens, 2012). Moreover, in the last decade, the European Union has been giving greater prominence to social innovation, which is considered by some scholars to be a key strategic plan for social enterprises to more effectively address the failures of the state and the market (Defourny & Nyssens, 2012; Mulgan, 2006, 2007). In general terms, social innovation is based on initiatives that seek novel solutions to social problems and include the participation of the community (Murray, et al., 2010). Based on these basic premises and more recent research, this empirical work, which was carried out in 2018 in the province of Cadiz (Spain), focuses on two objectives. The first is to analyze the typology of organizations that provide training opportunities for unemployed people, which allows us to confirm the relevance of social enterprises. The second objective is to analyze the elements that make it difficult for these training centers to adopt initiatives that allow for more autonomy and cooperation between organizations. This second objective is achieved by examining some of the theoretical assumptions outlined in the first few sections of this article, which are based on studies that highlight how cooperation between organizations favors innovation initiatives. To this end, 12 in-depth interviews were conducted with public and private organizations that provide training opportunities for unemployed people. These include non-governmental organizations, federations for disabled people, trade unions, and administrative centers, with 6 of the 12 organizations being social enterprises. We also analyzed the training programs and the type of relationships that these organizations had with each other and with the state. The results of some of the items from a survey of centers collaborating with the Junta de Andalucía (Regional Government of Andalusia) are also included, together with the results obtained from the secondary source analysis of the list of centers available on the Junta's website. Moreover, the information obtained for this research has been rounded out with information collected from 7 focus interviews, which used unemployed students from the training courses who had different social profiles (classified according to disability, gender, and age). The interviews with vulnerable groups provided information regarding their negative perceptions towards labor market insertion and regarding the unfavorable consequences of unemployment on their lives. The methodology used conforms to the criteria of inter-method triangulation and data triangulation, as the same research topic was approached using quantitative and qualitative techniques, which allowed for enriching data analysis on a single matter (Forni & De Grande, 2020:166). The information obtained from the interview transcriptions was separated into analysis categories according to the theoretical assumptions developed in the first few pages of the paper and were specified as the following: A) Centers' assessment of the training program provided by the Junta de Andalucía. B) Hierarchical relations they maintain with the state. C) Horizontal relationships with similar organizations and with other types of centers. D) Characteristics of the training programs in which they participate and which may limit them. Around 60% of the centers collaborating with the Junta de Andalucía to provide training for unemployed people in the province of Cadiz, are companies, with most of them being social enterprises for labor insertion and training. However, non-governmental organizations, foundations, federations for disabled people, and business organizations, etc. are also involved. In regard to the particularities that characterize these organizations and limit their social innovation initiatives, the following should be highlighted: a) the Junta de Andalucía establishes overly strict controls on center approval and training specialties that make it difficult to maintain measures that are flexible to changes in the environment; b) the hierarchical relations that these centers maintain with the state do not allow them to develop their own initiatives; and c) these centers have to adjust to the guidelines set by the calls for training courses, which establish a budget and a specific period of time for the presentation and execution of proposals. In addition to the above, it has been confirmed that these companies compete with each other and, consequently, there is little cooperation between the organizations involved in providing training opportunities for unemployed people. However, we must consider that these research results are representative of geographical areas with high unemployment rates, such as is the case for the province of Cadiz. The similarities and differences of these organizations compared to the types and relationships between organizations from other territories are unknown. There has also not been an in-depth study of the specific characteristics of each organization in terms of their budget and the quality of relationships they may maintain with the state, the market, and the community. Moreover, there could even be particular interests within the organizations involved in providing training opportunities beyond those established in the call for proposals. This work also proposes several areas for future research. It raises the need to study the possible relationships between training for employment and sustainable development as education for social inclusion is a priority objective in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2015). In this regard, social innovation is again important because, from a sustainable development perspective, providing training for unemployed people would mean working on both social integration and labor insertion, having them be directed towards the creation of stable jobs. This cannot be achieved automatically in an area with a high unemployment rate and, therefore, social innovation is once again a priority. Another line of research would be the analysis of how these social enterprises have been incorporated into vocational training opportunities for unemployed people. This could be done by looking at their evolution in recent decades through the use of comparative studies within Spain and with other