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We examine the effect of wheat stocks on the relationship between port and inland wheat prices in western Canada after the dissolution of the Canadian Wheat Board in 2012. Standard statistical tests find no evidence that the port price is cointegrated with inland prices. We argue that large harvests in 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 are responsible for this lack of cointegration. A simple theoretical model demonstrates how wheat stocks drive a wedge between inland and port prices. After including wheat stocks in the cointegrating vector, we find the expected cointegrating relationships between the port and inland prices. Using an error correction model, we show that a 10% increase in the wheat stocks reduces producer prices in Alberta and Manitoba by 6% and 4%, respectively. We conclude by discussing policy options for reducing the size of wheat stocks on the prairies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo: In Canada, average grain freight rates are regulated via the Maximum Revenue Entitlement (MRE), while on the US side of the border grain rates are subject to very little oversight. We use this natural experiment to explore how the MRE regulation has impacted freight rates and the distribution of rents in the wheat supply chain since 2012. On both sides of the border, when large crops have exceeded the short‐term capacity of grain export channels to move the crop, export basis has increased and reduced producer prices. In locations not subject to barge competition, US grain freight rates are higher than Canadian rates and are bid up further during periods of congestion. In Canada, MRE regulation redistributes rents away from railways toward grain companies and producers. These higher grain handling margins have increased the incentives to build additional port terminal capacity in the post‐CWB single desk environment. Au Canada, les tarifs marchandises moyens des céréales sont règlementés par le Revenu admissible maximal (RAM), tandis qu'aux États‐Unis, les tarifs céréaliers font l'objet de très peu de suivi. Au moyen de cette expérience naturelle, nous explorons l'impact du RAM sur les tarifs marchandises et sur la distribution des rentes dans la chaine d'approvisionnement du blé depuis 2012. Des deux côtés de la frontière, lorsque de vastes cultures ont excédé la capacité à court terme des voies d'exportation céréalières pour distribuer leurs récoltes, le seuil d'exportation augmente et réduit les prix des producteurs. Là où ils ne sont pas assujettis à la compétition de barges, les tarifs marchandises céréaliers américains s'avèrent plus élevés que les tarifs canadiens et se voient encore surenchéris lors de période de congestion. Au Canada, la règlementation du RAM redirige les rentes des compagnies ferroviaires aux entreprises et producteurs céréaliers. Ces marges de manutention plus élevées ont augmenté les incitatifs pour accroître la capacité des ports‐terminaux dans un environnement à pupitre unique, post Commission canadienne du blé. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Record grain supplies combined with insufficient grain export capacity in the 2013–14 and 2014–15 crop years resulted in depressed Western Canadian grain prices costing producers several billion dollars. The exceptional size of the crop and the harsh winter weather contributing to this costly event raise an important question as to whether additional investment in export capacity is warranted. This study systematically assesses the need for additional grain export capacity in Western Canada. Somewhat conservative grain production forecasts and rational expectations storage are used within a spatial mathematical programming model to simulate a competitive market, moving grain to export positions. We find in the absence of additional export capacity there will be increasingly frequent periods of costly congestion. A 10 million tonnes (Mt) (5 Mt) improvement in both rail and West Coast capacity implies $9.2 billion ($6.0 billion) of cost‐saving benefits for the producers over the 2016–25 period. While these estimates are sensitive to future realized production levels, their magnitude suggests that innovation to increase export capacity is economically important for grain producers in Western Canada. Des approvisionnements records de grains combinés