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The coupling coordination of digital economy and green high-quality development of industries is an important way for sustainable and high-quality economic development. This paper constructs an evaluation index system for the digital economy and industrial green high-quality development, and conducts empirical analysis using the coupling coordination model, the spatial autocorrelation model, and the Tobit model. The data from provinces and cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt spanning from 2008 to 2021 has been analyzed. Results show that both subsystems exhibit a good and rising coupling coordination, and the regional coupling coordination demonstrates a trend of higher values in the east and lower in the west. Moreover, there is interaction between provinces and cities, albeit with a weakening correlation after 2011. Additionally, spatial clustering is evident between regions with high and low coupling coordination. The coupling coordination degree of each region is impacted by important factors, such as economic development level, financial level, opening up, fiscal expenditure, and urbanization. Therefore, the study recommends policies aimed at boosting the coupling coordination level in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Key policy proposals contain promoting the integration and innovation of digital technology and green low-carbon technology, strengthening regional cooperation through the transfer of industries, and adopting differentiated development strategies tailored to regional advantages and the varied impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge transfer is considered the efficient way to improve regional innovation, but relatively little is known about how the innovation efficiency of scientific and technological (S&T) talents is affected by knowledge transfer within institutional environment, particularly, limited studies carried out regional differentiation analysis. Using panel data from 30 provinces in China between 2005 and 2017, this article empirically tests the influence of the institutional environment on knowledge transfer and analyses its impact between knowledge transfer and innovation efficiency of S&T talents in China. The results show knowledge transfer can significantly improve both the scientific and the economic innovation efficiency of S&T talents. Moreover, the effects of knowledge transfer on the innovation efficiency of S&T talents in eastern, central and western China had heterogeneity. Formal and informal institutions play mediating roles between knowledge transfer and innovation efficiency of S&T talents. This study contributes to the literature by constructing an econometric model with identified variables to test the impact of knowledge transfer on the innovation efficiency of S&T talents in China, in addition, the equation about knowledge transfer was explored. The research findings are valuable to regional governments and policymakers; our empirical evidence helps to develop more efficient strategy and policy planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reveal the current status and future trends of lubricant additives, this study analyzes the structured and unstructured data of 77701 lubricant additive patents recorded by Patsnap. The results show that China is the country with the largest number of patents in this field, and the United States is the main exporting country of international technology flow; the current research and development of lubricant additives is dominated by multifunctional composite additives; environmentally friendly additive compositions are the current research hotspot; and more environmentally friendly and economically degradable additives have more development potential in the future. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the research and application of lubricant additives and contributes to the future development of the lubricant industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wave of the digital era, Building Information Modelling (BIM) has emerged as the primary tool for intelligent construction and digital transformation in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry. China's focus on policy guidance for the dissemination and application of BIM technology has promoted high-quality development and technological innovation in the AEC industry. However, few studies have described the multi-dimensional evolution picture of BIM technology policy in China, and lack of effective grasp and prediction of policy evolution law and future direction. An improved policy quantitative analysis framework is built using natural language processing (NLP) based on deep learning in this paper. The dynamic characteristics of 242 Chinese BIM technology policy documents from 1998 to 2022 in the PKULAW database are quantitatively analyzed by the framework, and the four-stage integrated evolution of Chinese BIM technology policy is quantitatively mapped in a visual form through network analysis and dynamic topic model (DTM). Furthermore, this research conducts a comprehensive discussion from three dimensions, providing valuable insights for policy makers and industry participants in China. The findings contribute to the deep integration of policy optimization and the construction industry, while also aiming to share China's experience in BIM technology governance with other countries and regions. Ultimately, this study seeks to support the global AEC industry in its digital transformation and development by offering valuable knowledge and perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Exosomes have become one of the frontiers of biomedical research in recent years because of their promising applications in clinical diagnosis and therapy. OBJECTIVE: To reveal the basic research and technology development trend of exosomes at home and abroad, and provide suggestions for related scientific and technological research and development in China. METHODS: This paper presented a quantitative analysis of the overall research and development situation, the frontier hotspots and future development trends in this research area by means of bibliometric methods and tools. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The research and development hotspots in this area have entered a high growth phase with the application of new tools and methods. Many new technologies and products are facing clinical applications and markets with the development of a large number of clinical translation experiments. Comparative analysis at home and abroad reveals that China has made more remarkable achievements in basic research in this field, but there are still weaknesses in the possession of independent intellectual property rights, clinical technology translation, and regulatory system standardization and management, which need to be further strengthened in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of urbanization has brought new challenges to the ecological environment, and the promotion of green technology innovation and development is widely recognized as an essential method to achieve cities' economic benefits and environmental protection. This paper examines whether the new urbanization pilot policies (NUP) increase green technology innovation (GTI) from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. This paper examines the impact of new urbanization on GTI by analyzing data from 285 cities in China between 2010 and 2021, using the multi-period DID model with the implementation of NUP as an exogenous policy shock. The study results indicate that NUP significantly affects GTI, and the conclusion still holds after the parallel trend test, placebo test, and other robustness tests. