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Aim: To compare the proportion of participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D) treated with once‐weekly (OW) subcutaneous (SC) semaglutide versus comparators who achieved a composite metabolic endpoint. Materials and Methods: SUSTAIN 1‐5, 7‐10 and SUSTAIN China trial data were pooled. Participants with T2D (aged ≥18 years) and glycated haemoglobin ≥7.0% (≥53 mmol/mol) who had been randomized to OW SC semaglutide (0.5 or 1.0 mg) or comparator in addition to background medication. Using patient‐level data pooled by treatment, proportions of participants achieving the metabolic composite endpoint, defined as glycated haemoglobin <7% (<53 mmol/mol), blood pressure <140/90 mmHg and non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol <130 mg/dl (<3.37 mmol/L), were evaluated following baseline adjustments. Endpoints were analysed per trial using a binomial logistic regression model with treatment, region/country and stratification factor as fixed effects and baseline value as covariate. Pooled analysis used logistic regression with treatment and trial as fixed effects and baseline value as covariate. Results: This post hoc analysis included data from 7633 participants across 10 trials. The proportion of participants who achieved the metabolic composite endpoint was significantly higher with OW SC semaglutide 0.5 and 1.0 mg versus comparators (23.7% and 32.0% vs. 11.5%, respectively; p <.0001). Likewise, when the OW SC semaglutide doses were pooled, significantly higher proportions of patients receiving semaglutide achieved the composite metabolic endpoint versus comparators (29.1% vs. 11.4%, respectively; p <.0001). Conclusions: Treatment with OW SC semaglutide versus comparators was associated with increased proportions of participants with T2D meeting the composite metabolic endpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ceftobiprole is a fifth-generation cephalosporin which has been reported to have broad antibacterial spectrum when tested against bacteria collected from other countries except China. This study evaluated the in vitro activity of ceftobiprole in comparison with other comparators against clinically significant isolates collected across from China. Results: Susceptibility testing of ceftobiprole and comparators against 1163 clinically isolated Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was performed with broth micro dilution method following the CLSI guidelines. All 110 S. aureus were susceptible to ceftobiprole with MIC50/90 of 1/2 mg/L for MRSA and 0.5/1 mg/L for MSSA. For Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), MIC50/90 of ceftobiprole for MRCNS and MSCNS was 1/2 mg/L and 0.25/0.5 mg/L. Ceftobiprole demonstrated good potency against E. faecalis (MIC50/90 of 0.5/1 mg/L) but limited activity against E. faecium (MIC50/90 of > 32/ > 32 mg/L). Ceftobiprole demonstrated potent activity against all 39 β-hemolytic Streptococcus spp. with MIC50/90 ≤ 0.015/ ≤ 0.015–2 mg/L and 110 of PSSP with 98.2% susceptibility. Ceftobiprole inhibited all isolates of H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis at ≤ 1 mg/L. 91.8% and 98.2% of the ESBL-negative E. coli and K. pneumoniae were susceptible to ceftobiprole, but most of the ESBL-positive or carbapenem-resistant strains were also resistant to ceftobiprole. Ceftobiprole inhibited 84.2% of carbapenem-susceptible P. aeruginosa and 94.1% of carbapenem-susceptible A. baumannii at ≤ 8 mg/L, but only 52.6% of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa and 5.3% of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii. Conclusion: Ceftobiprole demonstrated good in vitro activity against a broad range of clinically relevant contemporary Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Monitoring antifungal susceptibility patterns for new or established antifungals is imperative. Antifungal resistance is frequent in molds, frequently leading to invasive mold infections (IMIs) in immunocompromised patients with high morbidity and mortality. Limited availability of effective antifungals for treatment of IMIs in China is an enormous challenge. The purpose of this study was to monitor in vitro antifungal resistance profiles of mold isolates from China, with a particular focus on evaluating in vitro isavuconazole (ISA) activity against these isolates, contributing to the treatment guidance in clinics. Methods: We evaluated the in vitro activity of ISA and its comparators (voriconazole [VOR] and amphotericin B [AMB]) against 131 clinical isolates of Aspergillus spp. (n = 105) and Mucorales order (n = 26) collected between 2017 and 2020 from China. Results: ISA and VOR exhibited similar in vitro activity against Aspergillus spp., with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)50 of 1 μg/mL and MIC90 of 2 μg/mL, respectively. Overall, AMB was less active than azoles against Aspergillus spp. (MIC50: 4 μg/mL, MIC90: 8 μg/mL). Against the Mucorales order, ISA demonstrated MIC50 of 0.5 μg/mL and MIC90 of 1 μg/mL; however, one strain each of Mucor circinelloides and Syncephalastrum racemosum were resistant to ISA (MICs: > 8 μg/mL). VOR exhibited little or no activity (MIC50: 8 μg/mL, MIC90: > 8 μg/mL) against the Mucorales order, whereas AMB had MIC50 and MIC90 of 1 μg/mL. Conclusion: This was the first multicenter, in vitro study conducted in China and demonstrated the excellent activities of ISA against most species of the Mucorales order. MIC indicated an advantage over currently available azole antifungals, positioning ISA as a potential alternative to VOR for clinical management of IMIs. As with other antimicrobials, clinicians should employ stewardship and best practices in relation to potential resistance to new azole antifungals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For nearly half a century, parents in China have faced compulsory quotas allowing them to have no more than one or two children. A great debate in recent years over the impact of this program on China's population continues in PLOS ONE with the publication of Gietel-Basten et al. (2019). The core question concerns how much higher China's birth rates might have been had birth quotas not been enacted and enforced. Gietel-Basten et al. argue that the selection of such comparators in recent studies may reflect subjective choices. They profess to avoid such subjectivities by using what they present to be a more scientific, objective, and transparent statistical approach that calculates a weighted average of birth rates of countries with other characteristics similar to China's. Yet the authors make subjective choices regarding the non-fertility characteristics used to form their comparators which leads to an underestimation of the impact of birth planning. Moreover, their visual presentation, which focuses on the two key sub-phases of the birth program, underrepresents its overall impact. Their comparators suggest that China's population today would be just 15 million more had it not enacted any birth restrictions since 1970 (one percent above its current population) and that in the absence of one-child limits, which began in 1979, China's population would be 70 million less. At the same time, the authors acknowledge that the one-child program has had numerous negative consequences. It seems fair to ask how such consequences could result if the program had no significant impact on childbearing decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To estimate the long-term cost-effectiveness of Vildagliptin vs sulfonylurea as add-on therapy to oral antidiabetic drugs(OADs) in patients with T2D M in China. There will be two pre-define cohorts, one is 666 patients with vildagliptin+metformin treatments and the other is 382 patients with sulfonylurea+metformin treatments. [Extracted from the article]