à une capacité exportatrice insuffisante de ces derniers en 2013–14 et en 2014–15 ont engendré le bas prix du grain de l'Ouest canadien représentant une perte de milliards de dollars pour les producteurs. La production exceptionnelle et l'hiver particulièrement rude ont contribué à cet événement coûteux et soulèvent une question importante concernant le besoin pour des investissements additionnels en capacité exportatrice. Cette étude évalue systématiquement le besoin pour une capacité exportatrice accrue des céréales provenant de l'Ouest canadien. Les prévisions relativement prudentes de production de grains et l'anticipation rationnelle de stockage servent dans le cadre d'un modèle de programmation mathématique spatiale pour simuler un marché compétitif, transportant le grain vers les points d'exportation. Les trouvailles indiquent qu'en l'absence de capacité supplémentaire exportatrice, surviendront des périodes de plus en plus fréquentes de congestion coûteuse. Une amélioration de 10 Mt (5 Mt) à la capacité ferroviaire et de la Côte Ouest suppose des réductions de coûts à la hauteur de 9,2 milliards de dollars (6 milliards de dollars) pour les producteurs pour la période entre 2016 et 2025. Ces estimations étant liées à l'atteinte de futurs niveaux de production, leur importance suggère que l'innovation en vue d'accroître la capacité exportatrice s'avère économiquement essentielle pour les producteurs céréaliers de l'ouest du Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although wheat is the largest field crop in Canada, the intellectual property rights for the self-pollinated, nongenetically modified crop have been too weak to allow significant royalty flow to plant breeders. The sector heavily relies on resource-constrained public breeding programs for new variety development. This long-standing situation could change with the 2015 Agricultural Growth Act, which strengthens Canadian plant breeders' rights to be consistent with the UPOV 91 convention. We explore the potential implications for Canada by examining the experience with UPOV 91 implementation in the United Kingdom, France, and Australia. Using the royalty structures in these countries as potential pathways for Canada, an ex ante benefit-cost framework is used to illustrate the choice of pathway is important. Over a 40-year period, the Australian, French, and U.K. implementation pathways generate 4.8, 4.0, and 1.5 $CDN billion in net benefit (respectively) over the status quo. Over shorter time horizons of 20 and 30 years, France is quicker to establish uniform endpoint royalties that provide the highest net benefits. Proactive industry engagement to develop a more robust royalty collection system is required to realize these potential benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2016, the Minister of Transport released a review of the Canada Transportation Act that recommended the eventual removal of the Maximum Revenue Entitlement (MRE) governing the movement of grain by rail. The MRE is sometimes referred to as a revenue cap, but the MRE sets a maximum average allowable freight rate over all tonnes of grain moved. There is no a priori cap to the revenue or amount of grain moved. We argue that the MRE permitted railways to set prices to promote more efficient movement. This paper evaluates the consequences of ending the MRE in the context of Canada's evolving grain supply chain and its interaction with railways. Assuming cartel behavior among railways, we find that the removal of the MRE for grain transportation could increase rates by $42 to $73/t, depending on the market power of grain companies. Farmer prices were lowered by basis shifts larger than $73 in 2013-14, but a long-term rate increase of this magnitude could generate regulatory or strategic responses that were not part of our model. In our worst case scenario, farmers lose 90% of their current surplus. Even modest amounts of market power can generate significant farm price reductions. En 2016, le ministre du Transport déposait le rapport de l'examen de la Loi sur les transports au Canada. Y était proposée l'éventuelle élimination du Revenu admissible maximal (RAM) gouvernant le transport du grain par chemin de fer. L'on qualifie souvent le RAM de plafond du revenu, mais le RAM établit un maximum taux moyen autorisé de fret sur toutes les tonnes de grain acheminées. Aucun plafond