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Experiential education, the process of providing students with applied learning opportunities within and outside the classroom, is rife with organizational complexity. This article examines Ontario's Strategic Mandate Agreements using qualitative content analysis to see how conceptions and communications of experiential learning have changed over time, and how universities have responded to government pressure to foster experiential learning. Drawing on frame analysis, findings reveal that universities have developed a considerable amount of institutional infrastructure and initiatives to support the expansion of experiential learning, and these efforts have been framed in relation to current discourse about graduate skill readiness. However, these outward signalling responses are not necessarily aligned with internal organizational processes (i.e., expansion of co-curricular learning). These mandate agreements represent official accounts of institutional priorities, which leave the door open for future research to examine micro-foundations of experiential learning through the perspectives of the faculty and staff inhabiting these institutions.

Background: Universities continue to experience pressure to prepare work-ready graduates. In Ontario, this has recently taken the form of new provincial funding metrics which include experiential education. This places more formal pressure on all provincial universities to foster experiential education. Purpose: This study focuses on the organizational dynamics within a selected university as it developed an Experiential Education Certificate (EEC). Methodology/Approach: Using a qualitative approach, this case study relies on multiple methods. Content analysis was used to analyze textual data that framed the EEC. Semi-structured interviews (n = 12) with institutional actors were used to analyze how experiential education is framed administratively and practiced at the technical level of the university. Findings/Conclusions: Although the EEC reflected a management logic, it was not fully aligned with the academic logic of ground-level technical actors (e.g., professors). Institutionalizing experiential education has implications for multiple logics at play within universities and thus requires more "logic work" of those working within. Implications: This exploratory study lays the groundwork for further theorizing experiential education from an organizational perspective, namely, studying experiential education across disciplines, theorizing at the field level, and including administrators.

Research has shown that undergraduate courses in psychology often fail to make students accept the discipline as a science. It may be that explicit instruction is not sufficient to modify students' conceptualization of psychology as something other than science. The goal of this study was to examine introductory psychology students' conceptualizations of psychology and science. Five hundred and seventy participants completed a free association task for disciplines that included psychology and other sciences. They also provided ratings for these disciplines on relevant dimensions (e.g., important and scientific) and were asked "Is psychology a science?" Students tended to agree that psychology was a science but rated it to be less scientific than the natural sciences. Moreover, the free association results suggested that psychology was semantically distant from the other sciences. Thus, successful pedagogy will need to focus on conceptual change if students are to accept psychology as a science.

Grounded in intersectional feminist approaches, this study explores the equity impacts of student evaluations of teaching (SETs) on precariously employed women in the academy. Despite their overrepresentation in the academic teaching workforce, precariously employed women are a demographic group that remains underrepresented in research on SETs. Thirty-four qualitative interviews with precariously employed academic women at a university in Ontario, Canada, were conducted to explore their experiences of SETs. The participants critiqued SETs' role in perpetuating feminized and racialized labour market precarity, and undermining their professional autonomy and professionalization. They also described how SETs subject them to discriminatory evaluations based on their gender, race and age, and the impacts thereof on their workload and mental health. This study's findings reveal the importance of recognizing SETs' impact on equity and the need to change teaching evaluation policy in higher education.

This paper presents some initial findings from a multi-year project that is exploring the growth of mathematical understanding in a variety of construction trades training programs. In this paper, we focus on John, an entry-level plumbing trainee. We explore his understandings for multiplication, fractions and units of imperial measure as he attempts to solve a pipefitting problem. We consider the apparently limited nature of his images for these concepts and the role of "folding back" in enabling his growth of understanding. We contend that it cannot be assumed that the images held by adult apprentices for basic mathematical concepts are flexible, deep, or useful in specific workplace contexts. We suggest that folding back to modify or make new images as needed in particular contexts is an essential element in facilitating the growth of mathematical understanding in workplace training, but also offer a note of caution about ensuring that this is genuinely effective in its purpose.

