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Significant differences in language and self-regulation skills exist among children when they enter formal schooling. Contributing to these language differences is a growing population of dual language learners (DLLs) in the United States. Given evidence linking self-regulatory processes and language development, this study explored bidirectional associations between English expressive vocabulary and self-regulation skills for monolingual English and DLL preschool children (N = 250) from mixed-income families in Los Angeles. Across three time points, findings provide initial support for bidirectionality between these developing skills for both monolinguals and DLLs. Results provide strong empirical support for vocabulary serving as a leading indicator of self-regulation skills in preschool. Findings also suggest that early self-regulation skills play a particularly important role for vocabulary development.

Hairy fleabane (Erigeron bonariensis L. Cronq.) is an invasive weed in low‐disturbance annual, perennial, and noncrop systems in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), California. It is often observed emerging year‐round in diverse environmental conditions in the SJV. However, very little information is available on the reasons for this. The study aimed to assess the effect of temperature, water potential, salinity, pH level, and dormancy periods on hairy fleabane's germination. Tests were conducted at different day/night temperatures (5:0, 10:5, 15:10, 20:15, 25:20, and 30:25 °C), water potential (0 to –5.56 MPa), salinity (0–25 dS m–1), and pH (5–9). Germination tests were also performed on seeds the day they were collected from mature plants, and 7, 14, and 21 d later. Tests were conducted in growth chambers set to 20 °C or under ambient laboratory conditions at 22 °C. About 1% of the seeds germinated at 5 °C but maximum germination occurred at 25:20 °C. About 9% of the seeds germinated at –0.51 MPa and the estimated value for 50% germination reduction was –0.2 MPa. Seed germination had high tolerance to salinity, as 42% of the seeds germinated at 15 dS m–1. Germination did not differ across pH levels. About 50% of the seeds germinated the day they were collected, indicating that this species had a very short seed dormancy requirement. These findings could explain why hairy fleabane is observed emerging year‐round in the SJV, particularly in irrigated cropping systems. Core Ideas: Hairy fleabane seeds can germinate under fairly dry soil conditions.Hairy fleabane seeds germinate under diverse temperature, pH, and soil salinity conditions.Hairy fleabane seeds can germinate immediately after detachment with adequate moisture.Hairy fleabane may occur year‐round in semiarid areas under suitable conditions.Controlling hairy fleabane plants before they set seed can be an effective strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the depositional record of submarine fans and related turbidite systems has highlighted the importance of channel, lobe and levée–overbank architectural elements as fundamental building blocks. However, many of the characteristics and processes of deposits left by flows traversing those fans remain elusive, because flows seem to be able to go unconfined for long distances. Offshore southern California (USA), the La Jolla Canyon decreases in relief to become an approximately U‐shaped channel across the basin floor of the San Diego Trough. The La Jolla Channel gradually loses confinement and transitions to a network of scours, some of which align to form incipient channels, and fields of bedforms. High‐resolution seafloor topography, CHIRP seismic‐reflection data, sediment cores and hydrodynamic flow analysis are used to explore these features. The focus is on two regions of bedforms: (i) a field of net‐depositional, concentric bedforms across the eastern levée–overbank upstream from the terminus of the La Jolla Channel; and (ii) a linear train of more erosional bedforms approximating an incipient channel adjacent to the present mouth of the La Jolla Channel. These bedforms are interpreted to be among a class of upper‐flow‐regime bedforms called cyclic steps, which were formed by densimetric Froude supercritical turbidity currents that spilled out of the present La Jolla Channel. The high‐resolution data for the La Jolla Fan provide valuable insights into the characteristics of supercritical bedforms likely common to distal submarine fans, as well as on sedimentary processes likely important for submarine fan growth into sedimentary basins. In particular, the pattern of evolution of the La Jolla Fan suggests that cyclic steps with wavelengths on the order of tens of metres to a few hundreds of metres could be fundamentally important for the evolution of the distal submarine fans with relatively low‐relief main channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is common in cattle populations and has been named as one of three diseases where antibiotics are most frequently used in cow–calf operations in California. Antibiotics are typically used to treat or prevent the disease, but recent concerns about antibiotic resistance of pathogens in animals or spreading from animals to people have led to the call for more judicious use of these drugs. The present review summarizes the English scientific literature on articles about risk factors for the disease as well as ways to prevent BRD that are applicable to cow–calf operations. Numerous management and animal factors have been identified as increasing the risk for BRD. Vaccinations, metaphylactic use of antibiotics, and feed supplements are areas of research into the prevention of BRD. Genetics have also been explored to determine the heritability of BRD resistance. While vaccinations and metaphylactic use of antibiotics have been evaluated in multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses, these types of summaries are missing for commonly studied feed supplements, such as yeast and trace