n'est fixé pour le revenu ni la quantité de grain transporté. Nous croyons que le RAM a permis aux lignes ferroviaires d'établir leur prix et de promouvoir un transport plus efficient. Cet article évalue les conséquences de l'élimination du RAM au sein du contexte évolutif de la chaine canadienne d'approvisionnement en grain, et ses interactions avec les lignes ferroviaires. Supposant des comportements anticoncurrentiels parmi les lignes ferroviaires, nous concluons que l'élimination du RAM pour le transport du grain pourrait augmenter les taux de 42 $ à 73 $ par tonne, en fonction du pouvoir des sociétés céréalières sur le marché. Les prix agricoles ont été baissés de marges de base dépassant les 73 $ en 2013-14, mais une augmentation du taux de cette envergure à long terme pourrait générer des réactions réglementaires ou stratégiques ne faisant pas partie de notre modèle. Notre pire scénario verrait les exploitations agricoles perdre 90 % de leurs surplus actuels. Même un modéré pouvoir sur le marché peut générer de considérables réductions des prix agricoles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article investigates whether Canadian whole farm programmes, which fall under the WTO category of Green Box subsidies, are truly production neutral. Theory suggests that with non-constant risk aversion, risky decisions can be influenced by both the level of expected wealth (i.e. the wealth effect) and the variability of wealth (i.e. the insurance effect). Unlike previous approaches, this article is able to extend a framework developed by Chavas and Holt to formally incorporate the insurance effect into the acreage allocation decisions. By applying the theoretical model to acreage data in the Canadian Prairies, the results reveal that the whole farm income stabilisation programmes had large impacts on acreage choices through wealth and insurance effects. From a WTO perspective, the results underline the inherent difficulty in designing programmes that will reduce the risk faced by farmers without altering behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the economic impact of pricing and access to public basic research-related intellectual property (IP) in the presence of downstream interfirm spillovers using a Salop circle model of monopolistic competition. Depending on the nature and extent of spillovers and with free access to upstream basic research, firm entry can be excessive, insufficient, or socially optimal. When interfirm lump-sum spillovers are absent or sufficiently small, competitive entry is excessive, so policies that restrict access to basic research IP can enhance social welfare. When lump-sum research spillovers are sufficiently large, policies to induce entry and a clustering of downstream research activity can be welfare enhancing. Le présent article examine, à l'aide du modèle de Salop de concurrence monopolistique positionnant les firmes sur un cercle, l'impact économique de l'attribution d'une valeur à la propriété intellectuelle de la recherche fondamentale financée par des fonds publics et de l'accès à cette recherche lorsqu'il y a des retombées entre firmes en aval. Selon la nature et l'étendue des retombées et compte tenu de l'accès gratuit à la recherche fondamentale en amont, l'entrée de firmes peut-être excessive, insuffisante ou optimale sur le plan social. Lorsque les débordements de la recherche vers d'autres firmes sont absents ou faibles, le niveau d'entrée de concurrence parfaite est excessif. Dans ce cas, les politiques qui restreignent l'accès à la recherche fondamentale financée par des fonds publics peuvent accroître le bien-être social. Lorsque les débordements de la recherche sont assez importants, les politiques mises en œuvre pour encourager l'entrée et le regroupement des activités de recherche en amont peuvent améliorer le bien-être. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the increase in agricultural production and productivity in Canada, including the production of wheat and new crops. An overview of Canadian agriculture, as well shifting production patterns in crops and livestock, is provided. The most readily available measures of productivity gains are the changes in crop yields. The improvement in productivity has been attributed to the changes in technology. Also included is total factor productivity measures for Canadian and prairie agriculture.

