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The present research examined the psychological processes underlying engagement in non‐normative forms of resistance and the role of repression. We conducted two studies in the contexts of two distinct social movements, both characterized by high levels of repression— the Anti‐Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement in Hong Kong and the "Chilean Spring" protests of 2019–2020. First, we tested whether non‐normative resistance was motivated by (1) moralization of non‐normative actions (moralization hypothesis), (2) perceived low efficacy of normative actions and lack of hope (nothing‐to‐lose hypothesis), or (3) perceived efficacy of non‐normative actions in achieving movement goals (strategic choice hypothesis). Our results provided converging evidence for the moralization and strategic choice hypotheses, but not the nothing‐to‐lose hypothesis. Furthermore, we proposed and provided evidence for a model of movement escalation, whereby experiences of police violence predicted stronger willingness to engage in future non‐normative actions via heightened motivations for non‐normative resistance and increased risk perceptions. Taken together, these findings illuminate that repression in the form of coercive police violence may be ineffective in quelling social unrest. Rather, it can contribute to the radicalization of protesters. Potential boundary conditions and cross‐contextual generalizability of the current results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a substantial use of pesticides within the agricultural industry of Chile, with neurotoxic effects through mechanisms of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. These pesticides result in deterioration in health, increasing the risk of diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's in highly exposed occupational population. To date, there are no brief assessment tools to monitor cognitive impairment in agricultural workers chronically exposed to these pesticides. Method. 234 agricultural workers and 305 nonagricultural workers were assessed two times (test-retest) through a brief tool which comprised three tests (clock-drawing test (CDT); frontal assessment battery (FAB); trail making tests (TMT) A and B). The full scale of WAIS-IV was administered as a gold standard to 18% of the sample of agricultural workers. Factor analysis was used to evaluate the factor structure, and validity and test-retest reliability were assessed concurrently. Results. Cronbach's alpha values were satisfactory or above (>0.60). Test-retest correlations were all significantly correlated (p<0.001). All the tests had a significant correlation with the full scale IQ score of WAIS-IV (p<0.05). The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) measure was 0.74, and the Bartell sphericity test = p<0.001. Three factors explaining 61.62% of the variance were extracted. Two items of the FAB test were dropped of the final factor solution. Normative data transformed into percentile scores and stratified by age and educational level were obtained for Chilean agricultural workers. Conclusion. The brief assessment tool has adequate metric properties as a screening instrument. This allows for a simple administration test (10 to 15 minutes) that can potentially be used for the rapid monitoring of cognitive deterioration in the face of occupational exposure to pesticides in agricultural workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to evaluate the reliability and validity of a questionnaire to assess organophosphate pesticide (OP) exposure in agricultural workers. We then enrolled a random sample of 114 agricultural workers from the region of Maule, Chile (mean age = 50 years [SD = 12]). An internal consistency analysis (Cronbach’s alpha> 0.70) and a Varimax rotational factorial analysis were applied. The instrument had a high reliability to predict likely occupational pesticide exposures: Cronbach’s alpha = 0.95, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure was 0.90 and the Bartell sphericity test = p < 0.001. Four factors explaining 68% of the variance were extracted. The factors identified were as follows: (1) labor conditions during application of OPs; (2) use of personal protective equipment; (3) workplace conditions related to OP exposure and (4) home conditions related to OP exposure. The questionnaire has adequate metric properties to characterize likely OP exposure of agricultural workers and to explore associated working and home conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Lymphopenia were often observed in immunosuppressed patients with COVID-19 (IS(+)) • IS patients over 39 years old were in more risk to contract SARSCoV-2. • Thrombocytopenia and neutropenia were frequently found among IS(+) patients. • Red cell parameters were frequently abnormal among IS(+) patients. Changes in hematological parameters in patients with COVID-19 are emerging as important features of the disease in the general population. In the present study we aimed to explore the hematological characteristics and its prevalence proportion ratio in patients with immunosuppression with COVID-19. To explore the differences between immunosuppressed and non-immunosuppressed patients, with and without COVID-19 from a hematological perspective. This cross-sectional study reports on the baseline complete blood count in patients attending the HHA Hospital, in Chile. The study reports descriptive characteristics of the population, including sex, age, ethnicity, corticoids and biological therapy scheme and a complete report of blood test results. A total of 476 patients were enrolled in this study from October of 2020 to April 2021. Findings revels a significant increment (p value ≤ 0.001) on the median of total neutrophils and leucocytes, and in platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil- lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and monocyte-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) in immunosuppressed patients with COVID-19 (IS(+)) and immunocompetent patients with COVID-19 (IC(+)) compared with their respective controls. By contrast, a significant reduction on the median of lymphocytes, and eosinophiles was observed in IS(+) individuals compared with its controls. Also, the red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were significantly reduced in IS(+) patients, whereas red blood cell, distribution width and mean corpuscular volume, were significantly higher in patients with COVID-19. Rapid blood tests, including, neutrophil, lymphocytes count and PLR, NLR can be used for early assessment and management of patients with immunosuppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]