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The authors comment on the decision of the court on Amazon.com Inc. on business method patents in Canada. They criticize the decision of the court due to the expansive meaning given to art in the Patent Act, the elimination of technological requirement for patentability and the reliance on foreign jurisprudence. The authors criticize the court's reasoning and do not take a position on the correctness of the decision on whether business methods should or should not be patentable in the country.

In this article, the authors discuss the federal court decision concerning the patent lawsuit involving Amazon.com Inc. in Canada. They take no position on whether business method patents should be patentable in law or theory, but they point out perceive flaws regarding the court's reasoning. They criticize the court's decisions regarding the reliance of foreign jurisprudence, the extensive meaning given to "art" in the Patent Act, and the failure to defer to the decision of the Patent Office.

Growth and survival of 33 populations from a species complex involving interior lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and their natural hybrids in Alberta were evaluated at ages 5, 10, and 15 years in eight test sites across Alberta. We determined population differentiations by estimating Mahalanobis distances between populations from the canonical discriminant analysis of the total variability and by calculating dissimilarity indexes between populations from the quadratic regression of overall growth and survival on the overall climate. The grouping of the populations based on the Mahalanobis distances showed that most jack pine populations could be separated from lodgepole and hybrid populations, but no further subdivision was possible to distinguish lodgepole from hybrid populations. This clustering pattern was remarkably similar to the grouping based on molecular markers as shown in our earlier study. This pattern of grouping is best explained by a clear elevational demarcation between jack pine at low elevations and lodgepole pine and hybrids at midrange and high elevations. The grouping of the populations based on the dissimilarity indexes revealed a somewhat contrasting pattern; most lodgepole pine populations were in one group, whereas jack pine and hybrid populations were mixed up in the other group. The two contrasting patterns of grouping suggest that nonclimatic factors such as edaphic preference and habitat disturbances are also important in determining population distributions and niche spaces in the lodgepole – jack pine complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the allocation of agenda and decision-making power between shareholders and management as building blocks, concerning the role of corporations in the area of international human rights. Discussion will be based on the amendments of the Canada Business Corporations Act in relation on the U.S. system. It centers on the issue of shareholder proposal mechanism which is subject to certain exceptions and allows shareholders to hold a shareholders vote on a proposed issue.

Presents a study to investigate the response to infection by western gall rust (WGR) of seedlings from 291 open-pollinated families of lodgepole pine from three breeding regions in west-central Alberta, Canada. Findings of a variation in WGR resistance among and within regions; Observations of general east-west trend; Regression of WGR resistance on geographic origins of families; Use of a canonical discriminant analysis.

Genetic gain and average coancestry or status number was investigated for five selection methods: penalty index selection (PIS), family index selection (FIS), combined between-family and within-family selection (CBW), restricted individual selection (RIS), and combined indexselection (RCS). PIS was a function of an individual's breeding value and family contributions, modelled as a stepwise procedure to select superior individuals one by one. A penalty would indicate the need to have low average coancestry or large status number. Breeding populations of unrelated families were investigated by Monte Carlo simulation to examine the genetic response of the five selection methods at a restricted selection intensity and average coancestry. PIS attainedthe greatest genetic gain, except at the selection limits of maximumgenetic gain and minimum average coancestry where PIS might be identical to the other selection methods. FIS and RCS well approximated PIS at high average coancestry. RIS was similar to RCS when the heritability was high, particularly at low average coancestry. CBW attained the least genetic gain among the selection methods. For all selections, high heritability would contribute to a greater genetic gain and status number or low average coancestry. PIS was applied to a practical breeding program in Alberta that included several subpopulations. The results suggested that the selection efficiency for balancing genetic gain and average coancestry would increase when deploying a subpopulation strategy for breeding population management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 25 year old man with a stab in the left axilla in Canada. The patient underwent a computed tomography angiogram (CTA) after exhibiting a hematoma in the left axilla and severe pain around the healed laceration. The findings reveal of a subclavian artery pseudoaneurysm (PA) which was followed by a left subclavian angiography.