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Seasonal distribution of adult Atlantic sturgeon was examined using pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) and ultrasonic transmitters deployed in the Saint John River, New Brunswick, Canada. Seven MK10 PSATs programmed for release in June 2012 and seven MiniPAT PSATs programmed for release in February and April 2013 were deployed in August 2011 and 2012, respectively. Eleven of 14 PSATs surfaced and transmitted depth and temperature data archived for the duration of their deployment (121–302 days). Among these eleven PSATs, five were recovered and 15-sec archival data was downloaded. Following exit from the Saint John River in the fall, tagged fish occupied a mean monthly depth of 76.3–81.6 m at temperatures as low as 4.9˚C throughout the winter before returning to shallower areas in the spring. The majority of ultrasonic detections occurred in the Bay of Fundy, but fish were detected as far as Riviere Saint-Jean, Quebec, approximately 1500 km from the Bay of Fundy (representing long-distance migratory rates of up to 44 km/day). All PSATs were first detected in the Bay of Fundy. Tags that released in February and April were found 5–21 km offshore of the Saint John Harbour, while tags that released in June were first detected in near shore areas throughout the Bay of Fundy. The substrate at winter tag release locations (estimated from backward numerical particle-tracking experiments) consisted primarily of moraines and postglacial mud substrate with low backscatter strength, indicative of soft or smooth seabed. Based on the proximity of winter tag release locations, the consistent depths observed between fish, and previous research, it is suspected that a winter aggregation exists in the Bay of Fundy. This study expands the understanding of the marine distribution and range of Atlantic sturgeon on the east coast of Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study examines the effects of freshwater discharge from the St. Lawrence River (SLR) on the three-dimensional circulation and hydrography in Canada's Atlantic waters using a regional shelf circulation model based on the Princeton Ocean Model. The study region comprises the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Scotian Shelf, and the Gulf of Maine. The model forcing includes atmospheric forcing at the sea surface; tidal elevation and currents at the lateral open boundaries; and freshwater discharge from the SLR and other major rivers in the region. The forcing at the lateral open boundaries also includes non-tidal currents as well as temperature and salinity fields produced by a coarse-resolution circulation model for the northwest Atlantic. The shelf circulation model is integrated for 5 years (1999–2003); the simulated hydrography and circulation during the last 4 years are compared to observations to assess the model's performance. Three additional model runs are made, called the climate, wet, and dry runs, in which the SLR discharge values specified in the model are respectively the long-term mean and the long-term mean plus or minus 3.5 standard deviations. Model results from the climate run demonstrate that the variability of freshwater flux in the St. Lawrence Estuary takes ∼100 days to reach Cabot Strait; ∼160 days to reach the central Scotian Shelf; and ∼220 days to reach the eastern Gulf of Maine. Within the Gulf of St. Lawrence, an increase in the SLR discharge results in a stronger Gaspé Current (up to ∼0.1ms−1 stronger in the wet run than in the dry run) as well as lower salinity in the western part of the gulf. In the winter, the effect of a higher SLR discharge extends along the Scotian Shelf and into the Gulf of Maine, with salinity in both areas lower by ∼0.1psu in the wet run than in the dry run. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper focuses on the investigation of translators' training programs, specifically on the statistical analysis of Canadian universities. Main issues include the current practices and sources of innovation, research problems, methodology, and research findings. As part of the big project undertaking, the current results are on the primary stage. Translation teaching in a textual and contextual vacuum may still have a place in preparing translators of the future if it is accepted for a formative academic exercise and used to reinforce the acquisition of certain structures and vocabulary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halifax Harbour is located on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada. It is one of the world's largest, ice-free natural harbours and of great economic importance to the region. A good understanding of the physical processes controlling tides, flooding, transport and dispersion, and hydrographic variability is required for pollution control and sustainable development of the Harbour. For the first time, a multi-nested, finite difference coastal ocean circulation model is used to reconstruct the three-dimensional circulation and hydrography of the Harbour and its variability on timescales of hours to months for 2006. The model is driven by tides, wind and sea level pressure, air-sea fluxes of heat, and terrestrial buoyancy fluxes associated with river and sewage discharge. The predictive skill of the model is assessed by comparing the model simulations with independent observations of sea level from coastal tide gauges and currents from moored instruments. The simulated hydrography is also compared against a new monthly climatology created from all available temperature and salinity observations made in the Harbour over the last century. It is shown that the model can reproduce accurately the main features of the observed tides and storm surge, seasonal mean circulation and