Search

This paper draws analytical attention to the debates on legal pluralism to understand Mapuche-Williche expressions of water rights in southern Chile in the context of Chile's environmental institutions, based on a case study of the long-standing conflict over the hydroelectric power plants developed by the Norwegian state-owned company Statkraft on the Pilmaiquén River. The analysis focuses on the hermeneutical problems that emerge from the process through which the Chilean environmental institutions translated the dense cosmogony of the Mapuche-Williche communities around the Pilmaiquén River during the environmental assessment of the Osorno Hydroelectric Power Plant, through the category of a "site of cultural significance", and the impacts that this process has had over time. I argue that, although the category of site of cultural significance made the meaning of water in the normative world of the Mapuche-Williche communities of this territory commensurable, understandable, and partially comparable, it deprived it of its complex meanings, giving rise to various equivocations that imply forms of epistemic injustice of a hermeneutic type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

America has many Indigenous peoples in its territory, with their own cultural, artistic and intellectual ways of communicating. In this sense, the Mapuche people, who traditionally lived in the South of Chile and Argentina, have faced a dichotomous process of integration and resistance, in which the transmission of values and cultural/artistic elements across generations has been fundamental to preserving a common cultural base. Those values have been transmitted, among other things, through poetry. However, it seems that some cultural expressions find it very difficult to accommodate the rigid legal structure of Copyright. One of the main reasons is that Copyright understands creation as something individual, or at least as made by specific individuals. But the Mapuche understands that some of their artistic creations belong to the community as a whole, and not to one individual. This article attempts to show the existing tension between the individualistic tendency of the legal framing of Copyright and the collective characteristics of Mapuche poetry, to propose a review of the adequacy of Copyright norms to regulate those specific and traditional cultural expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stakeholders require transparency that companies are conducting business sustainably, which can be provided through non‐financial disclosures. Businesses that act on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) matters can attain a competitive advantage. ESG has become necessary in the agricultural sector as agribusinesses are considered high‐impact companies. The lack of uniformity in reporting guidelines leads to inconsistent and overloading of information. The objective of this paper is to conduct an evaluation and comparison of the current ESG reporting practices of listed agribusinesses in South Africa, Australia, and Chile. To support the quality and quantity of reporting, the concept of materiality is addressed by recognising what is material to be disclosed to stakeholders. The study evaluates how agribusinesses have incorporated the proposed material topics of the new GRI 13 sector standard into their current reporting practices. A qualitative content analysis was done to identify the presence or absence of the 34 proposed material topics in their reports. The findings indicate a distinct lack of harmonisation in the agri‐food sector disclosures. Topics hardly mentioned included the rights of indigenous people, living income, and climate adaptation. Low disclosures of the keywords Climate adaptation with 3.3% and Climate resilience with 7.0% on average, for all three countries, were reported. It is recommended that the newly proposed GRI 13 sector standard must be implemented as companies can seize this opportunity for increased transparency and gain a strategic advantage. Emphasis on the materiality concept is needed as it connects with the stakeholder theory to disclose only important information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last two decades, cultural tourism has transformed the aesthetics and the relationship between the actors of the Arauco territories. In the post-COVID context, these transformations could be reinforced, especially considering the actual legal scenario about indigenous rights and the global ecological crisis. In most cases, the indigenous people, with cultural tourism initiatives, highlight their world vision, including the relations with nature. For this reason, we propose to study this scientific problem from the relational ontology perspective. In this study, we describe the situation of cultural tourism in Arauco Province, Chile, where Mapuche people, the Chilean State, and the international market coexist in permanent friction. The main objective is to analyze how the pandemic influenced Mapuche cultural tourism, from the Mapuche cultural perspective and the global conditions for their development. The methods of research mixed historical and ethnographic approaches with a sample of key actors of Mapuche cultural tourism. As results, we can show the Mapuche way of understanding cultural tourism and the new conditions derived from the pandemic and post-pandemic contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on recent developments concerning Indigenous rights and policies in Chile, particularly addressing the Mapuche people's land claims, the effectiveness of legal frameworks for Indigenous territories, and the impact of the National Lithium Strategy on Indigenous communities. It highlights the formation of a Presidential Commission for Peace and Understanding, the legislative and constitutional challenges faced by Indigenous Peoples.

