Search

The article contains several conference papers presented at the conference "La víctima en el sistema de justicia penal. Una perspectiva jurídica y criminológica," held June 13 and 14, 2013 at the University of Talca, Chile llevado a cabo los días 13 y 14 de junio del año 2013 on topics such as the rights of victims in Chilean criminal law, the status of the victim in Criminal process, and the victim in international criminal law.

The Pucón eruption was the largest Holocene explosive outburst of Volcán Villarrica, Chile. It discharged >1.0 km3 of basaltic-andesite magma and >0.8 km3 of pre-existing rock, forming a thin scoria-fall deposit overlain by voluminous ignimbrite intercalated with pyroclastic surge beds. The deposits are up to 70 m thick and are preserved up to 21 km from the present-day summit, post-eruptive lahar deposits extending farther. Two ignimbrite units are distinguished: a lower one (P1) in which all accidental lithic clasts are of volcanic origin and an upper unit (P2) in which basement granitoids also occur, both as free clasts and as xenoliths in scoria. P2 accounts for ∼80% of the erupted products. Following the initial scoria fallout phase, P1 pyroclastic flows swept down the northern and western flanks of the volcano, magma fragmentation during this phase being confined to within the volcanic edifice. Following a pause of at least a couple of days sufficient for wood devolatilization, eruption recommenced, the fragmentation level dropped to within the granitoid basement, and the pyroclastic flows of P2 were erupted. The first P2 flow had a highly turbulent front, laid down ignimbrite with large-scale cross-stratification and regressive bedforms, and sheared the ground; flow then waned and became confined to the southeastern flank. Following emplacement of pyroclastic surge deposits all across the volcano, the eruption terminated with pyroclastic flows down the northern flank. Multiple lahars were generated prior to the onset of a new eruptive cycle. Charcoal samples yield a probable eruption age of 3,510 ± 60 14C years BP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Villarrica volcano (Chile, 39.42°S, 71.93°W) is one of the most active volcanoes in the Andes. It shows persistent strombolian activity in a small lava lake situated at the bottom of the summit crater. From September to December 2000, the volcano exhibited anomalous behaviour: after a regional tectonic seismic event on 22 September, the eruption of a small volume of lava apparently plugged the conduit. This situation then lasted for ten days. On 5 and 8 October, a series of explosions reopened the system. This eruption behaviour has allowed us to study the evolution of the characteristic tremor in the open and closed states of the conduit: a shift in the peak frequency from 1 Hz (open) to 2 Hz (closed). The explosions related to the opening of the conduit were forecasted by means of a material failure method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]