Amphibians are disproportionately represented among the many vertebrate taxa that are declining globally. Few long-term studies of amphibians exist, especially in temperate climates, hindering our understanding of long-term trends in amphibian communities, which may delay or prevent management action. Here, we develop and deploy an inexpensive monitoring method with potentially broad scientific and community uptake, ‘rapid road surveys’. We test whether this protocol is useful in understanding relative abundance in an amphibian community over a 17-year period. From 2003 to 2019, we performed thousands of rapid (5–15 min) amphibian surveys and recorded the number of on-road amphibians along a single, 267 m stretch of secondary roads in rural Canada. Assuming that on-road occurrence reflects relative amphibian population sizes, we show that amphibians have declined by approximately 73% from 2003 to 2019. The decline was driven by a remarkable 91% decrease in the abundance of northern leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens), the species comprising the most observation records, while all other species did not show a temporal trend. We cannot attribute a definitive mechanism to the L. pipiens decline. However, by ruling out a number of putative causes, we hypothesize that it may be related to land-use change or infectious disease. Our results show that a simple, temporally replicated road survey protocol, deployed in a spatially restricted area, can be a valuable tool for conservation scientists to understand trends in abundance across an entire community. We discuss how these rapid road surveys are likely a viable option for future community science initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A significant proportion of patients with endometriosis require surgery for management of the disease. Aims: We aimed to assess the trend and regional variation in day surgeries for endometriosis across Canada and to identify perioperative complications associated with types of surgeries and their temporal trend and regional variation. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of women undergoing day surgeries for endometriosis between 2015 and 2019 using Canadian administrative data from the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System, which includes data from four provinces (Ontario (ON), Alberta (AB), Nova Scotia (NS) and Prince Edward Island (PEI)). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to compare perioperative complication rates, while adjusting for site(s) of endometriosis lesion, age, type of surgical intervention, and comorbidities. Results: During the study period, the rate of day surgeries for endometriosis remained nearly constant at 80–90 cases per 100 000 women of reproductive age (P = 0.12). The rate of day surgeries was significantly different between provinces (AB = 94, NS = 93 vs ON = 85 per 100 000 women of reproductive age: P < 0.02). The odds of complications decreased with time (2019 vs 2015; adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.84; 95% CI: 0.73–0.98). There was a significant regional variation in the frequency of perioperative complications (PEI vs ON aOR: 4.13, 95% CI: 2.58–6.62; and NS vs ON aOR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.11–1.95). Conclusion: The rates of day surgery for endometriosis remained stable and the risks of perioperative complications decreased during the five‐year study period. However, there were significant regional variations in the risk of perioperative complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes a quantitative cross-sectional study of a sample of 674 university students enrolled in social work programmes in four countries: Belgium, Canada, Chile and Switzerland. The study aimed to assess HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes among participants. The median HIV-KQ-18 score for the sample was 14.0, which Carey and Schroder classify as indicating borderline low levels of knowledge. Based on the results, the authors argue that social work education and training programmes should more comprehensively address HIV/AIDS within their curricula to better equip future social workers to challenge stigmatising and exclusionary practices rooted in long-standing lack of knowledge and erroneous beliefs about the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates and discusses the use of think aloud protocols (TAPs) as an approach for examining and confirming sources of differential item functioning (DIF). The TAPs are used to investigate to what extent surface characteristics of the items that are identified by expert reviews as sources of DIF are supported by empirical evidence from examinee thinking processes in the English and French versions of a Canadian national assessment. In this research, the TAPs confirmed sources of DIF identified by expert reviews for 10 out of 20 DIF items. The moderate agreement between TAPs and expert reviews indicates that evidence from expert reviews cannot be considered sufficient in deciding whether DIF items are biased and such judgments need to include evidence from examinee thinking processes.

