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Ginseng is one of the rare traditional Chinese medicine in China, with a long history of application. There are many prescriptions of ginseng recorded in ancient traditional Chinese medicine books, yet the name, origin, place of origin, collection and processing, and quality identification of ginseng have changed with the changes of the times. In this paper, the origin and development of ginseng is re-examined, which is convenient for clinical clarification of confusion and forgery. And the modern clinical research of ginseng is summarized to provide reference for the inheritance, use and resource development of ginseng. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multinational companies (MNCs) with valuable trademarks in China seek criminal enforcement against counterfeiting because other available avenues of relief, such as administrative and judicial remedies, have proven to be ineffective. While MNCs prefer enforcement through China's Police, the Public Security Bureau (PSB), many MNCs are unaware of the significant hidden dangers of using the PSB. Most MNCs will delegate enforcement of trademark rights to their Chinese subsidiaries. These subsidiaries are known to make illegal payments to the PSB that may violate the laws of the PRC as well as the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). These acts expose MNCs to draconian penalties under PRC law and the FCPA. MNCs can be unaware of these illegal practices because many MNCs organize their business structures and intellectual property (IP) management strategies in ways that shield MNCs from reviewing some of the on-the-ground actions by their Chinese subsidiaries. This Article exposes these risks, explains how some of these risks arise, and makes suggestions on how MNCs can structure their business organizations and IP management structures in China to eliminate or mitigate these risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of aspirin, prasugrel HCl and clopidogrel bisulfate in the presence of clopidogrel-related compound (impurity-A) in focus on counterfeit. This method was used to determine counterfeited antiplatelet drugs in two substandard Indian pharmaceutical products sold on the market in Yemen and two traditional herbal medicines sold on the market in China. Thin layer chromatography and mass spectrometry of counterfeit herbal medicines have additionally been carried out to verify the identification of adulterants. Chromatographic separation was performed on Inertsil ® ODS-3 C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) with isocratic mobile phase elution containing a mixture of acetonitrile: (25 mM) potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer, pH 2.7 adjusted with 0.1 M o -phosphoric acid (79: 21, v/v), at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and UV detection at 220 nm. Designs of experiment methodology, Plackett–Burman and Box–Behnken designs were used for the screening and optimization of the mobile phase composition. The method validation was also performed in accordance with the International Council on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The method developed for routine analysis was found to be sensitive, simple, accurate and highly robust. The results were statistically compared to reference methods using Student's t -test and variance ratio F -test at P  < 0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sesame oil is popular in China and many other Asian countries due to its pleasant flavor and high nutritional value. Sesame oil essence is often illegally added to other vegetable oils to counterfeit sesame oil. This study aimed to propose a rapid and cost-effective method, which could help to identify the sesame oil and counterfeit sesame oil. For this purpose, the counterfeit samples were prepared by adding essence to inferior oils (soybean oil, sunflower oil, canola oil, corn oil), all oil samples were examined and their Raman spectra served as data for the construction of the soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) models and the important variables for distinguishing between authentic and counterfeit sesame oil were selected by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. The results showed that SIMCA is a strong chemometric technique for classification of authentic sesame oils and the types of counterfeit sesame oil samples based on Raman spectra, and a total 100% correct classification rate of sesame oil could be achieved. The methods allowed the identified counterfeit sesame oil in commercial sesame oil samples, opening the door to further research into the counterfeit detection of other liquid foods. • A rapid detection method for counterfeit sesame oil based on Raman spectra was developed. • OPLS-DA was successfully applied for the selection of important variables from Raman spectra. • The model based on the selected variables by SIMCA yielded the perfect results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) was applied to study the elemental information of geological samples with the assistance of chemometric techniques. Samples of genuine Hetian Jade from Xijiang Province of China, counterfeit jade samples purchased at the neighborhood market, and granitoid samples from the same geographic location of genuine Hetian Jade were analyzed using INAA. The preliminary study indicates that INAA, with the help of principal component analysis (PCA), can be applied to obtain the multi-elemental concentrations of geological samples with high sensitivity, thereby effectively differentiating genuine Hetian Jade from counterfeit ones. • Hetian Jades have given high significance to Chinese civilizations and are expensive in par with diamonds. • Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) is a multi-elemental radioanalytical technique with high sensitivity and minimum possibility of chemical contamination. • INAA was applied to extract elemental information for determining the authenticity of Hetian Jade with the assistance of Principal Component Analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carl Nagin's recent query concerning the authenticity of the Metropolitan Museum of Art's recently acquired Chinese painting, "The Riverbank," attributed to the Five Dynasties (907-960) master, Dong Yuan, and donated by Francis Y. Tang in May, 1997 from the C. C. Wang family collection, has touched off a controversy. In his article for "The New Yorker" magazine (August 11, 1997), Nagin notes that this invaluable landscape painting, likened by C. C. Wang to Leonardo da Vinci's "Mona Lisa," should be considered a forgery, possibly executed by the late notorious Chinese artist, forger, and art dealer Zhang Daqian (1899-1983). In support of this argument, Nagin's article cites a critical evaluation given by James Cahill, a leading Chinese art historian at the University of California, Berkeley. Cahill's doubts about "The Riverbank" first surfaced in his "Index of Early Chinese Painters and Paintings" in 1980. Based on Cahill's article, Nagin claims that the scroll now hanging on display at the entrance of the Museum's Chinese-painting galleries cannot be accepted as a ten-century painting, because of its fuzzy brushwork, structural incoherence, and unreadability. It is instead a fake sold by Zhang Daqian to the New York connoisseur C. C. Wang in 1956, both of whom, Nagin stresses, have cooperated for decades in peddling forgeries into the United States.