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Objective: Most states prohibit sales of alcohol to customers who are apparently intoxicated, and many require training in responsible beverage service (RBS), with the aim of reducing driving while intoxicated (DWI) and other harms. Sales to apparently intoxicated patrons were assessed in onsite alcohol sales establishments and compared across three states., Method: A sample of 180 licensed onsite alcohol establishments was selected in California ( n = 60), New Mexico ( n = 60), and Washington State ( n = 60). States had different RBS training histories, content, and procedures. Research confederates, trained to feign cues of intoxication, visited each establishment twice. The pseudo-intoxicated patron (PP) ordered an alcoholic beverage while displaying intoxication cues. Sale of alcohol was the primary outcome., Results: At 179 establishments assessed, PPs were served alcohol during 56.5% of 356 visits (35.6% of establishments served and 22.6% did not serve at both visits). Alcohol sales were less frequent in New Mexico (47.9% of visits; odds ratio [OR] = 0.374, p = .008) and Washington State (49.6%; OR = 0.387, p = .012) than in California (72.0%). Servers less consistently refused service at both visits (6.8%) in California than New Mexico (33.9%) or Washington (27.1%), χ 2 (4, n = 177) = 16.72, p = .002. Alcohol sales were higher when intoxication cues were less obvious ( p < .001)., Conclusions: Overservice of alcohol to apparently intoxicated customers was frequent and likely elevated risk of DWI and other harms. The lower sales in New Mexico and Washington than California may show that a policy approach prohibiting sales to intoxicated customers combined with well-established RBS training can reduce overservice. Further efforts are needed to reduce overservice., Competing Interests: Dr. Buller, Dr. Woodall, Ms. Martinez, Ms. Small, and Mr. Chirico receive a salary from Klein Buendel, Inc. Dr. Buller's spouse is an owner of Klein Buendel Inc. Dr. Buller and Dr. Woodall are owners of Wedge Communications LLC, the distributor of the WayToServe online responsible beverage service training. An active management plan is in place at Klein Buendel to manage this conflict of interest. Dr. Cutter is employed by the University of Alabama at Birmingham and reports personal fees from Pythagoras Board membership; advisory board fees from Alexion, Antisense Therapeutics, Avotres, Biogen, Clene Nanomedicine, Clinical Trial Solutions LLC, Entelexo Biotherapeutics, Inc., Genzyme, Genentech, GW Pharmaceuticals, Hoya Corporation, Immunic, Immunosis Pty Ltd, Klein-Buendel Incorporated, Linical, Merck/Serono, Novartis, Perception Neurosciences, Protalix Biotherapeutics, Regeneron, Roche, SAB Biotherapeutics; and data and safety monitoring board fees from Applied Therapeutics, AI therapeutics, AMO Pharma, Astra-Zeneca, Avexis Pharmaceuticals, Bristol Meyers Squibb/Celgene, CSL Behring, Horizon Pharmaceuticals, Immunic, Karuna Therapeutics, Kezar Life Sciences, Mapi Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Merck, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Holdings, Opko Biologics, Prothena Biosciences, Novartis, Regeneron, Sanofi-Aventis, Reata Pharmaceuticals, Teva Pharmaceuticals, NHLBI (Protocol Review Committee), University of Texas Southwestern, University of Pennsylvania, Visioneering Technologies Inc. outside the submitted work. Dr. Saltz has no conflicts.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a significant clinical problem through its diverse etiologies, the challenges of robust measurements of injury and recovery, and its progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Bridging the gap in our knowledge of this disorder requires bringing together not only the technical resources for research but also the investigators currently endeavoring to expand our knowledge and those who might bring novel ideas and expertise to this important challenge. The University of Alabama at Birmingham-University of California-San Diego O'Brien Center for Acute Kidney Injury Research brings together technical expertise and programmatic and educational efforts to advance our knowledge in these diverse issues and the required infrastructure to develop areas of novel exploration. Since its inception in 2008, this O'Brien Center has grown its impact by providing state-of-the-art resources in clinical and preclinical modeling of AKI, a bioanalytical core that facilitates measurement of critical biomarkers, including serum creatinine via LC-MS/MS among others, and a biostatistical resource that assists from design to analysis. Through these core resources and with additional educational efforts, our center has grown its investigator base to include >200 members from 51 institutions. Importantly, this center has translated its pilot and catalyst funding program with a $37 return per dollar invested. Over 500 publications have resulted from the support provided with a relative citation ratio of 2.18 ± 0.12 (iCite). Through its efforts, this disease-centric O'Brien Center is providing the infrastructure and focus to help the development of the next generation of researchers in the basic and clinical science of AKI. This center creates the promise of the application at the bedside of the advances in AKI made by current and future investigators.

Background: In 2002, CDC recommended that the nation's schools establish policies that reduce sun exposure to decrease students' risk of skin cancer., Purpose: A program to convince public school districts to adopt such a policy was evaluated., Design: RCT., Setting/participants: Public school districts in Colorado (n=56) and Southern California (n=56)., Intervention: Policy information, tools, and technical assistance were provided through printed materials, a website, meetings with administrators, and presentations to school boards. An RCT enrolled public school districts from 2005 to 2010. Policy adoption was promoted over 2 years at districts randomized to the intervention., Main Outcome Measures: School board-approved policies were obtained from 106 districts and coded at baseline and 2-year follow-up. Analyses were conducted in 2010., Results: There was no difference in the percentage of districts adopting a policy (24% in intervention; 12% in control; p=0.142); however, intervention districts (adjusted M=3.10 of 21 total score) adopted stronger sun safety policies than control districts (adjusted M=1.79; p=0.035). Policy categories improved on sun safety education for students (intervention adjusted M=0.76; control adjusted M=0.43, p=0.048); provision of outdoor shade (intervention adjusted M=0.79; control adjusted M=0.28, p=0.029); and outreach to parents (intervention adjusted M=0.59; control adjusted M=0.20, p=0.027)., Conclusions: Multifaceted promotion can increase adoption of stronger policies for reducing sun exposure of students by public school districts. Future research should explore how policies are implemented by schools., (Copyright © 2011 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)