While acknowledging advances in legal recognition of Indigenous rights, much of the research literature positions negotiated agreements between Indigenous peoples and corporations simply as 'neoliberal technology' that gives the appearance of Indigenous consent while allowing exploitation to continue. This analysis is flawed in considering agreements as discrete, stand‐alone phenomena. It ignores the possibility that Indigenous peoples may use agreements as part of broader strategies to achieve control over extractive industry activity and to secure a share of 'development' benefits — strategies that involve selective engagement with the state. This article supports its argument by locating an agreement between the Chilean lithium mining company, Albemarle, and the Council of Atacameño Peoples within a broad and sustained strategy by Atacameño people to address the negative impacts of mining in the Salar de Atacama, Chile, while securing its economic benefits. This strategy includes using the agreement to voice Atacameño territorial claims and environmental concerns to the state, and to insist that the state lives up to its responsibilities. The analysis leads to a fuller appreciation of the agency exercised by Indigenous peoples in dealing with the sustained expansion of extractive activity on their territories, and a more nuanced understanding of negotiated agreements between Indigenous peoples and mining corporations and between Indigenous people and the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the demands of indigenous peoples in Latin America and their struggle for the recognition of their rights. It highlights the role of indigenous "citizen diplomacy" in international forums and the codification of collective rights in ILO and United Nations conventions and declarations. The right to prior, free, and informed consultation is emphasized as a key resource for the self-defense of indigenous communities. It mentions the case of Chile and the barriers that prevent the effective participation of indigenous peoples in the country's climate policy. It also addresses topics such as climate governance, intercultural participation, community rural tourism, education of native cultures in the United States, and the migration of Central American women. Additionally, it presents three articles that reflect on feminist anthropology, transgender identity in children, and different forms of identity among gay men. It also includes reviews of works related to precarious labor, food waste, political anthropology, and feminist readings of immigration. [Extracted from the article]

An interview with Camila Vergara, a Chilean critical legal theorist and author of "Systemic Corruption" (2019) is presented. She covers the impact of Pinochet's economic reforms, the codification of neoliberalism in the 1980 Constitution, and the recent protests in 2019 that led to the drafting of a new Constitution. She discusses her work with local councils for constitutional reform, the role of Indigenous rights, and the consequences of the 2022 referendum on the proposed constitution.