minerals, and the use of nitric oxide releasing substance to prevent BRD. Further, it would be beneficial to summarize the knowledge on management related risk factors in literature reviews. The presented scoping review summarizes the available research evidence and identifies gaps in knowledge for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) prevention. Published literature on BRD from 1990 to April 2021 was searched in online databases, including Medline, CAB Abstracts, Scopus, Biosis, and Searchable Proceedings of Animal Conferences. Citations were systematically evaluated in a three-stage approach using commercial software and summarized in a scoping review format. A total of 265 publications were included in this review with herd/farm management (27.9%) as the most prevalent factors studied, followed by metaphylaxis (24.5%), vaccinations (24.1%), diet formulations, and nutritional supplementations (17.7%), animal characteristics (10.2%), and less common interventions and risk factors (6.4%). A high proportion of studies under herd/farm management (73%), metaphylaxis (86%), vaccinations (70%), animal characteristics (78%), and less common interventions and risk factors (59%) showed either significant effects on reducing BRD morbidity or significant differences of BRD between treatments. However, diet and nutritional supplementations reduced BRD only in 30% of research publications. Most studies on BRD were performed in feedlot populations, and more studies in cow–calf populations are needed. We further suggest meta-analyses on the use of yeast and trace mineral supplementation, and nitric oxide-releasing solution for BRD prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of depression is increasing not only among adults, but also among adolescents. Several risk factors for depression in youth have been identified, including female gender, increasing age, lower socio-economic status, and Latino ethnic background. The literature is divided regarding the role of acculturation as risk factor among Latino youth. We analyzed the correlates of depressive symptoms among Latino and Non-Latino White adolescents residing in California with a special focus on acculturation. Methods: We performed an analysis of the adolescent sample of the 2003 California Health Interview Survey, which included 3,196 telephone-interviews with Latino and Non-Latino White adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17. Depressive symptomatology was measured with a reduced version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Acculturation was measured by a score based on language in which the interview was conducted, language(s) spoken at home, place of birth, number of years lived in the United States, and citizenship status of the adolescent and both of his/her parents, using canonical principal component analysis. Other variables used in the analysis were: support provided by adults at school and at home, age of the adolescent, gender, socioeconomic status, and household type (two parent or one parent household). Results: Unadjusted analysis suggested that the risk of depressive symptoms was twice as high among Latinos as compared to Non-Latino Whites (10.5% versus 5.5 %, p < 0.001). The risk was slightly higher in the low acculturation group than in the high acculturation group (13.1% versus 9.7%, p = 0.12). Similarly, low acculturation was associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms in multivariate analysis within the Latino subsample (OR 1.54, CI 0.97-2.44, p = 0.07). Latino ethnicity emerged as risk factor for depressive symptoms among the strata with higher income and high support at home and at school. In the disadvantaged subgroups (higher poverty, low support at home and at school) Non-Latino Whites and Latinos had a similar risk of depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the differences in depressive symptoms between Non-Latino Whites and Latino adolescents disappear at least in some strata after adjusting for socio-demographic and social support variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of the traumatically injured patient in the intensive care unit is a complex and challenging area of general surgery. The problems encountered in the intensive care unit are the source of exciting clinical and basic science research. The future of caring for the severely injured patient suffering from the complications of trauma will undoubtedly further bond the art of clinical medicine to the accomplishments of developing technology and molecular biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a fast-growing sector of the healthcare industry, Ambulatory Surgery Centers (ASC) offer timely and cost-saving services in public health. In this study, large-scale data from the American Community Survey and the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) are merged to examine factors of ASC access on multiple dimensions. The analytic method conforms to a well-established CIPP paradigm to justify results-based accountability on what works, for whom, and in which context. While identifying significant impact of family income, population density, and early childhood support, this study further reveals a moderate effect of health insurance coverage on ASC access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As ambulatory surgery centers experience rapid development in recent years, service access has been identified as an important outcome measure that demands methodological considerations to support multilevel analyses. In this study, a literature review was conducted to illustrate existence of contextual factors, such as Proposition 10 funding for young children and tax incentives in high-need communities, which directly impacts the local capacity building. Variance of the service access has been partitioned at both county and community levels to reconfirm the need for multilevel studies. In comparison to randomized clinical trials in medical research, multilevel analyses can add contextual information