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Copyright of Literatura y Lingüística is the property of Universidad Catolica Cardenal Raul Silva Henriquez and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work pretends to present nine previously unknown documents related to the preparation, execution, and reception of the first Mapuche-Spanishparliament in Quillín in 1641. These documents differ from those previously published because their authors were high ranking secular leaders. We hope that the addition of these documents will allow for the creation of new areas of study related to the Arauco Indian war and the political intentions of Chile's 17th-century Spanish governors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though Mapuche people represent the largest indigenous population in Chile, the "logic of double rationality" in their educational knowledge and its link with acculturation dynamics, has been scarcely studied. The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between the attitudes toward school education and the acculturation orientations of 468 Mapuche people, with ages from 17 to 53 years (M = 16.19; SD = 7.0). Participants were students of secondary schools and universities from urban and rural areas of different regions of Chile. Results showed that most of the participants presented a bicultural orientation (39.4%), followed by a group of segregated or ethnic identity profile (23.5%), while those who preferred assimilation (17.5%), and marginalization (20.7%) represented a minority. Results indicated that people identified as bicultural scored higher in the components of dual Mapuche/Chilean Mestizo educational rationality than the other acculturation profiles. Also, the fluency in speaking Mapuche language was positively associated with the perception of cultural differences in knowledge and education between Mapuche and Chilean culture, the evaluation of the teaching of Mapuche culture, the perception of school as a factor of assimilation, the valuation of bicultural practices, and the justification of double rationality. Findings' contributions to the development of pertinent educational practices in contexts of social and cultural diversity are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past century, vast swathes of Chile's biologically diverse temperate rainforest have been replaced with radiata pine monoculture as a direct result of exchanges with California that began during the mid-1800s, when Chile experienced a boom in wheat exports to meet the demand of California gold rush populations. Chile's "green rush" of radiata pine has hastened the displacement of people and plants and has created a flammable landscape that acts synergistically with climate change to create larger wildfires and longer fire seasons. The work presented here is premised on the understanding that land is a living, storied site that reveals lessons for correcting our behavior. I draw on theoretical contributions from Native American and Indigenous studies to understand the lessons from fire and the importance of traditional ecological knowledges from Mapuche and California Native homelands in response to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales is the property of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyses social and political conflict in Chile during the agrarian reform period of the 1960s and 1970s through a case study of the province of Cautín, in the indigenous heartlands of the south. Using a combination of written and oral sources, it analyses the responses and strategies of landowners descended from nineteenth-century settlers to the emancipatory projects carried out during the presidencies of Eduardo Frei and Salvador Allende. In the context of an increasingly radicalised agrarian reform programme and a growing number of territorial conflicts with the Mapuche communities, this little-studied political actor developed a collective identity, an ideological discourse and a readiness to use violence which provides important insights into the causes of the military coup carried out in 1973. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we evaluate ethnic solidarity and the vote in Chile with reference to the Mapuche, the largest and most traditional ethnic group in the country. We use electoral data from the mayoral elections of 2012, drawn from all the municipalities of the Araucanía, the region with the largest percentage of Mapuche population. Using a multi-level linear regression model and controlling for poverty and rurality, we found that Mapuche candidates, regardless of their political orientation, were indeed more successful than non-Mapuche candidates in areas with the greatest concentration of Mapuche voters. Additionally, we used results from an unpublished opinion survey conducted in three municipalities of the Araucanía. We concluded that after controlling for other variables ethnic solidarity prevails as a robust predictor of electoral behaviour, albeit more strongly in rural areas than urban ones. The Chilean case, moreover, is useful for studying the strategies used by the traditional parties that promote this solidarity - that is, by presenting candidates with Mapuche surnames in their lists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally in Chile the relationship between the State and the Mapuche population has been one of constant tensions. One of the main causes has been the ignorance held about these native population and their demands, which leads to create programs that have little impact on their life quality. This article displays information collected from different indigenous and nonindigenous actors, that provides evidence of the lack of