The influx of private investment into crop research, which has accompanied the establishment of intellectual property rights (IPRs) and the introduction of biotechnology, suggests high rates of return. However, the empirical analysis of the canola research sector shows a decline in the total net return to research during a period of increased investment, indicating that net marginal returns to research have been negative. The indication of immiserizing research suggests that the combined effect of IPRs and public incentives has driven the quantity of research beyond the socially optimal level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses U.S. and Canada farm programs for grains and oilseeds. U.S. farm policy; Details of Canadian agricultural programs; Comparison between Canadian and U.S. farm programs; Economic cost and benefits of U.S. and Canadian programs.

Comments on the arguments by economist Dr. Colin Carter regarding the countervail complaint of the Ranchers-Cattlemen Action Legal Foundation against the Canadian Wheat Board (CWB). Central argument presented by Dr. Carter; Impact of the inefficiencies of CWB on feed barley exports; Analysis on barley prices in Western Canada.

Provides information on a study which simulated the impact of additional protein increments on Canadian farm value of grain and on revenues from optimal blending. Description of the theoretical model; Data used in the study; Empirical results.

Examines prior beliefs in a demand system using the case of meat demand in Canada. Almost ideal demand system; Bayesian approach to testing inequality restrictions; Aggregate meat consumption in Canada; Elasticities of substitution.

Examines the exchange rate effects on inputs and outputs in Canadian agriculture. Use of a single market partial equilibrium model; Examination of the pass-through of changes in the United States dollar/Canadian exchange rate; Potential welfare impact on nontradeables from changes in the exchange rate.

Focuses on the Gross Revenue Insurance Program (GRIP), a designed Canadian agricultural program implemented in 1991. How insured level of gross revenue can be derived; Implications of GRIP for efficiency in crop choice, input use, land use and environment; Equity issues associated with GRIP; Overall view of the author on GRIP.

The increasing spate of species substitution and mislabelling in fish markets has become a concern to the public and a challenge to both the food industry and regulators. Species substitution and mislabelling within fish supply chains occurs because of price incentives to misrepresent products for economic gain. Emerging authenticity technologies, such as the DNA barcoding technology that has been used to identify plants and animal (particularly fish) species through DNA sequencing, offer a potential technological solution to this information problem. However, the adoption of these authenticity technologies depends also on economic factors. The present study uses economic welfare analysis to examine the effects of species substitution and mislabelling in fish markets, and examines the feasibility of the technology for a typical retail store in Canada. It is assumed that increased accuracy of the technology in detecting fraud and enforcement of legal penalties and other associated costs would be likely to discourage cheating. Empirical results suggest that DNA barcoding technology would be feasible presently for a typical retail store only if authentication is done in a third party laboratory, as it may not be feasible on an individual retail store level once fixed and other associated costs of the technology are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Behavioural activation (BA) is an effective treatment for depression; however, it is unclear if it can be used to manage pain., Objectives: To conduct a scoping review of primary research that reported using BA to support people living with chronic pain to understand how BA had been used in relation to pain. In addition, we wanted to understand whether there were any reported changes in that pain, and how and who delivered BA., Eligibility Criteria: Primary research published in English., Sources of Evidence: We searched seven databases MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Ovid Emcare, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science, for primary research. No initial date limit was used with the date the searches were conducted used as the end date limit (1 July 2021)., Charting Methods: A customised data extraction table was developed, piloted and used., Results: 551 papers were screened for inclusion, with 15 papers included in our review. Studies were conducted in North America and in Canada. These included three case studies, nine uncontrolled trials and three randomised controlled trials. Only two studies reported pain as the primary outcome. BA was applied across a range of pain related conditions. The dose of BA ranged from 3 to 16 sessions. Duration of treatment was 3 weeks to 12 months. Most studies reported reductions in pain following exposure to BA., Conclusion: BA has the potential to reduce pain. Caution needs to be exercised in the interpretation of these findings as a high risk of bias was observed in most studies. High-quality research is required to test if BA is an effective intervention for chronic pain., Competing Interests: Competing interests: GLM has received support from: Reality Health, ConnectHealth UK, Seqirus, Kaiser Permanente, Workers’ Compensation Boards in Australia, Europe and North America, AIA Australia, the International Olympic Committee, Port Adelaide Football Club, Arsenal Football Club, all for work related to pain and performance management. Professional and scientific bodies have reimbursed him for travel costs related to presentation of research on pain at scientific conferences and symposia. He has received speaker fees for lectures on pain and rehabilitation. He receives book royalties from NOIgroup publications, Dancing Giraffe Press & OPTP, for books on pain science, education and rehabilitation., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)