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Background: Within research and teaching concerning broadcasting policy-making, there are evident gaps in Canadian communication studies that marginalize the self-determination of people who are Indigenous, racialized, or living with disAbilities. Analysis: The scholar-activism of the Community Media Advocacy Centre (CMAC) seeks to expand the canon of Canadian communications scholarship, especially in the area of broadcasting policy, to include Canada's history of colonialism and discrimination against racialized people. Conclusion and Implications: This article summarizes the lessons CMAC is learning about broadcasting policy advocacy, scholarship, and education in Canada while advancing its critical and intersectional approach to disrupting settler colonialism and oppression in the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to international broadcasting history through a case study of a local, independent television station in the Pacific Northwest. KVOS-TV was one of a few stations on the U.S./Canadian border that sought out a cross-border audience, but it is unique in its efforts to produce programming to bridge these audiences into a unified viewing public that it termed the Peace Arch Country. The station's international programming constituted its viewing public as translocal citizens in ways that supported the broader global ambitions of the Pacific Northwest region, as well as responded to and promoted the global ambitions of western liberal democracy and capitalism in the fight against Communism. KVOS-TV's constitution of Peace Arch citizenship shows how television was a tool for creating translocal citizens, educating and governing them from a distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on recognizing the achievements and accolades of individuals within the Mount Royal University community. Topics covered include accomplishments in fields such as genetics, golf, law, broadcasting, coaching, music, interior design, business, social work and law enforcement; as well as the recipients of the Queen Elizabeth II's Platinum Jubilee Medal; and also mentions Hailey Boutin, Kim Valleau and Paul Lavoie.