Recent studies suggest that a substantial proportion of athletes with spinal cord injury have insufficient 25(OH) vitamin D (25(OH)D) status, which may be associated with decreased muscle strength. This study consisted of two parts: (a) to examine the effects of a 12- to 16-week vitamin D3 supplementation protocol on 25(OH)D concentration and (b) to determine whether subsequent 25(OH)D status impacts muscle performance in elite athletes with spinal cord injury. Thirty-four members (age: 33 ± 15 years, weight: 69.6 ± 28.2 kg, and height: 170.2 ± 25.4 cm) of the U.S. and Canadian Paralympic program participated in the study. 25(OH)D concentrations and performance measures (handgrip strength and 20-m wheelchair sprint) were assessed pre- and postsupplementation. Participants were assigned a vitamin D3 supplementation protocol based on initial 25(OH)D concentrations. Participants with deficient 25(OH)D status (<50 nmol/L) received 50,000 IU/week for 8 weeks, and participants with insufficient status (50–75 nmol/L) received 35,000 IU/week for 4 weeks, after which both received a maintenance dose of 15,000 IU/week. Participants with sufficient status (>75 nmol/L) received the maintenance dose of 15,000 IU/week. 25(OH)D concentrations increased significantly (p <.001; 66.3 ± 24.3 nmol/L and 111.3 ± 30.8 nmol/L pre- and postsupplementation, respectively). About 26% of athletes had sufficient 25(OH)D concentrations presupplementation, and 91% had sufficient concentrations postsupplementation. About 62% of participants improved handgrip strength postsupplementation with no change in 20-m wheelchair sprint performance. The supplementation protocol was effective for achieving sufficient vitamin D concentrations in elite athletes with spinal cord injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development and standardization of indicators, including amount of money received, size of teaching staff, and disciplinary characteristics, is described for measuring and ranking the effectiveness of grantsmanship for research projects in 11 Canadian universities. (Author/MSE)

The aim of this study was to understand the mobility experiences of mobility device users regarding the environmental and social barriers and facilitators in their community and to discuss the benefits and challenges of using photovoice, as a participatory methodology, to increase social participation for people with disabilities. Photovoice was used with mobility device users (n = 70) in two different locations in Canada. The participants took pictures for two weeks and then participated in individual interviews and focus group sessions to discuss their photographs. The participants took over 1,000 pictures that were grouped into five themes around social participation and accessibility. They chose the most illustrative pictures to share in an exhibit to create a dialogue with different stakeholders. Using photovoice offered many benefits such as allowing the participants to be equal partners of the research and made their voices heard, but also presented disability and study‐related challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most deaths in critically ill patients with severe traumatic brain injury are associated with a decision to withdraw life-sustaining treatments. We aimed to identify the behavioural determinants that influence recommendations by critical care physicians to consider the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments in this population.Methods: We conducted a descriptive qualitative study based on the Theoretical Domains Framework of critical care physicians caring for patients with severe traumatic brain injury across Canada. We stratified critical care physicians by regions and used a purposive sampling strategy. We conducted semistructured phone interviews using a piloted and pretested interview guide. We transcribed the interviews verbatim and verified the content for accuracy. We performed the analysis using a 3-step approach: coding, generation of specific beliefs and generation of specific themes.Results: We recruited 20 critical care physicians across 4 geographic regions. After reaching saturation, we identified 7 core themes across 4 Theoretical Domains Framework domains for factors relevant to the decision to withdraw life-sustaining treatments. Four factors (i.e., clinical triggers, social triggers, interaction with families and intentions with medical decisions) were identified before the decision is made and 3 were identified during the decision-making process (i.e., considerations, priorities and knowledge needs). We identified multiple themes reflecting internal (n = 18, 8 Theoretical Domains Framework domains) and external (n = 15, 6 Theoretical Domains Framework domains) influences on the decision to withdraw life-sustaining treatments.Interpretation: We identified several core themes and domains considered by critical care physicians in Canada in the decision to withdraw life-sustaining treatments in critically ill patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Future research should aim at identifying the factors influencing surrogate decision-makers in the decision to withdraw life-sustaining treatments in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To test their hypothesis that the propensity to strike is affected less by the actual balance of bargaining power than by the parties' uncertainty about their relative power, the authors perform a probit analysis of data on 1,871 collective agreements negotiated in the Canadian manufacturing sector between 1967 and 1982. They find, consistent with their hypothesis, that some characteristics of individual bargaining units, the relevant industries, and the economy as a whole that affect both the quantity and reliability of information needed to assess relative bargaining power do have significant value in predicting strike incidence across industries and over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the concept of providential destiny in relation to the emigration of French Canadians from Quebec in the 19th century to other Canadian provinces, particularly focusing on views among historians about the emigration and its significance. The article examines French-Canadian nationalism and Quebec nationalism, the views of elites and their support for emigration, and the role of Catholicism in New France.