countries and distinguishing between the various participating social enterprises, non-governmental organizations, federations for disabled people (such as ONCE's Fundosa), and training and insertion companies. This line of research would allow us to better understand the relationship between economic, social, and political changes in the management of training opportunities for unemployed people as an active employment policy. Finally, this work is important because it focuses attention on issues that are scarcely addressed in the literature despite their enormous importance, such as the typology of organizations and their relationships with the state, the market, and the community. Moreover, it also analyzes, in more detail, the repercussions for unemployed people of being provided with training opportunities for labor market insertion and social integration, taking into account the particularities of not only the territory but also those of vulnerable unemployed people. In this sense, it is important to note that the results highlight the need to adopt strategies that link training opportunities to the needs of companies and also to the needs of the community, making unemployed people and their environment more involved in the creation of training solutions that use innovation to favor the creation of more stable jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica is the property of Universidad de la Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite numerous efforts to properly differentiate between contourites and other deep‐water deposits in cores and outcrops, reliable diagnostic criteria are still lacking. The co‐occurrence of downslope and along‐slope sedimentary processes makes it particularly difficult to differentiate these relatively homogeneous deposits. The main aim of this paper is to identify differences in deep‐water sediments based on Principal Component Analysis of grain size and geochemistry, sedimentary facies, and reinforced by microfacies and ichnofacies. The sediments studied were obtained from two International Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 339 sites in mounded and sheeted drifts in the Gulf of Cadiz. The statistical approach led to the discernment of hemipelagites, silty contourites, sandy contourites, bottom current reworked sands, fine‐grained turbidites and debrites over a range of depositional and physiographic elements. These elements are linked to contourite drifts, the drift‐channel transition, the contourite channel and distal upper slope. When bottom currents or gravity‐driven flows are not the dominant depositional process, marine productivity and continental input settling forms the main depositional mechanism in deep‐water environments. This is reflected by a high variability of the first principal component in hemipelagic deposits. The stacked principal component variability of these deposits evidences that the contourite drift and the adjacent contourite channel were influenced by the interrelation of hemipelagic, gravitational and bottom current induced depositional processes. This interrelation questions the paradigm that a drift is made up solely of muddy sediments. The interrelation of sedimentary processes is a consequence of the precession‐driven changes in the intensity of the Mediterranean Outflow Water related to Mediterranean climate variability, which are punctuated by millennial‐scale variability. Associated vertical and lateral shifts of the Mediterranean Outflow Water, and therefore of its interface with the East North Atlantic Central Water, controlled sediment input and favoured turbulent sediment transport in the middle slope. During the interglacial precession maxima/insolation minima, a more vigorous upper core of the Mediterranean Outflow Water and the enhanced impact of the East North Atlantic Central Water – Mediterranean Outflow Water interface allowed for the development of the sandier contourite deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Results can be used by policy makers and companies for planning seafloor activities. The susceptibility assessment and the analysis of its reliability can be applied in other regional works of geohazard assessment. This paper presents a geohazard assessment along the European continental margins and adjacent areas. This assessment is understood in the framework of the seafloor's susceptibility to (i.e., likelihood of) being affected by the presence of hydrate deposits and the subsequent hazardous dissociation processes (liquefaction, explosion, collapse, crater-like depressions or submarine landslides). Geological and geophysical evidence and indicators of marine gas hydrates in the theoretical gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) were taken into account as the main factors controlling the susceptibility calculation. Svalbald, the Barents Sea, the mid-Norwegian margin-northwest British Islands, the Gulf of Cádiz, the eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea have the highest susceptibility. Seafloor areas outside the theoretical GHSZ were excluded from this geohazard assessment. The uncertainty analysis of the susceptibility inference shows extensive seafloor areas with no data and a very low density of data that are defined as critical knowledge gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass‐transport complexes (MTCs) are often characterized by small‐scale discontinuous internal structure, such as slide blocks, rough interfaces, faults, and truncated strata. Seismic images may not properly resolve such structure because seismic reflections are fundamentally limited in lateral resolution by the source bandwidth. The relatively weak seismic diffractions, instead, encode information on subwavelength‐scale structure, with superior illumination. In this paper, we compare diffraction imaging to conventional, full‐wavefield seismic imaging to characterize MTCs. We apply a seismic diffraction imaging workflow based on plane‐wave destruction filters to two 2D marine multichannel seismic profiles from the Gulf of Cadiz. We observe that MTCs generate a large amount of diffracted energy relative to the unfailed confining sediments. The diffraction images show that some of this energy is localized along existing discontinuities