Beginning in October 2019, the Mapuche flag became a regular fixture at the mass protests known as the I estallido social i across Chile. Although the draft constitution also recognized many universal rights of individuals, political elites frequently invoked this language of division to claim that collective Indigenous rights recognitions were privileges that came at the expense of non-Indigenous, second-class Chilean citizens. When Loncon stated publicly that militarization violated Indigenous rights and was incommensurate with the political work of reimagining the state and Indigenous-state relations via the rewriting of the constitution, the right-wing political elite countered her argument by framing it as antidemocratic. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Latin American Policy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dados - Revista de Ciências Sociais is the property of DADOS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article reflects from an interdisciplinary perspective that links bioethics with medical anthropology, on the challenges of indigenous peoples in the face of biomedical research according to the current scenario of ethical and intercultural institutions and regulations in Chile. This reflection takes as its foundation two concrete cases of unethical biomedical operations - one with the Rapa Nui people, the other with the Mapuche people - to show the relational dynamics of the actors involved, their expectations and objectives. The reflection proposes a discussion around the possibilities of a bioethics situated and coherent with the frameworks of rights in health of indigenous peoples, that manages to orient biomedical research towards the benefit of the subjects - individuals and groups - in question [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Facultad de Filosofia y Humanidades, Intituto de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Austral de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work analyzes the development of the intercultural perspective in the protection and guarantee of the right to health in indigenous peoples and migrant population in Chile from the legal point of view. It reviews the prevalent practices and experiences in the field of public health in Chile, to establish the shape and scope of interculturality in the protection of the right to health, and the way in which it contributes to interculturality. The intercultural perspective on access to justice in Chile is weak, formal, these are incipient initiatives in the case of indigenous peoples while in the case of migrants, they hardly address language barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Educación para la Justicia Social is the property of Universidad Autonoma de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Experiences in Andean countries reveal that constitutional recognition of plural rights systems is not enough to reduce the detrimental impacts of hydropower on Indigenous communities. In this article, critical legal pluralism serves as an entry point from which to raise questions about the formal recognition of Indigenous legal orders in Chile. Drawing from an hydroelectic project that would dam the Neltume lake, this study examines how to take diverse local water rights systems seriously, without wiping them out by equilizing their divergences with logically ordered, hierarchically differentiated, official law. Accordingly, it shows how a series of legal networks overlap, intersect, and mutually shape each other, as it relates to struggles over water control in Mapuche-Williche territories. Through an ongoing engagement with critical anthropological thought, the article ends by addressing how it can be challenging to translate Indigenous epistemologies and political identities into the most official of all state documents, namely, the Constitution. Considering the present-day constitution-making process in Chile, the research combines several techniques for gathering qualitative data, including in-depth interviews with respondents involved in the conflict, videography, document analysis, and secondary historical sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the following article I present an analysis of three discursive configurations that can be identified from a corpus of state, supra-state and para-state sources of ethnogovernmentality, results that are part of a study about the role of social policies in the Chilean neoliberal multiculturalism of postdictatorship. Theoretically, I attempt to extend elements of the Foucauldian analysis about the government of the populations to the new ethnic question and the multicultural neoliberalism, nevertheless, in this case it is appropriate from a "decolonial" Latin American positioning. Based on this produced textual corpus, I introduce and discuss the three discursive configurations that best express the ethnogovernmental rationality and support the technologies of the multicultural social policy intervention of the studied period, related to the recognition, protection, and the activation of the indigenous subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to critically analyze the National Agreement for Development and Peace in La Araucanía public policy presented in 2018 by the government of Sebastián Piñera as a way to solve the historical conflict between different state and private actors and Mapuche communities. To this end, an interpretative approach of discourse analysis was used with respect to public policy in relation to the human rights approach, specifically in indigenous rights, seeking to identify whether the "Agreement" remedies the most important historical demands emanating from Mapuche organizations and which are subject to protection in different international organizations, given the rights violated by the State of Chile according to various reports cited. As the main finding, a markedly economic orientation has been identified in the proposed resolution of the conflict that benefits other non-Mapuche actors over land restitution or recognition for greater political self-determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1888, the Polynesian island of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) was annexed by the Chilean state. Since then, the Rapanui community has been in a constant process of negotiation with the Chilean state. Central demands are self-determination and self-government, especially in relation to the territory and cultural identity of the Rapanui. This negotiation is gaining relevance and momentum in the context of the current constitutional process in Chile, which was set in motion by the social movement in October 2019 and the demand for profound sociopolitical reforms. The purpose of this article is to discuss the possibilities and limits of a new constitution with regard to the demands of the Rapanui community, taking into account the role of indigenous communities in Chile in general and in the ongoing constitutional process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Methodologically contributes to legal geography and Indigenous rights. • Analyzes hydropower's legal geography of dispossession. • Explores cultural and more-than-human forms of dispossession. • Provides methodological insights on collaborative mapmaking with Mapuche Indigenous leaders. • Considers the political ontology of these legally plural systems. In this article, I examine how hydropower projects in Mapuche territory both form part of internationally recognized approaches to develop renewable energy and also anchor colonial relations in rivers. In pursuit of energy development, water and ancestral cultural practices of the Mapuche Pueblo are being seized by a nexus of state laws and informal practices of private sector actors. Concurrently, Mapuche people assert their jurisdictions and experience resurgence of Indigenous lifeways through defending their waterways. Drawing on collaborative research guided by the Alianza Territorial Puelwillimapu, a Mapuche-Williche alliance convoked by ancestral leaders, I provide a methodological contribution to legal geography's analysis of Indigenous rights. Bringing a legal geography approach to dispossession, I explain how collaborative mapmaking and systematizing the "layers of dispossession" provides a methodological approach to consider structural limitations to environmental justice on Indigenous lands. Overall, this case contributes to how we conceive of spatial justice in legal geography and in renewable energy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ius et Praxis (07172877) is the property of Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polis (07176554) is the property of Polis - Revista Academica Universidad Bolivariana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Development Studies is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article contextualizes the rights of indigenous peoples in Brazil and Chile in the democratic transition processes of these countries. The comparison is adopted to highlight the importance of constitutional rights for the recognition of post-authoritarian political regimes as democratically plural. The authors thus contribute to the debate on the necessary reform of State institutions in order to open legal and political spaces for the shared exercise of power with indigenous peoples in the country's decision-making processes and, above all, in the decisions that directly affect them, as are those pertinent to the great development projects and exploitation of natural resources in their ancestral lands. These issues are important in addressing the perspectives of autonomy for indigenous peoples within the national states in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right of indigenous peoples to prior consultation is marked by a contradiction between two paradigms: a decolonial framework and a human rights framework. States and indigenous peoples from the Global North have invoked these paradigms, respectively during the negotiations that led to set the standard. In Chile we see a different dynamic. The Mapuche and Rapa Nui's history explain why these peoples see prior consultation as a right that recognizes their underlying indigenous sovereignty. However, contemporary international law does not grant indigenous peoples an external right to self-determination. When Chilean authorities continue to evade the implementation of prior consultation as participation, the State might be giving the Mapuche people no other option than to claim external self-determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to present, as well as to analyse legally, the situation of the indigenous population of Rapa Nui in the territory of Chile. Rapa Nui, officially called Easter Island, is an island in the Pacific Ocean basin. It was illegally annexed by Chile in 1888; since then, violations of the rights of native peoples have been observed. The legal-political situation of Rapa Nui (also the name for the inhabitants of Easter Island) is challenging due to the Chilean government's actions towards them. Instances of human rights breaches can be seen in, inter alia , the failure to respect the right to self-determination as well as the right to environmental protection. The article will also consider breaches of very basic human rights by the Chilean government such as the rights to freedom of speech and assembly. The article firstly examines the actual situation in which the indigenous people of Rapa Nui find themselves. Secondly, such analysis will consider the legal situation, in light of both regional (i.e. American) and universal norms. These legal frameworks provide an explicit legal basis that can be used to improve the problematic position of Rapa Nui. The American regional norms, however, are still at the stage of creation and execution. There are a series of judgments from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, which de jure can help the people of Rapa Nui in regaining their freedoms, primarily their right to protest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lafkenche and Williche, the Mapuche coastal population in Chile, used coastal marine areas and resources for centuries. The Spanish colonization and the subsequent establishment of the Republic of Chile curtailed these access rights and traditional uses. In 2008, the government of Chile introduced the "Lafkenche Law" establishing exclusive access rights for traditional indigenous use of coastal marine areas and resources, but the law has not led to effective self-determination or the development of the ethnic Mapuche populations. Interviews with indigenous community leaders in October 2014 confirmed their dissatisfaction with this law. This article discusses whether the experience of other nations, such as the innovative Community Development Quota Program in Alaska in the United States, which allocates a portion of certain species in the Bering Sea to coastal communities, can help overcome marine resources access barriers affecting the Mapuche people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines from a historical and contemporary perspective the political, educational and linguistic demands of Mapuche intellectuals and organisations and how they have been addressed by public policy in Chile. In particular, the article focuses on the Araucanía Region, part of the ancestral territory of the Mapuche people. We adopt a documentary and ethnographic approach to analyse the context, the development and the transformation of Mapuche demands in a political environment influenced and exacerbated by certain actions by both the state and indigenous organisations. The analysis focuses on education and the tensions generated under Chile's neoliberal economic model, affecting the decisions and everyday lives of families and children, especially indigenous families, in the Araucanía Region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoted by the state, and national and international companies, salmon farming has spread to the south of Chile over the last three decades. This expansion has been resisted by local groups as social and environmental impacts in expanded territories of production and processing have been identified. Informed by a counter-territorialisation and network theory lens, we analyse how strategies by the state and national and international companies to expand salmon aquaculture have been resisted by a global network led by the Indigenous nomadic Yagán people. Data was obtained through participant observation and interviews gathered during three periods of fieldwork in the Region of Magallanes. Our research shows how network-making power was employed to resist state territorialisation at sea to reconfigure spatial boundaries and power relations at the border of the Chilean state. These findings extend an understanding of marine counter-territorialisation and contribute to a reorientation of marine policies to recognise networked spatial claims and territorial rights of Indigenous people of the sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se presentan reseñas de varios artículos, incluyendo "Inclusión política indígena en el Perú del siglo XXI, Apuntes electorales" de R. Cedillo publicado en "Revista del Instituto Electoral del Estado de México;" "Una prospectiva valorativa de los derechos humanos desde la óptica de los derechos indígenas" de C. Durand y publicado en "Lex social: Revista de los derechos sociales;" y "El reconocimiento del Derecho consuetudinario indígena como Derechos Humanos. Su estados en el Derecho chileno moderno" de A. Espinoza y publicado en "Cadernos de dereito actual."