Background: Blood transfusion is common in the resuscitation of patients with traumatic injury. However, the clinical impact of the length of storage of transfused blood is unclear in this population.Study Design and Methods: We undertook a prespecified nested analysis of 372 trauma victims of the 2510 critically ill patients from 64 centers treated as part of the Age of Blood Evaluation (ABLE) randomized controlled trial. Patients were randomized according to their trauma status to receive either a transfusion of fresh blood stored not more than 7 days or standard-issue blood. Our primary outcome was 90-day all-cause mortality.Results: Overall, 186 trauma patients received fresh blood and 186 received standard-issue blood. Adherence to transfusion protocol was 94% (915/971) for all fresh blood transfused and 100% (753/753) for all standard-issue blood transfused. Mean ± SD blood storage duration was 5.6 ± 3.8 days in the fresh group and 22.7 ± 8.4 days in the standard-issue group (p < 0.001). Ninety-day mortality in the fresh group was 21% (38/185), compared to 16% (29/184) in the standard-issue group, with an unadjusted absolute risk difference of 5% (95% confidence interval [CI], -3.1 to 12.6) and an adjusted absolute risk difference of 2% (95% CI, -3.5 to 6.8).Conclusion: In critically ill trauma patients, transfusion of fresh blood did not decrease 90-day mortality or secondary outcomes, a finding similar to the overall population of the ABLE trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The incidence of transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) is not well known in children, especially in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients.Study Design and Methods: All consecutive patients admitted over 1 year to the PICU of CHU Sainte-Justine were included after they received their first red blood cell transfusion. TACO was diagnosed using the criteria of the International Society of Blood Transfusion, with two different ways of defining abnormal values: 1) using normal pediatric values published in the Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics and 2) by using the patient as its own control and comparing pre- and posttransfusion values with either 10 or 20% difference threshold. We monitored for TACO up to 24 hours posttransfusion.Results: A total of 136 patients were included. Using the "normal pediatric values" definition, we diagnosed 63, 88, and 104 patients with TACO at 6, 12, and 24 hours posttransfusion, respectively. Using the "10% threshold" definition we detected 4, 15, and 27 TACO cases in the same periods, respectively; using the "20% threshold" definition, the number of TACO cases was 2, 6, and 17, respectively. Chest radiograph was the most frequent missing item, especially at 6 and 12 hours posttransfusion. Overall, the incidence of TACO varied from 1.5% to 76% depending on the definition.Conclusion: A more operational definition of TACO is needed in PICU patients. Using a threshold could be more optimal but more studies are needed to confirm the best threshold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Expanding networks of data portals and repositories linked to electronic patient record systems, along with advances in information technology, have created both new opportunities in improving public health and new challenges in protecting patient privacy. The purpose of this paper is to review stakeholder perspectives and provide a framework for promoting implementation of current privacy protection improvement recommendations.Design/methodology/approach This paper summarizes a workshop session discussion stemming from the 2017 Information Technology and Communication in Health (ITCH) biennial international conference in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. The perspectives within health service research, journalism, informatics and privacy protection were represented.Findings Problems underlying gaps in privacy protection in the USA and Canada, along with then-current changes recommended by public health leaders as well as Information and Privacy Commissioners, were identified in a session of the 2015 ITCH conference. During the 2017 conference, a workshop outlined the current situation, identifying ongoing challenges and a lack of significant progress. This paper summarizes that 2017 discussion identifying political climate as the major impediment to progress on this issue. It concludes with a framework to guide the path forward.Originality/value This paper provides an international perspective to problems, resources and solution pathways with links useful to readers in all countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lien Social et Politiques is the property of Institut National de Recherche Scientifique (INRS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Baseline serum creatinine (bSCr) is required for diagnosing acute kidney injury (AKI). In children, bSCr is commonly defined as the lowest measurement within 3 months of admission. Measured values are often missing and estimating bSCr using height-based glomerular filtration rate (GFR) equations is problematic when height is unavailable. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study including 538 children admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) between 2003 and 2005 at two centers in Canada, with measured bSCr, height, and ICU-SCr values. We evaluated the bias, accuracy, and precision of back-calculating bSCr from height-dependent and height-independent GFR equations. Agreement of AKI defined using measured and estimated bSCr was calculated. Multivariate analyses were performed to assess the impact of bSCr estimation methods on the association between AKI and ICU mortality, length of stay, and duration of mechanical ventilation. Results: Both methods underestimated bSCr by 1-3%, showed good accuracy (∼30% of patients with estimated bSCr within 10% of measured bSCr), but poor precision (wide 95% limits of agreement). The agreement between AKI defined by estimated versus measured bSCr was >80% (κ >0.5). The height-independent method performed