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The aim of this article is to reassess the types of care initiatives offered by the Fernández de Velasco family on their manor estates in the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries. Starting in the mid fifteenth century, the family put in place a series of measures that may be grouped together as part of the hospital reform taking place throughout other contexts across Europe. The changes implemented were based on lesser-known hospital strategies, as well as on the emulation of family and regional models. I analyze the role of the nobility in the transformations of health and charitable systems of this period, which have traditionally been closely identified with municipal authorities, the monarchy and the state in large cities. Through reflections on Castile and the Fernández de Velasco lineage, my work aims to enrich the definition of such concepts as "reform" and "hospital models." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Ensayos. Historia y Teoría del Arte is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones Esteticas - Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tiempos Modernos is the property of Tiempos Modernos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article considers the level of consumption of chocolate, particularly chocolate-based drinks, in Burgos in the province of Castile, Spain, during the 18th century. The author comments on the high demand of chocolate in Spain at the time and describes the use of chocolate-specific cooking vessels in Burgos. The relationship between social status, such as wealth, income, and employment, and the consumption of chocolate is also considered. Several charts and diagrams related to chocolate consumption and social class are presented.