imaged by the full‐wavefield images. We demonstrate that, in combination with full‐wavefield images, diffraction images can be utilized to better discriminate the lateral extent of MTCs, particularly for thin bodies. We suggest that diffraction images may be a more physically correct alternative to commonly used seismic discontinuity attributes derived from full‐wavefield images. Finally, we outline an approach to utilize the out‐of‐plane diffractions generated by the 3D structure of MTCs, normally considered a nuisance in 2D seismic processing. We use a controlled synthetic test and a real‐data example to show that under certain conditions these out‐of‐plane diffractions might be used to constrain the minimum width of MTCs from single 2D seismic profiles. Plain Language Summary: Underwater landslides are a significant geohazard that can generate large magnitude tsunami and threaten seafloor infrastructure such as pipelines and telecommunication cables. The deposits from these events (so‐called mass‐transport complexes, or MTCs) can preserve internal structure that can reveal the dynamics of failure, important to understanding the geohazard potential of future events. One common tool for investigating these deposits is seismic imaging, which uses recordings of seismic waves reflected and scattered from the subsurface to image the geology. The resolution of the reflected waves, however, is often too poor to properly characterize the complex, strongly deformed internal structure of MTCs. In this study, we instead use the seismic waves scattered at lateral, basal, and internal discontinuities formed by landslide processes to produce diffraction images of MTCs. We show that these images have improved resolution and illumination of the small‐scale structure. We suggest that diffraction imaging could be a useful tool for geohazard investigations of complex geology. Key Points: Seismic diffractions encode information about the small‐scale internal structure of mass‐transport complexes (MTCs)Diffraction images offer a low‐cost route to improve the lateral resolution and effective vertical resolution of seismic images of MTCs2D seismic profiles record out‐of‐plane diffractions generated by MTCs, which may be used to put minimum constraints on their 3D geometry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Monografies de la Societat ďHistòria Natural de les Balears is the property of Societat d'Historia Natural de les Balears and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Periférica Internacional. Revista para el Análisis de la Cultura y el Territorio is the property of Universidad de Cadiz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyses the acceptance of aquaculture compared with fisheries in the province of Cadiz (Spain), in the context of social carrying capacity, the point at which its presence begins to be excessive and leads to significant problems for society. Researchers conducted 558 face‐to‐face surveys to study the societal acceptance of this sector in several dimensions (social, economy, quality, environment, etc.). We have also built an index to measure this acceptance, based on the variables studied to delve into this concept. For this purpose, we have followed a principal component analysis methodology with Varimax rotation, to which we have applied the Dalenius–Hodges stratification procedure. Analysis shows a high level of acceptance for aquaculture, indicating that it is far from its social saturation point. Rather, data indicate that even further development of this activity is advisable. In addition, respondents showed some indifference between socioeconomic and environmental objectives. We can conclude that the general perception of aquaculture is better among men than women, who have greater preferences for traditional fishing, and among higher‐income consumers. Informative campaigns should be organized to target the less convinced consumers, in the context of social carrying capacity. Production systems should be adjusted to improve the existing perception that aquaculture products are less natural; this perception arises from the misuse of chemicals and feeds, factors that are believed to have adverse effects on quality and flavour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles is the property of Asociacion de Geografos Espanoles and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: This paper describes some operational tactical procedures (OTP) and discusses the results of a 14-year-long study, spanning the period 2003-2016, conducted by the Municipal Police of Cádiz, Spain, which comprised 3 time periods: 2003-2006, when the officers were trained in traditional policing procedures; 2007-2013, when the officers were taught an innovative set of OTP in the form of a basic set of self-defense and arrest mechanisms, different from the traditional policing procedures that rely on martial arts and combat sports; and finally 2014-2016, when the OTP training was discontinued. The aim of this study was to improve policing and reduce officer injuries resulting from interventions in controversial or violent situations, such as problematic arrests.Material and Methods: The study involved 162 police officers and commanders of the Municipal Police of Cádiz, who were in street duty for their first time. There were 8 females and 154 males aged 24-55 years. Three OTP stages are shown as examples.Results: Based on the analysis of "training hours" and "physical interventions in problematic arrests," the results were: 1) the number of sick leaves in the police was identical according to the number of arrests, and 2) data on sick leaves show remarkable differences among the 3 periods under analysis.Conclusions: The OTP-based training substantially reduced officer sick leaves. The overall reduction in sick leaves in the period 2007-2013 was observed that cannot be ascribed to a decrease in criminal acts, and hence in police physical interventions. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2020;33(1):35-43. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zephyrus is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of De Computis is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Contabilidad y Administracion de Empresas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is focused on the possibilities of Heritage Building Information Modelling HBIM to enhance the strategic planning of large monuments ensembles in a Master Plan. The study case is the Charterhouse of Jerez (Cádiz, Spain), a monument acknowledged with the highest level of legal protection since 1856. Its HBIM model, developed with a Level of Knowledge LOK200, provides appropriate alphanumerical and graphical outputs for strategic decision-making on the major guidelines of heritage management: research, protection, conservation and dissemination. This LOK200 HBIM model emerges from the integration of graphic information produced with different techniques, from historic plans to photogrammetric surveys. In relation to research, the architectural analysis required to generate the HBIM model has defined its constructive elements and spaces, its construction process and the higher heritage potential areas. In addition, the synthetic views produced from the model have allowed unexpected relationships and conclusions about the monument. In relation to protection, a precise delimitation of the monument site and its surroundings have been defined. Furthermore, areas with different levels of vulnerability have been characterized. In relation to conservation, the severity of the damages in the main structures and the urgency of the interventions have been defined. In relation to dissemination, the relationship between its current religious use and the odds for public visit have been presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Climate change and urban setting impact energy use of buildings. • Energy use is higher due to overlapping effect of climate change and microclimate. • A method is proposed to account for future and urban environment in thermal simulation. • The results can assist in sizing passive ventilation systems. Urban settings and climate change both impact on energy use and thermal comfort inside buildings. This paper first presents a study of changes in energy demand in residential buildings considering the overlapping effect of climate change and urban heat island intensity in two European locations; Cadiz (Spain) and London (United Kingdom), representing temperate and hot European climates and moderate and dense urban settings. Future-urban weather files were generated and simulations were run considering energy demand and indoor thermal comfort. In hot climate regions such as the one of Cadiz, future climate will increase the cooling demand and the additional impact of the UHI leads to a further increase of up to +28% of total energy demand compared to the current climate without considering urban effects. Future-urban weather conditions will be detrimental also for buildings in London, where the annual energy demand is predicted to increase by up to the 16% if future climate and urban effects are included. This is due to a higher increase in cooling demand compared to the reduction for the heating need. The paper also presents a method to take into account microclimatic conditions in naturally ventilated buildings, especially the effect of wind variations around the building which impacts natural ventilation rates. Air and surface temperature and wind speeds were studied using ENVImet and the resulting microclimatic conditions were used as inputs to the EnergyPlus Airflow Network model for the calculation of the building ventilation rates. It was found that ventilation rates are reduced (in comparison to meteorological weather files) and this reduction impacts negatively on internal operative temperatures. A thermal comfort analysis was carried out indicating that the selection of a suitable weather file and microclimatic conditions is essential for more accurate predictions of internal thermal comfort and will assist in the sizing of passive and active systems to avoid overheating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Syllis prolifera (Syllidae, Syllinae) is an abundant species of marine annelids commonly found in warm to temperate waters worldwide. Although morphological variability occurs among populations, S. prolifera has long been considered a cosmopolitan species, widely distributed in coastal environments, including acidified and polluted areas. However, the increasing number of cases of cryptic and pseudocryptic speciation in several polychaete families in recent years has led us to question whether S. prolifera represents a single globally distributed taxon or is a species complex. To address this question, we conducted an integrative study, combining morphological, ecological and molecular data of 52 S. prolifera specimens collected in different localities across the western Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf of Cadiz. Our phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses that included two mitochondrial DNA markers (COI and 16S rRNA) were congruent in not considering S. prolifera a unique entity. Five distinct lineages that can also be recognised by certain morphological and ecological traits were identified from these analyses instead. Overall, our study does not support the homogeneity of S. prolifera across the Mediterranean Sea, providing a new example of pseudocrypticism in marine invertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos, Revista de Ciencias Administrativas y Económicas is the property of Universidad Politecnica Salesiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Liu, G.; Cai, F.; Qi, H.; Zhu, J., and Liu, J., 2019. Morphodynamic evolution and adaptability of nourished beaches. Journal of Coastal Research, 35(4), 737–750. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Beach nourishment has been widely used for coastal protection in China. However, few beaches have been monitored after nourishment, and the evolution of nourished beaches has not yet been elucidated. This paper presents a study of two nourished beaches, both of which are in low–wave-energy environments but have different tidal ranges: Huizhan Beach, with a large tidal range, and Meiliwan Beach, with a small tidal range. To gain a better understanding of the evolution of these nourished beaches, beach profile surveys were carried out repeatedly over 4 and 2 years after nourishment, respectively. The nourished beach evolutions were analyzed in terms of profile morphology, foreshore slope, dry beach width, and remaining sand volume. From the results obtained, it can be seen that Huizhan Beach profiles demonstrated major changes during the initial adjustment, followed by a stable state, while Meiliwan Beach profiles demonstrated major changes both during the initial adjustment and after a storm. Moreover, Huizhan Beach presented a rapid volume loss during initial adjustment, which was related to both the steeper foreshore slope and longshore spreading. For the analysis of profile equilibration, Huizhan Beach profiles changed rapidly and achieved equilibrium in several months, while Meiliwan Beach changed in stages and approached final equilibrium after the first postnourishment storm. The different mechanisms of profile equilibration at the two beaches were closely related to the tidal ranges of the sites. On the basis of the observed evolution, two types of profile evolution patterns of nourished beaches with different tidal ranges were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spanish Meteorological Association (AME) reports on the success of the Scientific Conferences held in Cádiz and San Fernando, with the participation of over a hundred meteorology professionals and the presentation of 107 papers. Additionally, the visit to the Royal Institute and Observatory of the Navy (ROA) and the fellowship dinner at El Balandro restaurant are highlighted. Other articles presented at the Conferences are also mentioned, such as the PTI+ Climate platform of the CSIC and the nowcasting systems in European National Meteorological Services. On the other hand, the tenth anniversary of the AME's seasonal photography contests is celebrated, and the average precipitation in March is highlighted, which has relieved the water supply outlook for the upcoming summer in a large part of the country. [Extracted from the article]

The mouth of the Tinto River is located on the southwest coast of the Iberian Peninsula in the northwest of the Gulf of Cadiz. The river flows into an estuarine system shared with the Odiel River, commonly known as the "Ría de Huelva". In the 1960s, a wide area of ancient salt marshes was transformed by a stockpile of industrial wastes of phosphogypsum, reaching a height of 35 m above the level of the salt marsh at its highest point. Two surveys using high-resolution seismic reflection in conjunction with a parametric profiler were carried out in 2016 and 2018. The purpose of these geophysical studies was the realization of a 3D model of the sedimentary units constituting the most recent filling of the estuary. The records present abundant extrusion structures located on the margins of the waste stockpiles, which break the visible stratification of the surficial units of the estuary. In some sectors, these structures have reached the estuarine surface and have, therefore, a morphological expression on the estuarine floor. The origin of these structures is interpreted as a vertical escape of fluidized sediments from lower units caused by overpressure from stacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of appropriate risk and vulnerability reduction strategies to cope with tsunami risks is a major challenge for countries, regions, and cities exposed to potential tsunamis. European coastal cities such as Cadiz are exposed to tsunami risks. However, most official risk reduction strategies as well as the local population are not aware of the probability of such a phenomenon and the potential threat that tsunami waves could pose to their littoral. This paper outlines how tsunami risks, and particularly tsunami vulnerability, could be assessed and measured. To achieve this, a vulnerability assessment framework was applied focusing on the city of Cadiz as a case study in order to highlight the practical use and the challenges and gaps such an assessment has to deal with. The findings yield important information that could assist with the systematic improvement of societal response capacities of cities and their inhabitants to potential tsunami risks. Hazard and vulnerability maps were developed, and qualitative data was obtained through, for example, focused group discussions. These maps and surveys are essential for the development of a people-centred early warning and response system. Therefore, in this regard, the Tsunami Early Warning and Mitigation System in the North Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and connected seas promoted by the UNESCO-Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) should encompass these assessments to ensure that action is particularly intensified and fostered by those potentially exposed. That means that besides the necessary technical infrastructure for tsunami detection, additional response and adaptation measures need to be promoted -- particularly those that reduce the vulnerability of people and regions exposed -- in terms of national systems. In addition, it is important to develop emergency preparedness and awareness plans in order to create an integrated regional Tsunami EarlyWarning System (TEWS) by 2011. The findings of the paper are based on research conducted within the framework of the EC funded project TRANSFER: "Tsunami Risk ANd Strategies For the European Region", a project that aims to improve the understanding of tsunami processes in the Euro- Mediterranean region, to develop methods and tools to assess vulnerability and risk, and to identify strategies for the reduction of tsunami risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper deals with the historical evolution of the northern Bay of Cádiz (SW Spain) between the last eustatic maximum (6.5 ka BP) and the present day, by means of a series of independent proxies. The zone is constituted by the tidal estuary of the Guadalete River, filled with saltmarsh sediments during the late Holocene, due to the sheltering of the zone by a confining outer sandy barrier. The northern border of the Bay records an urban settlement of Phoenician Age (first millennium BC), Doña Blanca. A detailed survey was made in the contact between the Phoenician city and the saltmarshes in order to detect other possible urban structures related to the morphological and sedimentary evolution