best in children >13 years old; however, overall, both methods performed similarly across age subgroups. AKI was associated with longer stay, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and ICU mortality using measured and estimated bSCr. Conclusions: Height-dependent and height-independent bSCr estimation methods were comparable. This may have significant implications for performing pediatric AKI research using large databases, and in clinical care to define AKI when height is unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Kingella kingae has been increasingly identified in patients with osteoarticular infections. Our main objective was to evaluate the association between carriage of K. kingae in the oropharynx of preschool children and osteoarticular infections.Methods: We conducted this prospective case-control study in 2 tertiary care pediatric hospitals (Canada and Switzerland) between 2014 and 2016. Potential cases were children aged 6 to 48 months with a presumptive diagnosis of osteoarticular infection according to the treating emergency physician. Confirmed cases were those with diagnosis of osteomyelitis or septic arthritis proven by positive findings on technetium-labelled bone scan or magnetic resonance imaging or identification of a microorganism in joint aspirate or blood. For each case, we recruited 4 age-matched controls from among children presenting to the same emergency department for trauma. The independent variable was presence of oropharyngeal K. kingae DNA identified by a specific polymerase chain reaction assay. We determined the association between oropharyngeal carriage of K. kingae and definitive osteoarticular infection.Results: The parents of 77 children admitted for suspected osteoarticular infection and 286 controls were invited to participate and provided informed consent. We identified K. kingae in the oropharynx of 46 (71%) of 65 confirmed cases and 17 (6%) of 286 controls; these results yielded an odds ratio of 38.3 (95% confidence interval 18.5-79.1).Interpretation: Detection of oropharyngeal K. kingae was strongly associated with osteoarticular infection among children presenting with symptoms suggestive of such infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aims to assess the association of nursing overtime, nurse staffing, and unit occupancy with health care-associated infections (HCAIs) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Study Design A 2-year retrospective cohort study was conducted for 2,236 infants admitted in a Canadian tertiary care, 51-bed NICU. Daily administrative data were obtained from the database "Logibec" and combined to the patient outcomes database. Median values for the nursing overtime hours/total hours worked ratio, the available to recommended nurse staffing ratio, and the unit occupancy rate over 3-day periods before HCAI were compared with days that did not precede infections. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) that control for the latter factors and unit risk factors were also computed. Results A total of 122 (5%) infants developed a HCAI. The odds of having HCAI were higher on days that were preceded by a high nursing overtime ratio (aOR, 1.70; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.05-2.75, quartile [Q]4 vs. Q1). High unit occupancy rates were not associated with increased odds of infection (aOR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.47-1.51, Q4 vs. Q1) nor were higher available/recommended nurse ratios (aOR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.67-1.99, Q4 vs. Q1). Conclusion Nursing overtime is associated with higher odds of HCAI in the NICU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differences between immigrants and natives in access to employment are closely linked to national origin and gender. While the disadvantage of non-Western immigrant men is often explained in terms of discrimination and the transferability of human capital, that of immigrant women is typically explained in cultural terms, on the assumption that women's labour market participation reflects gender roles in their region of origin. Using survey data on selected workers in Quebec, we examine the relationship between national origin and gender in immigrant's speed of access to employment. The sample consists exclusively of principal applicants from the category of skilled workers in Quebec. Factors linked to "cultural barriers", which are thought to restrict women's access to employment, are thus neutralized in the analysis of the different groups, which all consist of individuals selected to enter the labour market. Cox models with interactions show that the effect of immigrant's gender is combined with that of their national origin, and reveal gender differences in access to a first job which are principally modulated by language skills. In contrast, individual's access to a job corresponding to their level of education differs by national origin and is independent of gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary provides selected observations from 25 years of research in Canadian HIV awareness campaign representation. Earlier research by Hunter (2004) found that HIV awareness posters targeting women focused on messages of fear, rather than presenting women as proactive about safer sex. Although there has been some improvement in recent years, we remain quite troubled by many of the Canadian HIV awareness posters targeting women. We demonstrate that there has been little progress in portraying women's agency in communicating safer sex options with their partners. Further, posters tend to reinforce the stigma associated with HIV, rather than depicting support, to minimize stigma. Canadian HIV awareness posters targeting women are in great contrast to the community-based HIV awareness posters targeting men who have sex with men, where taking control of sexual health and the importance of communication are reinforced. This commentary offers a critical appraisal on the minimal progress of Canadian HIV awareness posters targeting women throughout the years, and makes the case for