to enhance examination of the hierarchical data structure in which communities are naturally nested within counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We present a general model for channel inception and evolution in the deep sea by integrating observations from two complementary datasets: (1) high-resolution multibeam bathymetry and chirp sub-bottom profiles of the Lucia Chica channel system on the seafloor offshore central California, and (2) the well-exposed channelized strata of the Tres Pasos Formation in southern Chile. The Lucia Chica channel system shows laterally offset, sub-parallel channels that evolved across a similar gradient, but display different architecture, reflecting the influence of channel maturity and intrinsic cyclicity of channel formation. The stratigraphically oldest channel is narrower with well-developed levees while the younger channelized features are broader and bounded by low-relief levees or no levees at all. The high-resolution Lucia Chica dataset is integrated with detailed field observations of channel axis-to-margin sedimentary facies relationships and the stratigraphic context afforded from depositional-dip continuity in outcrops of the Tres Pasos Formation. Numerous channels from the outcrop belt are characterized by initial erosional stages. By combining these two datasets with numerical analysis, experimental work, and previous interpretations of additional outcropping strata and seafloor examples, we hypothesize that an initial erosional template extending into a basin is a pre-requisite for creation of channels in deep-sea environments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

While anthelmintic treatment in young calves at first vaccination has not proven repeatedly effective in improving weight gain, there is evidence that treatment 90 day prior to weaning can enhance weight gain. This is difficult in most California cow/calf operations as after initial vaccination, calves are not again handled until preconditioning just prior to weaning. In an attempt to increase weight gain without the need for anthelmintic retreatment prior to preconditioning, 130 cow/calf pairs were stratified and assigned to three treatments of eprinomectin extended release injection (150 d efficacy), doramectin conventional injection, and an untreated control. Dams and calves received the same treatment. All treatments were commingled on irrigated pasture in Northern California. Sampling included weight (d 0, 75, and 145), fecal parasite (d 0, 14, 75, and 145), cow body condition score (d 0, 75, and 145), and cow pregnancy detection (days bred). Calf weight gain was not impacted by anthelmintic treatment (P = 0.44). However, cow weight gain was impacted by treatment (P < 0.01), with eprinomectin extended release showing higher weight gain than both doramectin conventional and the control (ADG kg 0.29, 0.23, 0.22, respectively). Cow weight gain differences were expressed greater toward the end of the trial than early on. Fecal egg count sampling failed to explain the difference in cow weight gain. Cow body condition score (P = 0.15) and days bred (P = 0.50) were not significantly affected by treatment. Although cow weight gain increased with an extended release anthelmintic treatment, this effect did not seem to be evident in suckling calves on high quality irrigated pastures in Northern California when compared to a conventional injectable and control treatments. Neither anthelmintic treatment appeared beneficial over a control when administered to suckling calves during initial vaccination at approximately 90 days of age. • Extended release and conventional injectable anthelmintics did not increase weight gain in suckling calves when compared to controls. • Nursing dams showed increased weight gain with an extended release anthelmintic when compared to conventional and control treatments. • Cow weight gain in the extended release treatment was greater than the conventional and control treatments 75 to 145 days post treatment. • Future research testing extended release anthelmintic treatments on heifer gain and pregnancy would be valuable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crescent-shaped bedforms with wavelengths from 20 to 80 m, amplitudes to 2.5 m, and concave down-canyon crests occur in the axial channel of Monterey Canyon (offshore California, USA) in water depths from 11 to more than 350 m. The existence of these features may be an important new clue as to how sediment moves through submarine canyons. Three complementary studies were initiated in 2007 to understand the origin and evolution of these bedforms. (1) Vibracoring. Three transects of closely spaced remotely operated vehicle-collected vibracores were obtained across these bedforms. The seafloor underneath these features is composed of gravity-flow deposits. (2) Acoustic array. Three boulder-sized concrete monuments containing acoustic beacons were buried just below the surface of the canyon floor in ~290 m water depth and their locations were redetermined on 17 subsequent occasions. Although the beacons became more deeply buried >0.6 m below the seafloor, they still could be tracked acoustically. Over a 26-month period the position of 1 or more of the beacons moved down-canyon during at least 6 discrete transport events for a total displacement of 994-1676 m. The movement and burial of the monuments suggest that the seabed was mobilized to >1 m depth during gravity-flow events. (3) Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) repeat mapping. AUV-acquired high-resolution multibeam mapping , and CHIRP (compressed highintensity radar pulse) subbottom profiling surveys of the seafloor in the active channel were repeated four times in the first half of 2007. In addition, the movement of large instrument frames deployed in 2001-2003 within the axis of Monterey Canyon in the area now known to be associated with the crescent-shaped bedforms is documented. The fate of the frames has helped elucidate the frequency, transport