of this environment during historical times. Two campaigns with GPR Stream-X array were carried out as well as aerial imaging and topographic survey with UAV. In parallel, a total of 8 boreholes were made in different parts of the saltmarshes, including radiocarbon dating of selected samples for estimating sedimentation rates in the saltmarshes. Results obtained by georadar prospection and UAV survey revealed the presence of a second urban settlement on the marginal sedimentary plain, very probably installed upon a sandy fluvial island of the Guadelete River. The urban remains, of Punic Age, are partly covered by clay sediments due to the subsequent evolution of these saltmarshes, where sedimentation rates of up to nearly 2.4 mm/yr have been estimated for environments close to fluvial and/or tidal channels and hence more affected by sediment aggradation during flooding episodes. In recent times, river regulation by dams and the artificial desiccation and cropping of the saltmarshes have interrupted the natural trend of the area towards sedimentary silting up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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• The analysis of daily currents in the GoC and SoG using HFR and SAMPA model revealed an EOF Mode one that captured important coastal current patterns such as CCCs and eastward current intensification episodes. • Applying a real EOF decomposition on the SAMPA time series provided the extension to a spatial dominion that comprised the GoC, SoG and westernmost Alboran Sea areas. • The main CCC and eastward current intensification events are connected along the three areas. These intense and extensive current intensification processes seem to be triggered by a synchronized action of local winds over the GoC and additional remote effects which are coming from (i) the wind forcing over the Alboran Sea and the easternmost side of the SoG and (ii) the MSLP forcing over the Ligurian Sea. Several studies about the coastal circulation over the continental shelf of the Gulf of Cadiz have been published in the last twenty years. One of the most studied features in these papers are the so-called Coastal Counter Currents (CCCs) which are located roughly between the 100 m isobath and the coastline and are directed westwards. Despite the considerable number of articles devoted to the analysis of this phenomenon, the actual along-coast extension and origin of these CCCs currently remain unclear. In the present study, different mechanisms are proposed to explain the development of these CCCs. They have been revised and discussed taking into account the latest findings from a recent analysis that utilized surface currents derived from High Frequency Radar (HFR) as well as numerical model simulations. The most interesting finding is that the most intense CCCs events are initiated on the coastal margin of the westernmost side of the Strait of Gibraltar, and they are extended further west of Cape Santa Maria. Furthermore, these intense and extensive CCCs seem to be triggered by the joint action of local winds over the Gulf of Cadiz and additional remote effects which are coming from (i) the wind forcing over the Alboran Sea and the easternmost side of the Strait of Gibraltar, and (ii) the Sea Level Atmospheric Pressure forcing over the Ligurian Sea (western Mediterranean Sea). In addition, the same forcing mechanisms are valid to explain the eastward intensification of the coastal currents. The most relevant feature of the hydrodynamic pattern originated by this combination of forcing agents is its quasi-geostrophic adjustment against the coast in the whole spatial dominion. In addition, these results offer a clear example of how important the effects of forcing in rather remote regions may be in defining the hydrodynamic patterns of certain oceanographic regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lathyrane-type diterpenes have a wide range of biological activities. Among them, euphoboetirane A (1) exerts neurogenesis-promoting activity. In order to increase the structural diversity of this type of lathyrane and explore its potential use in neurodegenerative disorders, the biotransformation of 1 by Streptomyces puniceus BC-5GB.11 has been investigated. The strain BC-5GB.11, isolated from surface sediments collected from the intertidal zone of the inner Bay of Cadiz, was identified as Streptomyces puniceus, as determined by phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequence. Biotransformation of 1 by BC-5GB.11 afforded five products (3–7), all of which were reported here for the first time. The main biotransformation pathways involved regioselective oxidation at non-activated carbons (3–5) and isomerization of the ∆12,13 double bond (6). In addition, a cyclopropane-rearranged compound was found (7). The structures of all compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accuracy and robustness of the shoreline definition from satellite imagery on different coastal types are crucial to adequately characterising beach morphology and dynamics. However, the generic and widespread application of satellite-derived shoreline algorithms is limited by the lack of robust methods and parameter assessments. This work constitutes a quantitative and comprehensive assessment of the satellite-derived waterlines from Sentinel-2 by using the novel SAET tool (Shoreline Analysis and Extraction Tool) on the exposed and mesotidal beach of La Victoria (Cádiz, SW Spain). The diverse parameters available in SAET, such as water indexes, thresholding methods, morphological filters, and kernel sizes, were combined to define water/land interface positions that were compared against coincident video-derived waterlines. Satellite-derived waterline errors are found to be affected by extraction parameters, as well as by the oceanographic and morphological conditions at the time of the image acquisition. The application of a morphological erosion filter on the water mask, which tends to shift the extracted waterline seawards and reduce bias, is the best solution at the dissipative site of La Victoria Beach. Moreover, using a 3 × 3 kernel size consistently shows higher accuracies than a larger kernel. Although there was no parameter combination showing the best skill