developing HIV awareness poster campaigns which focus on prevention through communication, and support around stigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Founded in 1932, Canada's Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) brought into a single movement disparate elements that, until then, had shown little inclination to cohere: intellectuals from Central Canada, Prairie farmers, politicized workers, many of them of non-British background, and clergy inspired by the Social Gospel. United during the Great Depression by their shared critique of capitalism, these groups stood more broadly for workers' rights and social justice, two preoccupations that would carry into the issue of immigration. This article explores the thought of J.S. Woodsworth, the intellectual climate on the political left, and the constituent parts of Canadian social democracy to discern major factors and trends in the formulation of CCF positions on immigration policy. It invites greater scholarly reflection on the relationship between economic nationalism, especially the protection of the domestic labour market, and an emergent civic nationalism in mid-twentieth-century Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cahiers des Dix is the property of Societe des Dix and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

First Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Journal of Cell Science, helping early-career researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. Emma Lacroix is first author on 'Evolutionary conservation of systemic and reversible amyloid aggregation', published in JCS. Emma is a PhD student in the lab of Dr Tim Audas at Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada, investigating stress-induced physiological amyloid aggregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various waves of asylum seekers and resettled refugees arriving in Canada since the 1980s reflect the eruption of war and ethnic conflicts in parts of Africa, Central America, and South East Asia. Contrary to long-established immigrant communities such as the Greeks, Italians, and Portuguese, these newcomers have had to fend for themselves and develop their own support networks, leading to new forms of organizing and to the formation of refugee community organizations ( RCOs). This article discusses the findings of a 2008-2011 study on RCOs in Canada, specifically in Montréal and Winnipeg. The objective of the study was to understand the context in which RCOs have developed, the populations they serve, and the role they play in their ethnic communities. Working within the RCO paradigm, we analyze the creation of these organizations, contrast findings with research done in the UK, and raise issues for social work practice. Key Practitioner Message: ● Innovative research in Canada documenting refugee community organizations gives fresh insight regarding community organizing practice; ● Documents the situation of asylum seekers and refugees on an individual and a collective basis in terms of needs; ● Focuses on the necessity of building bridges with refugee organizations to bring them into the mainstream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Tax Journal / Revue Fiscale Canadienne is the property of Canadian Tax Foundation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary: Among 50,461 postmenopausal women, 1,822 fractures occurred (57% minor non-hip, non-vertebral [NHNV], 26% major NHNV, 10% spine, 7% hip) over 1 year. Spine fractures had the greatest detrimental effect on EQ-5D, followed by major NHNV and hip fractures. Decreases in physical function and health status were greatest for spine or hip fractures. Introduction: There is growing evidence that NHNV fractures result in substantial morbidity and healthcare costs. The aim of this prospective study was to assess the effect of these NHNV fractures on quality of life. Methods: We analyzed the 1-year incidences of hip, spine, major NHNV (pelvis/leg, shoulder/arm) and minor NHNV (wrist/hand, ankle/foot, rib/clavicle) fractures among women from the Global Longitudinal study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW). Health-related quality of life (HRQL) was analyzed using the EuroQol EQ-5D tool and the SF-36 health survey. Results: Among 50,461 women analyzed, there were 1,822 fractures (57% minor NHNV, 26% major NHNV, 10% spine, 7% hip) over 1 year. Spine fractures had the greatest detrimental effect on EQ-5D summary scores, followed by major NHNV and hip fractures. The number of women with mobility problems increased most for those with major NHNV and spine fractures (both +8%); spine fractures were associated with the largest increases in problems with self care (+11%), activities (+14%), and pain/discomfort (+12%). Decreases in physical function and health status were greatest for those with spine or hip fractures. Multivariable modeling found that EQ-5D reduction was greatest for spine fractures, followed by hip and major/minor NHNV. Statistically significant reductions in SF-36 physical function were found for spine fractures, and were borderline significant for major NHNV fractures. Conclusion: This prospective study shows that NHNV fractures have a detrimental effect on HRQL. Efforts to optimize the care of osteoporosis patients should include the prevention of NHNV fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the evolution of the relations between Canada and the U.S. with their southern neighbours, in order to compare their respective attitudes vis-a-vis Latin America. It analyzes the political declaration of its leaders over the past several years and explores 3 particular issues namely the respective attitudes of Canada and the U.S. vis-a-vis Cuba and Venezuela, their policies in respect of emerging security threats and the manner in which each country articulate and promoted an agenda of economic prosperity connected with the development of free trade agreements (FTAs). It suggests that Latin Americans may prefer to develop new models and institutions for regional integration that will exclude Canada, the U.S. and Europe.