In 2014, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation released a five-year plan entitled A Space For Us All. The plan outlined a bold new vision for the Canadian public broadcaster, placing digital mobile content at the forefront of the corporation’s priorities. This article examines the shifting priorities of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation against established principles of public broadcasting. It also interrogates the relationship between mobile digital media and legal obligations of the public broadcaster under current Canadian broadcasting regulation. Drawing upon Canadian broadcasting history, contemporary data and recent examples from sport and politics in Canada, the article questions this new direction for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and argues that despite the significant new opportunities in mobile digital media, traditional broadcasting methods remain the dominant tool to reach mass audiences and will provide a significant forum for public information and debate for the foreseeable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Canadian broadcast sector has been the subject of many policy initiatives and much hand wringing. This article uses a production study of the reality television sector in Toronto, Canada's centre for English-language production, to consider how the concerted move towards an entrepreneurial, market-driven television economy since the late 1990s has dovetailed with the rise of the global trade in formats. The article considers some of the key policy moves in this period of neo-liberalization, including the de-regulation of ownership, the introduction of group licensing, and shifts in the definition of 'priority' Canadian content. The article concludes that the set of related shifts in both technologies and considerations about television's social and economic role has led to an almost purely market-driven (though state subsidized) system that disadvantages both smaller industry players and the broadcast system's public mandate. The challenges experienced in Canada during this period are not unique, making it into a case study for small market television nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the nominal interest of promoting a national identity and a stronger federation, a range of public policies have been implemented by the Canadian government to encourage and facilitate cross-subsidization in the Canadian telecommunications and broadcasting industries. The main policy instruments involve government regulations and foreign ownership restrictions that contribute to higher revenues for domestic producers of communication services than would otherwise be realized. The quid pro quo is that domestic telecommunications carriers and broadcasters must undertake costly and unprofitable actions that involve subsidizing activities such as rural telephone services and “Canadian entertainment content.” Unfortunately, there is little evidence that the relevant policies promote the goal of strengthening Canada’s national identity. Furthermore, they are inefficient, as well as nontransparent. The fact that several other countries, particularly France, have lauded Canadian content regulations as a “model” for smaller, open economies, they are more appropriately viewed as the socially undesirable outcome of a muddled public choice dynamic. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Screenwriters are a vital part of the production of cultural products in the Canadian screen industry, but little has been written about how they perceive the environment in which they practice their craft. Situating our methodology within the general production culture framework, particularly in regards to industrial reflexivity, we present an analysis of 50 in-depth interviews with English-language Canadian screenwriters. As our subjects reflect on their experiences, a portrait emerges of the factors affecting the screenwriter's role in the production of screen culture in English-speaking Canada. Their stories reveal a complex plot: one in which screenwriters, much like the characters they create, manoeuver through a landscape with its own boundaries, pitfalls, rewards, and consequences in their quest to attract elusive homegrown audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campus radio falls under the 'community' sector of Canada's broadcasting system alongside the public and commercial sectors. Campus radio evokes a notion of 'alternativeness' in order to indicate its role as a sector rooted in a local community and to define its programming as distinct from other stations. This article uses Underground Sounds, a campus radio show broadcast by McGill University's CKUT-FM, to explore the construction of 'alternativeness' in campus radio programming. This ten-week analysis of Underground Sounds took place in early 2008 and focuses on the artists and songs featured, the interviews conducted by the show's host and on-air discussion of the show's role in relation to the Montreal music scene. The findings highlight how 'alternativeness' is conveyed but also demonstrate its limitations and boundaries. For instance, new albums and upcoming concert dates factor into setting the limits of 'alternativeness', as being of current relevance significantly increases the chances that an artist is programmed. However, programmed artists are predominately represented by independent labels and are often local bands without much financial support. The goal of this article is to consider how 'alternativeness' might be conceptualized in relation to campus radio and the programming of 'local' and 'independent' music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses primarily on the third epoch of communications history in Canada, encompassing the main part of the 20th century, which is linked with the emergence and development of radio and television technologies. The aim of the paper is to present the institutional evolution of Canadian electronic media as well as the legal provisions enacted by the regulatory authorities in order to promote and preserve the national character of radio and television broadcasting in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most areas of public policy, where regulation is expected to exhibit transparency and accountability, evaluation is recognized as necessary. Broadcasting is no different. Nevertheless, recently published reports argue that a new evaluative approach for broadcasting processes and policies is required because past assessments are outdated and current methodologies are lacking in rigour. Using a mixed methods approach, which explores the use of formal evaluation methods, this study seeks to provide tangible data about 141 commercial radio stations having undergone radio licence renewals from 1997-2007. The objective of the study is to determine how and to what extent Canada's regulation agency, the Canadian radio-television and telecommunications commission (CRTC), holds radio station owners accountable to the objectives of the Canadian legislation, regulations and policies, as well as broadcasters' conditions of licence. Although the CRTC has criteria to evaluate stations and has been moving toward streamlining in recent years, it is apparent that case by case approaches are still employed and discrepancies have taken place in providing sanctions to non-compliant stations. Results also demonstrate how the process lacks monitoring to uphold accountability. The study provides an example for all countries seeking to improve accountability in the communication sector as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relationship between local television stations and national networks through a careful study of station re-branding. The relationship is explored through case studies of the three privately owned English-speaking television stations in Winnipeg, Canada. Through in-depth interviews with station and network executives, the author investigates the critical factors that facilitated the re-branding of Canada's private television networks between 1997 and 2005. This period saw many English-speaking television networks unite their respective affiliate stations under a single logo and brand. Influenced by branding theory and scholarship on Canadian broadcasting, this article examines the shift away from local identification in Canadian broadcasting and the benefits, challenges, and resistances therein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canadian broadcasting underwent a period of transition following the Second World War. Government officials attempted to restructure radio to serve as an instrument for assimilation which would assist new Canadians in understanding Canadian culture and customs. In 1966, CHIN Radio AM 1540 was formed in Toronto by Johnny Lombardi. It became Ontario's first foreign-language radio station. This study asserts that CHIN Radio provided its listeners an opportunity to negotiate their ethnicity on a daily basis, while it simultaneously worked to assist new Canadians to learn about Canadian culture and customs. These listeners must be viewed as active protagonists, who actively took advantage of the services and entertainment CHIN provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the regulation of religious broadcasting in Canada. Topics include the authority of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), the balance programming requirement, and the issue of faith perspectives. Information is provided on the Canadian Broadcasting Act of 1968.