participation held by the Mapuche people in the public policies that the Chilean government has addressed to this population. It is evident that despite the existence of national and international legislation that establish the need to implement consultations and work in partnership with indigenous peoples in policies that affect them in some way, currently in Chile the policies are still built under a vertical model that excludes the Mapuche population from the public debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mapuche ethnic group has a wide distribution in the IX Region, the migration process of urban development itself, has made part of the Mapuche people move to the city of Temuco, modifying their lifestyles. The study of Body Mass Index (BMI) is the standard recommended by the WHO to know the nutritional status according to the technical standard nutritional norm in Chile. The somatotype is used to estimate body shape and composition. This study describes the nutritional situation and somatotype of a sample of Mapuche municipal schools of the city of Temuco. We evaluated 292 Mapuche adolescents of both sexes, 154 men (52.7%) and 138 women (47.3%), between 10 and 14 years of age. For somatotype anthropometric method was used described by Heath & Carter while the assessment and classification of nutritional status according to technical standards nutrition. The men presented a mesomorphic somatotype (4.9/4.4). Women are endomesomorfico (5.4/4.3). The nutritional status of the sample has the following results in the case of males and 11.7% were obese and 20.1% were overweight. In checkers, 9.5% were obese and 27.5% were overweight. A comparison by gender differences were found in the endomorphy for women (p = 0.00) and mesomorphy in boys, one (p = 0.00). Not so in ectomorphy that did not differ. However, no differences were found when comparing the somatotype components between the ages of the sample. Obese-genic environment which emphasizes the modification of lifestyle, diet, sedentary effect is equally affecting the Mapuche population as the rest of the school population when compared with samples of students in municipal schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors propose an anthropological and historical analysis of the policy of rationing cattle and different goods for the Pampas and Patagonian indigenous groups, implemented by the Argentinean governments between 1820 and 1880. This article explores how the Mapuche justified the rationing system, and its effects on power structures and interethnic relationships. The authors also discuss the historiographic antecedents that assumed a linearly relationship between malón (Indian raids) and cattle trafficking towards Chile, in order to propose the relevance of the rations for the Mapuche economy, understanding them as the governing pact which made possible the formative processes of the provinces and the national states in the pampas since Rosas' period. Documents written by the caciques, their secretaries and the Argentine and Chilean authorities during the nineteenth century will support this hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document reproduced here is a photographic copy of the only printed version of the Tapihue Treaty, signed on January 7, 1825, by the patriot army colonel and commander in chief of the High Frontier, Pedro Barnechea, representing the Government of Chile and the principal chief of the alliance "llanista" Juan Mariluán,. It was the first of several peace agreement sheld between the republic and the various lineages Mapuche groups after independence. While the content of the treaty has circulated before, a visual reproduction of the original form after being published by order of Congress, in the workshops of the National Printing Office, Santiago de Chile, was not available. It is therefore a reliable picture of the "official" sponsored by the Chilean legislature. It is preceded by a presentation that explains the history surrounding its release, rediscovery and technical analysis. Likewise, this presentation provides comments relevant to the legal scope, anthropological and political content. It makes a special reflection on the political status acquired through the territory of Araucania, one of the themes of this work, derived from Fondecyt project on the development of the Mapuche society at the beginnings of the Chilean republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The setter we present here remarks some practices adopted by the Spaniards in their attempts to dominate the natives, specially the "friendly Indians" (indios amigos) behavior in those efforts, who were not unconditionally loyal to the Spaniards, given that loyalty was stable while they were in need of the Spanish army, rather to protect themselves from more powerful alliances or other lineages, to solve old arguments, like some lonkos (caciques) explained to the Governor [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive evidence shows that members of the mainstream (non indigenous) Chilean society ascribe stereotypes to the Mapuche indigenous mainly through negative trait attributions (e.g., Merino, Millamán, Quilaqueo & Pilleux, 2004, among others). Additional research (e.g., Quilaqueo, 2005) indicates that Mapuches are conscious about being stereotyped, suggesting that this indigenous group may hold meta-stereotypes. According to Vorauer, Main, and O'Connell (1998), meta-stereotypes refer to those beliefs that members of an in-group hold about the stereotypes that members of an out-group assign to them. Some authors have suggested or demonstrated that meta-stereotypes influence in-group affective reactions (Finchilescu, 2005) and prejudice toward