Limited evidence exists on the a priori feasibility of implementing ecosystem services (ES) governance arrangements, to simultaneously ensure nature conservation, human wellbeing, and equity. Using a multiscale institutional approach, we explore rules, property rights, and stakeholders’ values and the extent to which such institutions may entail or prevent governance innovations around ES. We focus on water supply and a Southern municipality of Chile as an apt illustration. Results show that the concept of ES and ES mechanisms are exempt from formal norms (e.g., national laws). The formal institutional setting is generally weak with respect to nature conservation and a fragmented view prevails, where the management of land, water, forests and protected areas is separately handled by a myriad of agencies. The presence of highly concentrated water rights may impair benefits appropriability by ES beneficiaries, as long as any potential buyer can acquire water rights. Furthermore, incompatible values regarding nature create tensions across different stakeholders, particularly between hydroelectricity companies and indigenous communities. In this scenario of multiple rationalities, moving towards ES-based environmental governance seems problematic. In light of the evidence, it is clear that the ES approach does not necessarily fit in every local reality and seems to face obstacles, such as achieving equity and justice, particularly in contexts wherein local and indigenous knowledge systems have not been adequately considered by states within their institutional arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Development Studies is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ius et Praxis (07172877) is the property of Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents an overview on the political and economic condition in Chile. Topics mentioned include the development of a new constitution for social mobilization, the rights of indigenous peoples to land, natural resources and political autonomy and the impact of the investment projects to the indigenous peoples.