for all dates, the employment of the Automated Water Extraction Index for images with no shadows (AWEInsh) with a threshold = 0, erosion morphological filter, and 3 × 3 kernel was, overall, the best combination of extraction parameters for this beach (average waterline RMSE of 5.96 m). The combination of the Modified Normalised Difference Water Index (MDNWI) with the Otsu thresholding also led to similar positions of the resulting waterlines and offered good accuracies. In line with other recent research efforts, our work stresses the lack of generic shoreline extraction solutions that can be applied automatically at a global level and the necessity to adapt and validate the extraction methodologies to the different types of coastlines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eryngium dilatatum Lam. is a thorny Iberian Peninsula endemic species belonging to the Apiaceae family that has not been previously analysed from a chemical point of view. Following our studies on this genus, we characterized the chemical composition of the essential oils from the different parts (inflorescences, stems + leaves, and roots) of this species; these parts were gathered in Cádiz (Spain). The specimens were collected in July during the flowering period and air-dried before the oil extraction by hydro-distillation. The essential oils were analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The different parts of the plant yielded low amounts of pale yellow oil, with the roots being the fraction that provided the lowest amount of oil. The chemical characterization of the essential oils showed qualitative and quantitative differences between the fractions examined, but all of them showed the same principal compound, germacrene D (9.1–46.5%). Similarly, all the fractions shared most of their representative constituents, with their percentage compositions being different from one sample to the other: α-cadinol (3.8%), bicyclogermacrene (3.5%), octanal (3.1%), and spathulenol (2.5%) were found in the inflorescences; octanal (8.1%), α-cadinol (3.7%), δ-cadinene (3.6%), (E)-caryophyllene (2.6%), bicyclogermacrene (2.5%), and spathulenol (2.4%) were found in the stems and leaves; and spathulenol (4.6%), α-cadinol (4.4%), khusinol (3.2%), α-muurolol (3.1%), and δ-cadinene (2.6%) were found in the roots. As far as we know, this is the first report about the chemical composition of this endemic species of the Iberian Peninsula. It contributes to the knowledge of this species and to the genus to which it belongs. This species could be considered as a natural source of germacrene D, which is a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon with active properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amount and composition of litter was evaluated during May and June 2021 at two urban beaches, i.e., La Victoria and La Cortadura, in Cádiz, SW Spain. Surveys were carried out daily in the morning and in the evening during the weekends to quantify the daily accumulation of beach litter and relate it to the number of beach users, which was assessed at around 1:00 p.m. Litter amount was also related to cleanup operations that were very mechanically and manually carried out each day very early in the morning. A total of 8108 items were collected at the two investigated sectors during the study period and beach visitors were quantified in 22 surveys. Plastic was the most common material, representing 82% in La Victoria and 68% in La Cortadura. The most common items were cigarette butts and small, hard plastic fragments. Some litter items that were hazardous to beach visitors were identified, such as broken glass. The number of visitors was positively related to the amount of litter. Significant differences were seen in the litter abundance between the morning and evening assessments since the beaches were cleaned daily and bins were available to facilitate trash disposal. Cleaning operations remove many of the litter items but always leave small quantities of small items uncollected. Efforts to prevent litter on these beaches should focus on informing visitors properly in order to avoid littering and on improving cleanup operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fossil mysticete was discovered along the southwestern coast of Spain, occurring in a block detached from the Neogene deposits exposed along a coastal cliff at the locality of Conil de la Frontera (Cádiz, Spain). These deposits range from Pliocene to Pleistocene in age and include shallow-marine, mixed carbonate–siliciclastic sediments, with the whale being found in occurrence of a stratigraphic unconformity marked by Thalassinoides burrows. 87Sr/86Sr analyses on oyster shells associated with the skeleton suggest an Early Pliocene age, in agreement with the age of the lowermost unit cropping out at the study site. The studied cetacean specimen consists of an articulated, almost complete balaenopteroid skeleton exposed in the field dorsal side up; being contained in an upside-down block, however, it is preserved in ventral disposition. Bones exhibit a low degree of preservation of the cortical bone tissue, which locally features shark bite marks and Osedax traces as well as abundant encrustations of barnacles and ostreids. Two shark teeth were also found near the skeleton. Bones have preserved their main histological features, even though they locally exhibit microcracks, dissolution, substitution by Fe oxides, and microborings. Sediment particles and late diagenetic cements fill the medullary cavities. We propose that the whale carcass experienced refloating before sinking to the seafloor and that the skeleton was probably exposed on the seafloor for some time before being eventually buried. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seagrasses are plants adapted to the marine environment that inhabit shallow coastal waters, where they may be exposed to direct sunlight during low tides. These plants have photoprotection mechanisms, which could include the use of phenolic secondary metabolites. In this study, rosmarinic acid (RA) and the flavonoids of Zostera noltei from the Bay of Cadiz (Spain) have been analyzed, first to define suitable conditions of leaves (i.e., fresh, dried, or frozen) for quantitative analysis, and then to explore the potential correlation between the phenolic profile of the leaves and sunlight exposure using an in situ experimental approach. Compared with fresh leaves, the contents of RA and flavonoids were significantly lower in air-dried and freeze-dried leaves. Freezing caused highly variable effects on RA and did not affect to flavonoid levels. On the other hand, the content of RA was significantly higher in plants that emerged during low tides than in plants permanently submerged, while plants underneath an artificial UV filter experienced a progressive reduction in RA content. However, the major flavonoids did not show a clear response to sunlight exposure and were unresponsive to diminished UV incidence. The results showed a positive correlation of RA with direct sunlight and UV exposure of leaves, suggesting that this compound contributes to the photoprotection of Z. noltei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reconstructs the Ibero-American debate on free ports by looking both at the circulation of ideas and news in the Atlantic, and at the political and institutional changes that the debate generated, focusing on the cases of Veracruz and Cadiz. It aims to show how the discourse on free ports permeated both sides of the Atlantic and became a pervasive political, economic, and intellectual aspect of the desire for reform and independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Litter on beaches is one of the most difficult problems in coastal management and every year, much efforts and public money are invested to try to alleviate and solve the problem. Cigarette butts (CB) are among the most widespread abandoned personal items in the world. In Spain, they are found on all types of beaches, where they are discarded by beach users; however, rivers and streams can also deposit CB on shores. This paper analyses the abundance of CB on different beaches in Southern Spain in order to address and better understand this relevant environmental problem and propose sound solutions to decrease or eliminate their presence. The main factors favouring CB accumulation were identified, namely the seasonality and number of beach users, beach typology (remote, rural, village or urban sites), type of beach sediment and methods and frequency of cleaning operations. Mean and median CB abundance values per 100 m of beach length, calculated from all the data used in this study, were 159 and 68 items, respectively. The largest number of CB were observed at urban sites, followed by village, rural and remote beaches. Further, sand beaches registered higher values of CB than cobble or pebble beaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the dynamic characterization of a group of historical buildings located over the Roman Theatre of Cadiz (Spain), a piece of heritage that has been buried for centuries under the historical town. In 2010, an intervention began in order to excavate it, while respecting the buildings over it. The control of this intervention is being done by means of topographic control points and ambient vibration tests. On the basis of the results obtained from the dynamic tests, a finite element model was updated and subsequently used to check the current works and foresee the final behaviour of the complex. A brief description of the Roman theatre and the works to recover it, the methodology followed to control such works and the results obtained are the main goals of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human occupation along coastal areas has been greatly increasing in recent decades and, in many places, human activities and infrastructures are threatened by erosion processes that can produce relevant economic and human losses. In order to reduce such impacts and design sound management strategies, which can range from the "no action" to the "protection" option, coastal managers need to know the intrinsic coastal sensitivity and the potential vulnerability and value of land uses. In this paper, in a first step, coastal sensitivity was determined by calculating the following: (i) the spatial distribution at the coast of the wave forcing obtained by using the ERA5 wave dataset and defined as the energy associated with the 50-year return period storm. Two storm conditions were considered, that is, one for the eastern and one for the western parts of the Andalusia Mediterranean coast, respectively, characterized by a height of 8.64–7.86 m and 4.85–4.68 m and (ii) the existence of a buffer zone, namely the dry beach width expressed as a multiple of the 20-year predicted shoreline position that was calculated using a dataset of aerial photographs covering a time span from 1956 to 2016. Coastal sensitivity values were divided into five classes with class 1 indicating the lowest sensitivity (i.e., the presence of a wide buffer zone associated with low wave energy flux values) and class 5 the highest sensitivity (i.e., a narrow buffer zone associated with very high wave energy flux values). In a second step, land uses were obtained from the official Land Use Map of the Andalusia Region, based on the results of the "Coordination of Information on the Environment" (CORINE) European Project. Such uses were divided into five classes from class 1 including natural areas (typologies "A" and "B" of the CORINE Project) to class 5 including very capital land uses (typologies "E1" and "E2"). In a third step, information concerning coastal sensitivity and land uses was crossed to determine the best mitigation strategies to cope with erosion processes. The "no action" option was observed at the westernmost area of Cádiz Province and at some areas from the west coast of Almería Province, where both coastal sensitivity and land use classes show low values; the "adaptation" option was recorded along more than one half of the coast studied, essentially at natural areas with high sensitivity and at urbanized areas with low sensitivity; and the "protection" option was observed especially at some areas from the center and eastern part of Málaga Province and at the easternmost areas of Almería Province, where both coastal sensitivity and land use classes presented high values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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