potential, and processes occurring within the axis of Monterey Canyon associated with these bedforms. The crescent-shaped bedforms appear to be produced during brief gravity-flow events that occur multiple times each year, commonly coincident with times of large significant wave heights. Whether the bedforms are generated by erosion associated with cyclic steps in turbidity flows or internal deformation associated with slumping during gravity-flow events remains unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Submarine turbidity currents are one of the most important sediment transfer processes on earth. Yet the fundamental nature of turbidity currents is still debated; especially whether they are entirely dilute and turbulent, or a thin and dense basal layer drives the flow. This major knowledge gap is mainly due to a near-complete lack of direct measurements of sediment concentration within active submarine flows. Here we present the most detailed near-bed sediment concentrations measurements from a powerful turbidity current in Monterey Canyon, offshore California. We employ a novel approach using correlations between conductivity and sediment concentration, which unlike previous methods can measure very high concentrations and not sensitive to grain size. We find that sediment concentrations close to the canyon floor gradually increased after the arrival of the turbidity current, until reaching a maximum value of 12%, the highest concentration ever inferred from direct measurements in turbidity currents. We also show a two-layer flow head, with a fast (up to 4 m/s), thin and dense basal layer overlain by a thicker (~50 m) dilute flow. At the interface of these two layers, there seems to be a sharp steep concentration gradient. Such quantitative measurements of sediment concentration can produce a key step forward in understanding the basic character and dynamics of these powerful submarine flows. • Very high sediment content can reduce the conductivity of turbid water. • Archie's law can be used to estimate super-high sediment concentrations. • Concentration in the dense basal layer of the turbidity current was as high as 12%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seabed sediment flows called turbidity currents form some of the largest sediment accumulations, deepest canyons and longest channel systems on Earth. Only rivers transport comparable sediment volumes over such large areas; but there are far fewer measurements from turbidity currents, ensuring they are much more poorly understood. Turbidity currents differ fundamentally from rivers, as turbidity currents are driven by the sediment that they suspend. Fast turbidity currents can pick up sediment, and self-accelerate (ignite); whilst slow flows deposit sediment and dissipate. Self-acceleration cannot continue indefinitely, and flows might reach a near-uniform state (autosuspension). Here we show how turbidity currents evolve using the first detailed measurements from multiple locations along their pathway, which come from Monterey Canyon offshore California. All flows initially ignite. Typically, initially-faster flows then achieve near-uniform velocities (autosuspension), whilst slower flows dissipate. Fractional increases in initial velocity favour much longer runout, and a new model explains this bifurcating behaviour. However, the only flow during less-stormy summer months is anomalous as it self-accelerated, which is perhaps due to erosion of surficial-mud layer mid-canyon. Turbidity current evolution is therefore highly sensitive to both initial velocities and seabed character. Summarising model for turbidity current behaviour in submarine canyons underlain by loose sand. Small increases in initial velocity cause major differences in subsequent flow velocities and runout distance, causing divergence in flow behaviour (purple, dark blue and light blue lines). However, flows can sometimes self-accelerate and ignite within the mid-canyon (green dotted line), due to changes in substrate strength and erodibility. There is a threshold initial transit velocity (red line) above which turbidity currents can autosuspend (purple line). • Turbidity currents form the largest sediment deposits and deepest canyons on Earth. • First detailed measurements from many sites along a turbidity current pathway. • Flow behaviour diverges; small increases in initial speed lead to longer runout. • After initial acceleration, fast flows reach a near-uniform state of autosuspension. • The only flow in summer is anomalous, perhaps due to erosion of surficial-mud layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turbidity currents, underwater avalanches of sediments, are one of the principle mechanisms of moving sediment across our planet. Only rivers transport comparable sediment volumes. However, turbidity currents are fundamentally different to rivers because they are driven by the weight of sediment they carry, which cause unstable behaviour. Faster flows could pick up more sediment, and self-accelerate (ignite). Slower flows might deposit sediment, and dissipate. Previously, turbidity currents are notoriously difficult to directly monitor, due to their location, episodic occurrence and ability to damage instruments placed in their path. Therefore, the fundamental ignition theories of how erosion and deposition control the evolution of turbidity currents are poorly constrained.Here we analyse the most detailed measurements yet from turbidity current evolution over tens of kilometres. Seven moorings measuring velocity were placed in Monterey Canyon, offshore California, over 18 months. These moorings captured 13 separate flows, and include the fastest flows yet measured by moorings, with some flows that ran out for over 50 km. Using the data from seven different locations, we analyse temporal and spatial patterns of flow behaviour. We test existing ignition models against our data, and propose a new general model of turbidity current evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]