out-groups (Vorauer et al., 1998), in-group self-definition (Klein & Assi, 2001), and stereotypes that in-group ascribes to out-groups (Finchilescu, 2005). Providing that research in this topic and within this inter- group context is almost nonexistent, the aim of the present study was to examine Mapuches' meta-stereotypes considering this native group as in-group and Chilean non indigenous as out- group. Five aspects of meta-stereotypes were studied: content (attributes), labels (in-group names), accuracy (congruence with stereotypes), uniformity (agreement among in-group members), and structure (attribute configuration). A purposive sample of 39 Mapuche adults from the city of Temuco (Chile), answered a semi-structured survey designed to inquire into interaction experiences with members of the mainstream society. Sample selection criteria were: self-identification as Mapuche, having at least one Mapuche family name, being 18-year-olds or more, and having resided in Temuco for more than five years. The city of Temuco is located in the region that holds the largest Mapuche community in Chile (almost 24% of the regional population). A content analysis of the surveys revealed that mapuches perceive 10 meta-stereotypic attributes, all negatives: inferior, ignorant, lazy, incompetent, primitive, conflictive, dirty, poor, stupid, and drunk. In addition, participants reported having being labeled with two derogatory names as indio and mapuchito. Whereas the label indio was mainly related to intergroup contexts perceived by participants as highly humiliating, the label mapuchito was usually associated with paternalistic attitudes and behaviors that non indigenous Chileans exhibit toward members of this ethnic minority. The 10 meta-stereotypic traits tended to be accurate, that is, they were the same attributes reported in the literature as constituting the unfavorable stereotypes that the out-group assign to Mapuches (e.g., Pilleux, 2005). Also, the report of these attributes and labels tended to be independent from several sociodemographic variables, suggesting a high degree of agreement (uniformity) among Mapuches that out-group members perceive them as possessing these meta-stereotypes. The sociodemographic variables included in these analyses were: gender, age, marital status, Mapuche origin of the participant's spouse, religion, education level, occupational category, time living in the city of Temuco, and membership in Mapuche organizations. A small space analysis (Guttman, 1968) revealed a structure composed by two attribute clusters. One cluster, located around the label mapuchito, includes six traits of a changeable nature (lazy, conflictive, dirty, poor, stupid, drunk), in line with a paternalistic view of this native group. The second cluster, located close to the label indio, includes four attributes (inferior, ignorant, incompetent, primitive), having a more fixed nature, compatible with an extremely offensive and dehumanizing perspective. These findings show that the labels assigned to the in-group tend to be coherent with the contents of meta-stereotypic attributes.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Letras (0459-1283) is the property of Universidad Pedagogica Experimental Libertador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article we analyze the historical processes by which property rights were established in the Province of Arauco, Southern Chile, during the 19th Century. Through the study of notarial documentation from Lebu and Cañete, we will demonstrate that the dominant strategy used in this process was selling of stocks and rights (and not donations). We will further show the consequences derived from this process in property delimitation and in the ways that rights over land were understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mapuche movement reveals the limits and the oblivion of Chilean historiography. If the dictatorship could be read as the implementation of the neo-liberal model, then the post-dictatorship, officially understood as the recovery of a large democratic tradition, has been rather unable, from the beginning, to deal with any social conflict beyond the rhetoric and institutional mechanisms of consensual transition to formal democracy. Among these conflicts the current indigenous activism is a crucial one. Since the 1980s the Mapuche's movement has been showing an active dynamics that questions radically the approaches of social sciences to the national situation and allows interesting counter-readings to the current theories of universalism. To think this indigenous activism is to get rid of the limitations of both the official national archive and the rhetorical figures of the transition to democracy (realism, consensus, national unity). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mapuche Amerindians live now widespread in Central South Chile and Argentina and speak "Mapudungun", an unclassified language. A group of Chilean Mapuche was studied for HLA genes using standard techniques. Typical Amerindian HLA genes and haplotypes are found in the population, like HLA-DRB1*14:02, −08:02 and class II haplotype DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02. However, these and other genes are also common in Pacific Islanders. Thus, relatedness of First America Inhabitants with some Pacific Islanders is stressed. Evidences of Pacific and Atlantic cultural and genetic exchange, probably in both directions, and California Man settlements found since 130,000 years ago makes it necessary a revision of Americas peopling. This study may be also useful for medical Mapuche use in Transplantation and HLA and disease Epidemiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]