hydrography, and wind driven variations. The model is next used to examine the main physical processes controlling the circulation and hydrography of the Harbour. It is shown that non-linear interaction between tidal currents and complex topography occurs over the Narrows. The overall circulation can be characterized as a two-layer estuarine circulation with seaward flow in the thin upper layer and landward flow in the broad lower layer. An important component of this estuarine circulation is a relatively strong, vertically sheared jet situated over a narrow sill connecting the inner Harbour to the deep and relatively quiescent Bedford Basin. Local wind driven variability is strongest in winter as expected but it is also shown that a significant part of the temperature and salinity variability is driven by physical processes occurring on the adjacent inner continental shelf, especially during storm and coastal upwelling events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A one-way nested-grid coastal ocean circulation modeling system was developed for Canadian Atlantic coastal waters based on an operational prototype shelf circulation forecast system known as Dalcoast3 and a high-resolution coastal circulation model developed for Lunenburg Bay (LB) of Nova Scotia. The nested-grid system consists of five relocatable downscaling sub-models, including the outermost sub-model covering the eastern Canadian shelf with a coarse horizontal resolution of 1/12°, and the innermost sub-model covering LB with a fine resolution of about 180 m. The nested-grid system is driven by meteorological forcing converted from three-hourly weather forecast fields provided by the Meteorological Service of Canada and tidal forcing produced by WebTide using pre-calculated tidal harmonic constants. The nested-grid system is used to simulate the dynamic response of coastal waters over the inner Scotian Shelf in June and July 2006. A comparison of model results with observations made in LB demonstrates that the NCOPS-LB performs reasonably well in simulating sea surface elevations and tidal currents, and less well in simulating hydrography and non-tidal currents over the inner shelf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Sea level, current, and hydrographic observations made in Lunenburg Bay of Nova Scotia, Canada, in the summer and fall of 2003 are used to investigate the dynamical response of the bay to wind, tide and buoyancy forcing. The temperature and salinity variability at periods of was similar to that on the inner Scotian Shelf, whereas the variability at periods of 1– was mainly related to the local wind forcing. The five major tidal constituents (, , , and ) extracted from the observed sea levels accounted for about 99% of the total tidal variance during the study period. Tidal elevation in Upper South Cove had reduced amplitude and a phase lag of about an hour compared to Lunenburg Bay itself. The observed non-tidal sea levels were related with the local wind forcing. The semi-diurnal tidal flow extracted from current measurements was the major tidal constituent. The observed non-tidal currents had significant temporal variation, with the first EOF (empirical orthogonal function) correlated with the local wind forcing and the second EOF being weakly related to the baroclinic transport into the bay estimated using the thermal wind relation. The first EOF was characterized by inflow on one side of the bay and outflow on the other. It is shown that the circulation variability associated with the first EOF played an important role in the heat budget of the bay, exchanging heat (and also salt) with the neighbouring inner Scotian Shelf. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background  Tinnitus is a prevalent auditory disorder that can become severely debilitating. Despite decades of investigation, there remains no conclusive cure for tinnitus. Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are available for assessing and managing tinnitus. Even though such guidelines have been available for several years, the degree that audiologists adhere to them has remained unexplored. Purpose of Study  To determine what clinical practices are commonly used by audiologists in the assessment and management of the patient population with tinnitus, we administered an online survey to audiologists practicing in the United States and Canada. Results  Among the audiologists that completed the survey and were included in the final analysis (n  = 61), 70% were from the United States and 30% were from Canada. The audiologists represented a wide range of clinical experience (1–35 years). On average, those who completed the survey were relatively confident in their ability to assess and manage tinnitus patients indicated by a 0 to 100 Likert scale, with 0 representing no confidence (mean 72.5, ± 21.5 standard deviation). The most commonly reported tinnitus assessment tools were pure tone audiogram (0.25–8 kHz), administration of standardized questionnaires, and tinnitus pitch and loudness matching. Approximately half (55%) of audiologists indicated they include otoacoustic emissions, while less audiologists (<40%) reported measuring high-frequency thresholds, minimum masking levels, or loudness discomfort levels. The most common recommendation for tinnitus patients was amplification (87%), followed by counseling (80%) and sound therapy (79%). Conclusion  Few audiologists administer a truly comprehensive tinnitus assessment and ∼20% indicated not recommending counseling or sound therapy to manage tinnitus. The results are discussed in the context of what is explicitly indicated in published CPGs, professional organization recommendations, and recent findings of peer-reviewed literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]