The article offers information on the effects of the global recession on Canada's private sector broadcasters. It reports that the collapse of the securities industry in the U.S. had an immediate impact on all Canadian cross-border industry partnerships. It highlights the consequent ripple effect in terms of advertising losses that dealt a scathing blow to the already ailing national media companies in Canada including CTV Globemedia, CBC , and CanWest Global Communications.

En the wake of CBS's broadcast of a bared breast during the 2004 Super Bowl and Fox's airing of the isolated, unscripted expletives Nicole Richie and Cher uttered during their speeches at the 2002 and 2003 Billboard Music Awards, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) drastically changed its policy on television indecency. Among other changes, airing fleeting expletives would now be met with hefty fines. In addition to being an arbitrary and capricious shift in policy, such zealous regulation violates the First Amendment. When the Supreme Court last considered broadcast indecency regulation, thirty years ago in FCC v. Pacifica Foundation, the Court considered surprise to be one of the central justifications for giving broadcast less First Amendment protection than it gives to cable-and all other media. The idea was that viewers flip through channels frequently and could never be warned properly of the indecency to come, warranting curtailed First Amendment freedom for the broadcaster who was intruding upon their home. But now that broadcast television networks are establishing for themselves narrow niches (in terms of content and the level of indecency permitted), and familiarizing the public with those niches through branding techniques, the "surprise" rationale is undercut because brands warn viewers of what to expect from the network. Because viewers are no longer "surprised" by indecency, stringent regulation of broadcast television is unconstitutional. Further, cable's deeply defined brands provide a powerful reason to think that cable viewers know what they are getting when they tune into a particular network, and that the FCC's strict regulation of broadcast television cannot constitutionally be extended to cable. This Article argues that television networks warn viewers of their content through "branding," providing an alternative to FCC regulation of broadcast television and concludes that the strength of network brands undermines the justification for regulation of broadcast television and precludes extending it to cable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research conducted in the United States and Canada shows that female candidates for political office are covered differently in the news than their male counterparts: Female candidates receive less coverage, their electoral prospects are more negatively assessed, and the focus of reporting is often on ‘soft’ issues compared with coverage of male candidates. We examine reporting during the 2005 Bundestag election campaign to assess the degree to which findings can be extended from North American and European contexts. Germany's first female chancellor candidate, Angela Merkel, and her male opponent, incumbent Chancellor Gerhard Schräder, were the main focus of campaign news. Drawing on an analysis of the four main evening national television newscasts and the most widely read newspaper in the six weeks prior to Election Day, we show that while the two candidates were rather equal in terms of visibility in the news, and did not differ substantially in terms of the issues on which they were reported, gender did play a considerable role in framing certain stories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores developments in the archiving of Canadian films, videos, and sound recordings in the several decades since Archivaria first published major articles on film and broadcasting. Some aspects of audiovisual archiving practices and procedures have not changed drastically, such as the challenge of how to make archival selections from the masses of recordings being produced in Canada. However, technology and its impact on preservation is constantly evolving. The article looks at how changes in broadcasting have altered programming, notably broadcasts of and about the performing arts and other cultural programs, and how some broadcasters have become very active in archiving their own creations. Vital to selection criteria is a good understanding of the long-term survival prospects of the media on which films, videos, and sound recordings are created and stored. At this point in our history, digital technology is a double-edged sword, promising benefits such as cheaper storage media and improved access, but posing threats to older film, videos, and sound recordings as services such as film processing laboratories and supplies such as audio reel splicing tape become more difficult to find. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the interwar years the loosening of constitutional bonds between Britain and the settler colonies was facilitated by a perceived strengthening of economic, social, and cultural ties. In the case of broadcasting, this closer cultural connection becomes apparent when programming is placed in its institutional context, for example through analysis of BBC and CBC coverage of the 1939 royal tour of Canada. Despite tensions produced by different agendas and interests, in general the two broadcasters collaborated to achieve common goals. In particular, both presented an empire divided along lines of race and class as nevertheless united in loyalty to the crown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the social and cultural roles of ethnic print media in the country within the prism of Canada's multicultural policy. Specifically, the article examines how the ethnic groups are framed in the mainstream national media in Canada and then examines how these ethnic media are [re]constructing their own identities in contrast to their framed identities in the mainstream national print media such as the Globe and Mail, National Post and Toronto Sun. In exploring the overall socio-political impacts of these ethnic print media on the social fabrics and cultural identity in Canadian society, Montreal Community Contact, an ethnic newspaper of the black community in Montreal, is used as a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the years immediately following the Second World War, a period in which imperial factors also continued to shape broader migration patterns and policy in Great Britain and the Dominions. It looks in particular at the experiences of public service radio broadcasting officers who traveled to Great Britain from the Dominions with the support of bursaries provided by the Imperial Relations Trust (IRT). This scheme ran for over a decade, and also funded bursars from India, Pakistan and Ceylon, and visits by British broadcasting officers to other Commonwealth countries. The experiences of all these bursars are of similar historical interest, but are not dealt with here, as they raise questions and involve historiographical debates that reach beyond the scope of a short paper. This paper focuses on the men and women from Canada, Australia and New Zealand who traveled to Britain in the early years of the scheme’s operation.