The article focuses on the disconnection between nations that spend time and resources on various aspects of indigenous consultation, but also fail to understand when consultation should take place and the consequences of such failures, based on the first-hand experiences working with indigenous peoples in Chile. Topics covered include the indigenous right of consultation found in international law, a case involving the Atacameño people's claim and Chile's legal framework.

Indigenous movements have increasingly turned to the global arena to achieve their political goals at the national level. Using the norm diffusion model, the present article analyzes the relationship between the international indigenous rights regime (IRR) and the conceptualizations of indigenous territory used by four Mapuche organizations in Chile over the last 10 years. We find that the organizations draw on the IRR to frame their demand for autonomous territories based on historical Mapuche practices. We identify two conceptualizations: (1) a larger territory with political but not economic autonomy and (2) a smaller natural-cultural space characterized by a distinctive economic logic. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Enduring inequalities in Chile's education system are both a socio-economic and ethno-national problem. Student protests in 2006 and 2011 are representative of growing public concerns over the neoliberal socio-economic model adopted by respective governments since the military regime ended in 1990. Education has also become a contested space in which the recognition of indigenous rights - and cultural and linguistic diversity in particular - have been negotiated. This article presents an analysis of the history of Mapuche struggles over education, in light of recent neoliberal reforms and political protests. Reforms to address large achievement differentials among indigenous populations have come through proposals for Intercultural Bilingual Education ( IBE) in Chile and these, we suggest, have challenged the hegemonic education system and its assimilatory mechanisms. Its current administration, however, reflects minimal commitments to indigenous rights and only the thinnest recognition of cultural difference. Instead, the status quo of mono-cultural and mono-linguistic Chilean nationalism continues to be transmitted via the national curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polis (07176554) is the property of Polis - Revista Academica Universidad Bolivariana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

2012 in Bolivia was characterized by positive economic progress but with a conflictive social agenda Among the sensitive issues were the conflict over the construction of a highway through indigenous territory (known as TIPNIS), the general strike of health workers and the clash between miners working in cooperatives and those working for the state. Although Morales' administration was able to solve some of these problems, adopting a conciliator role in a growing scenario of social fragmentation, other topics remain in the agenda such as the TIPNIS, where the battleground is moving from the streets to the constitutional arena. The most important topics in the international agenda were the unsolved territorial dispute with Chile over access to the Pacific Ocean and the lukewarm relations with the U.S. In general, it was a year between good and bad news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Universum is the property of Instituto de Estudios Humanisticos Juan Ignacio Molina, Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We examine support for policies affecting indigenous ethnic minorities in Chile. Specifically, we examine the role of national group definitions that include the largest indigenous group—the Mapuche—in different ways. Based on questionnaire data from nonindigenous Chilean students (N = 338), we empirically distinguish iconic inclusion, whereby the Mapuche are seen as an important part of Chile’s history and identity on the one hand, from egalitarian inclusion, which represents the Mapuche as citizens of equal importance to the nonindigenous majority on the other. Both forms of inclusion positively predict support for indigenous rights, independent of participants’ political affiliation, strength of national identification, and social distance. A second study (N = 277) replicates this finding whilst controlling for right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, blind patriotism, and constructive patriotism. It also finds iconic inclusion to be predictive of a pro-Mapuche position regarding the unrest over the issue of ancestral land in 2009. We conclude that understanding how national identity affects attitudes about minority rights necessitates appreciating the importance of particular meanings of nationality, and not only the strength of identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]