A four-year student exchange project took place between Canadian and EU universities that engaged in a reciprocal agreement between social work students, social service agencies and universities. Sixty-four students completed their practicum through this program. The article gives an account of the students’ learning experiences and their evaluation of this program. It concludes with a discussion of their learning experiences in cross-cultural exchanges and future recommendations for enhancing international social work field exchanges. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

One important step in the design of inclined covers with capillary barrier effect (CCBE) is the determination of the water diversion length (DL). Numerical simulations can predict the DL more precisely than steady-state analytical solutions. Nevertheless, as simplified methods have always been part of engineering design, the application of analytical solutions with conservative boundary conditions, may allow engineers to make reasonable predictions, particularly during the pre-feasibility stage of a project. In this study, a CCBE was designed, constructed and instrumented at the Saint-Tite-des-Caps landfill, Quebec, Canada. This CCBE included a seepage control layer superimposing a sand-gravel capillary barrier. The seepage control layer was made up of deinking by-products (DBP), an industrial by-product that was previously disposed of as waste. The capillary barrier was designed using an adaptation of the Ross analytical solution and the scenario considered was that of steady-state flow during constant seepage flow applied uniformly at the top of the sand-gravel capillary barrier. Although these conditions appear simplistic, they were deemed reasonable because placement of the seepage control layer on the top of the capillary barrier led to very low suctions at the interface, thereby allowing uniform downward seepage rates, limited by the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the DBP. In this paper, a discussion about the behaviour of the cover system based on 4 years of field data from several instruments is presented. The challenge of using DBP, more precisely the settlement of the DBP layer and its impact on k, is also assessed. The DL was reassessed considering the new k. A discussion on the validity of employing analytical solutions to determine DL is also presented. This paper illustrates how certain variables affect the design of inclined CCBEs that include a highly compressible material as seepage control layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of European Journal of Social Work is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main purpose of this paper is to estimate the size and the growth of Quebec's underground economy, and the corresponding loss of taxes for the government. Our approach is based on a method developed by Pissarides and Weber (1989) and extended by Lyssiotou et al. (2004). The basic hypothesis is that individuals can under-report their earnings from self-employment but not from paid work, from which taxes are directly deducted. We estimate a consumer demand system in which the marginal propensity to consume is allowed to vary with the two types of earnings. We next estimate the amount of self-employment earnings that are under-reported. From this estimate, we calculate the relative size of the underground economy in Quebec. We use data from Statistics Canada's Survey of Household Spending. According to our results, Quebec's underground economy amounted to 4.6% of GDP in 1997 and increased slightly to 5.7% in 2002. For the government, this represents approximately $3.3 billion in forgone taxes for the year 2002. This estimate is very close to those reported by Gervais (1994) and Fortin and Lacroix (2009) using very different estimation methods and data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on the evaluation of ‟The Displaced Person Project: An EU-Canada Social Work Practicum Exchange„ from 2004-2009 that involved 4 EU universities and 4 Canadian universities and consisted of a student practicum exchange, of 64 students and the exchange of eight faculty members from the partner institutions. The project brought together students, educators and social workers in Canada and the European Union in a collaborative teaching and learning endeavor designed to enhance the capacities of social workers to address the realities of the human impacts of global economic migration, in particular, displaced persons that include marginalized, excluded and dislocated populations. This article contributes to the literature on social work field education in that reports on the nature of EU practicum exchange student in Canada and attends to the experiences of both the EU students and the international field co-coordinators. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, in the first section of the paper affirms the value of the exchange experience, documents what students learned and addresses the applicability of the international practicum to a student's local practice. The second section focuses on the perspectives of the EU international field co- while the final section outlines some practice guidelines that are applicable to student exchanges beyond the EU and Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Social Work Review / Revue Canadienne de Service Social is the property of Canadian Association for Social Work Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses a study which described the characteristics, treatment and outcomes of critically ill patients in Canada with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infection. The study used 168 critically ill patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infection in various Canadian adult and pediatric intensive care units (ICUs) during the period April 16-August 12, 2009. Primary outcome measures for the study were 28-day and 90-day mortality, while secondary measures included frequency and duration of mechanical ventilation and duration of stay in the ICU. Occurrence of critical illness in 215 patients with community-acquired 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infection was observed in the study. It also concluded that critical illness due to the virus has occurred rapidly after hospital admission.

The article focuses on the river ice break-up of Mackenzie River basin in Canada. Assessment of annual high-water events in Mackenzie River basin is conducted to determine the regime classification ice- and open-water dominated systems. Specific characteristics of return-period patterns which include alignment and difference between 2 and 10-year events are used to identify regime types and nominal water depths can be expected to transcend those occurring during the peak annual discharge. Physical factors which include location, basin area, stream order, gradient, river orientation and climate are regarded to explain the differing regimes of Mackenzie River basin.