Explores the innovations at the Inuit Broadcasting Corporation, an indigenous Arctic mass media outlet in Canada. Link of the emergence of film and video activity in the Canadian Arctic with Inuit political organizing; Examination of the films of Mosha Michael assisted by the National Film Board of Canada; Relevance of Arctic media in line with its governmental and aesthetic projects.

Questions about the social shaping of technology are explored by com- paring direct broadcasting satellite policy in two very different countries. Canada has a vast geography, low population density, extreme ethnic and linguistic diversity, and close proximity and long-time cooperation with its neighbour, the United States. South Korea is centralized around Seoul, has a high population density, is relatively homogenous culturally and ethnically, and has a history of conflict with the country sharing a common border. The specific goals set for satellite broadcasting arising from these differing national contexts are explored. The paper also compares services and audiences in South Korea and Canada, and it asks what these cases can illustrate about the relationship between industry, policy, audiences, and the shaping of a new media technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless E9-I-i is an interesting case in the capacity of industry voluntary efforts to meet public interest obligations, in part because the CRTC has largely forborne from regulating the wireless sector under current competition policy. Results to date are mixed: despite successful technical trials in the early stages, deployment of the service was slow and uneven, and proceedings came to be plagued by uncertainty and fractious debate between stakeholder groups. Evidence suggests that selective regulatory intervention in the wireless sector may be necessary in certain cases to ensure that public interest obligations are achieved in a timely manner. This paper examines wireless E9- 1-1 as a keystone standardization initiative, drawing upon a layered policy model and the concept of interconnection space to structure its analysis of the evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proposes to define the concept of journalistic accountability. History of journalistic accountability; Description of the model of accountability established at the Société Radio-Canada (SRC), French network of the Canadian Broadcasting Corp.; Evolution of a form of journalistic self-regulation at the SRC.

There have been growing similarities between broadcasting issues in Canada and Europe. Some issues, including the emergence of private broadcasting and concerns about American broadcasting, became prominent in Europe decades after they were evident in Canada. In both contexts, historical and contemporary debates about broadcasting issues have been tied to three discourses on communication technologies. This article contends that broadcasting policy debates in Canada and Europe can usefully be interpreted through a theoretical model that addresses technological determinism, technological democracy and technological nationalism. The model places the discourses in the context of struggles between dominant agents (private companies, governments or supranational institutions) and subordinate agents (including various social movements). The model shows how connections between the discourses help to secure the hegemony of powerful groups. However, the model also identifies contradictions within the discourses and compromises involving the discourses. Both are associated with opposition from less powerful groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines 'Due South,' a Canadian-produced television drama series that aired on CTV between 1994 and 1999. Problems associated with the television programming in Canada; Elements imparted by the television program 'Due South'; Background on Canadian cultural policies associated with television programming, particularly the drama genre; Details of several government intervention in Canadian broadcasting and motion picture/television production.

Presents an ethnographic study of the television production process involved in the 1995 Canada Cup of Soccer. Importance of location and logistics operation research in sports broadcasting; Discussion of institutional theory; Views on the Canadian broadcasting industry.