Copyright of Canadian Entomologist is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Information about several papers discussed at the 12th World Congress on Clinic Nutrition held in Edmonton, Canada is presented. Topics tackled include obesity, the application of prebiotics, and the health benefits of alpha-linolenic acid (ALNA). Speakers at the conference include University of Arizona professor Wayne Coates, and physicians Sukhinder Cheena and Leo Dieleman.

Purpose: The authors analyzed 2.48 million interlibrary loan (ILL) requests entered in the National Library of Medicine's (NLM's) DOCLINE system from 3,234 US and Canadian medical libraries during fiscal year (FY) 2005 to study their distribution and nature and the journals in which requested articles were published. Methods: Data from DOCLINE and NLM's indexing system and online catalog were used to analyze all DOCLINE ILL transactions acted on from October 2004 to September 2005. The authors compared results from this analysis to previous data collected in FY 1992. Results: Overall ILL volume in the United States and Canada is at about the same level as FY 1992 despite marked growth in online searching, knowledge discovery tools, and journals available online. Over 21,000 unique journal titles and 1.4 million unique articles were used to fill 2.2 million ILL requests in FY 2005. Over 1 million of the articles were requested only once by any network library. Fifty-two percent (11,022) of journals had 5 or fewer requests for articles from all the years of a journal by all libraries in the network. Fifty-two percent of the articles requested were published within the most recent 5 years. Conclusion: The overall ILL profile in the libraries studied has changed little since FY 1992, notable given other changes in publishing. Small changes, however, may reveal developing trends. Total ILL traffic has been declining in recent years following a peak in 2002, and fewer of the articles requested were published in the most recent five years compared to requests from 1992. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Botany is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Apple trees in an orchard in Quebec, Canada were treated, following label directions, with the fungicide captan (1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-N-(trichloromethylthio)phthalimide) during the 2003 agricultural season. A total of 142 apples from three rows of trees were selected for determination of captan by GC/MS. Individual apples were found to contain captan levels ranging from 16.9 to 6350 ng g-1. Only two individual apple samples exceeded the Canadian maximum residue limit (5000 ng g-1) for captan in apples. Six composite samples, comprising half portions of eight individual apples, were analysed from each of the three experimental rows. Composite samples ranged in concentration from 166 to 2620 ng g-1. The greatest uncertainty associated with the measured concentrations was due to variability among apples rather than the measurement of residue levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have shown that ice duration in lakes and rivers over the Northern Hemisphere has decreased over the 19th and 20th centuries in response to global warming. However, lake ice trends have not been well documented in Canada. Because of its size, considerable variability may exist in both freeze‐up and break‐up dates across the country. In this paper, results of the analysis of recent trends (1951–2000) in freeze‐up and break‐up dates across Canada are presented. Trends toward earlier break‐up dates are observed for most lakes during the time periods of analysis which encompass the 1990s. Freeze‐up dates, on the other hand, show few significant trends and a low degree of temporal coherence when compared with break‐up dates. These results are compared with trends in autumn and spring 0 °C isotherm dates over the time period 1966–95. Similar spatial and temporal patterns are observed, with generally significant trends toward earlier springs/break‐up dates over most of western Canada and little change in isotherm and freeze‐up dates over the majority of the country in autumn. Strong correlations (r > 0·5) between 0 °C isotherm dates and freeze‐up/break‐up dates at many locations across the country reveal the high synchrony of these variables. These results are also consistent with more recent observations of other cryospheric and atmospheric variables that indicate, in particular, a general trend toward earlier springs in the latter part of the 20th century. The results of this study provide further evidence of the robustness of lake ice as a proxy indicator of climate variability and change. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses some of the most important factors of oppression related to international and Canadian policy and practices and the issues that ought to be addressed by social work practitioners. To understand the plight of asylum seekers in Canada, social workers have to have a general understanding of the international context as it relates to asylum seekers, and the policies and practices that have been put in place. It also means understanding policies and practices in Canada that have a direct impact on the lives of asylum seekers both as a marginalized group and as individuals seeking help. Asylum seekers find themselves part of an international scene which comprises large migration movements and efforts by nation-states to stop the flow of unwanted migrants. The article informs that until the early 1990s Canada perceived itself as a country of resettlement and not as a country of first asylum. Canada considered refugees selected overseas or privately sponsored to be the most important group of refugees to resettle. Faced with large migration movements and increasing asylum claims, Canada has now recognizes that asylum seekers are an important subset of refugees entering the country.