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the NUP significantly enhances GTI in low environmental pollution, non-resource-based, Medium-sized, and Central Region cities. The test of moderating effect shows that NUP has a "linkage effect" with the government's environmental attention, financial investment in innovation, and regional talent pooling. The findings of this paper provide empirical evidence and decision-making reference for promoting NUP and sustainable development of cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, as China experiences economic expansion and its corporations become more global, it has notably become a central hub for cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) on the world stage. The Chinese government, in tandem, leverages these international M&A operations to drive industrial transformation and progress in technology. This research investigates the role of China's industrial policies in shaping cross-border M&A activities by examining recent instances. Findings indicate that relaxing financial barriers and applying specific industrial tactics bolster companies' abilities to secure funding, consequently energizing cross-border M&A initiatives. Several firms in these international mergers and acquisitions are intricately connected to political strategies, markedly affecting the formulation of industrial policies. This assertion is corroborated through the analysis of relevant statistical evidence. The study methodically collects and scrutinizes data to quantitatively depict the current landscape and influencing elements of cross-border M&A, thus providing concrete evidence for policy and business strategy formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As China's economy progresses towards high-quality development, the construction of science and technology think tanks, with talent construction as the key, has become an important supporting force and occupies a unique position in the national innovation system. In recent years, with the rapid expansion of the number of think tank talents, how to evaluate and manage think tank talents has become a key factor in the development of think tank influence and competitiveness. Based on the experience of talent team construction at home and abroad, Taking the typical science and technology innovation think tanks of Henan Province as an example, this paper analyzes the current situation and status quo of science and technology innovation think tank talents, and finds problems in the talents, Summarize the factors that affect the talent construction and development of science and technology innovation think tanks, From the perspective of six dimensions of competency model, four first-level indicators of talent quantity, talent quality, talent ability and talent contribution of science and technology innovation think tank and 16 subordinate second-level indicators are constructed for talent evaluation of think tank. Ahp is adopted to set questionnaires and collect data with Likert5-level scale, and yaahp software is used to verify the weight verification evaluation effect. Invite experts in the field to score the evaluation indicators. The research results show that the talent evaluation index of science and technology innovation think tank based on competency model pays more attention to the standardization, integration and systematization of the talent evaluation of the think tank, and the system is scientific and reasonable. It can provide reference and reference for promoting the construction, evaluation and development management of scientific and technological innovation think tanks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature on technology transfer to Africa is dominated by studies on agribusiness, military technology, information and communication technology, energy, climate change, health, and manufacturing, while it is scanty on others like transport infrastructure. In this article, we reviewed literature and carried out key informant interviews to collect data on technology transfer for Chinese-built roads in Kenya. Our objective was to examine the extent of technology transfer from Chinese multinational corporations to Kenyan institutions and organizations. We established that there was little technology transfer mostly because of Kenya's internal obstacles such as inadequate absorptive capacity, weak competition culture, and weak legal and institutional frameworks on technology transfer. Multinational corporations transferred technology primarily to fulfil their commercial objectives and to meet the domestic labour training requirements. The technology transferred was not sufficient to simulate innovation and technology development in Kenya. We recommend reviewing Kenya's legal and institutional frameworks on international technology transfer in order to improve the participation in and enforcement of technology transfer by government institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of the 1970s, the People's Republic of China (PRC) promoted policies to attract investments from the developed capitalist world, aiming for technological transfer and offering a profitable environment in exchange. Although the TNC capital, know-how, and technology have been key factors for Chinese development, the State has planned and regulated those investments, so they can be aligned with an autonomous project of development, avoiding the classic centre-periphery dependency relationship. This paper analysis focuses on the Five-Year Plans, and the regulation policy laws for inward investment. At the end we analyse the FDI data, which allowed us to identify the main changes and distinct phases of the development of FDI and the State policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the West, China exhibits a proactive attitude and conservative actions to developing entrepreneurial universities. This article deconstructs such a paradoxical approach by analysing the scholarly literature, policy discourses, and empirical data and their various perceptions of entrepreneurial universities in the Greater Bay Area (GBA). We conducted 71 interviews in four case universities to obtain empirical data for triangulation with the literature and policies. Our main research findings include the following: (1) there is a desire to introduce the concept of entrepreneurial universities from the West, along with their characteristics and aims; (2) China's policy discourse of excellence and pragmatism affects entrepreneurship education and technology transfer; and (3) an emerging identity of entrepreneurial universities is constrained by attitudes and barriers at the institutional level. China's perceptions and practices reflect a lack of sustainability of and fragmented approach to developing entrepreneurial universities, with strong implications for establishing entrepreneurial universities elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how latecomer firms manage to achieve industrial upgrading through strategic coupling with global lead firms in automotive production networks. Drawing upon the example of the Guangzhou Automotive Corporation in southern China, this paper theorizes 'cross‐scalar tension' as a key factor to explain why the four cases of strategic coupling between lead firms, the same domestic firm and state ended in different results, from decoupling to a sustainable coupling with local upgrading. This paper contributes to the pertinent literature by demonstrating that cross‐scalar tension is inherent to the nature of global production networks, and unreconciled tension concerning different corporate strategies on technological transfer, localization and product development could lead to decoupling. Importantly, good coordination and matching on corporate strategies between lead and domestic firms could relieve cross‐scalar tensions, thus fostering local industrial upgrading and sustainable strategic coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the main direction of a new round of industrial technology reform, the intelligent manufacturing industry has become an important trend in the transformation and development of China's manufacturing industry. It provides a new way for manufacturing industry in China to get rid of the low-end position in the global value chain distribution, enhance its competitive advantage, and realize the fundamental reversal from the low-end to the high-end. The continuous realization of intelligent process is inseparable from the innovation and diffusion of intelligent technology. Based on this, the moderated mediation model was constructed to study the sustainable mechanism of technological innovation diffusion on the intelligent transformation of manufacturing enterprises, and the specific path of technological innovation diffusion influencing the intelligent transformation of manufacturing enterprises was clarified, through the rise of value chains under the effect of competitive advantage. Using 257 valid samples of survey data to test the moderating effect model with mediation. The results show that: (1) Technological innovation diffusion has a significantly positive impact on the intelligent transformation of manufacturing enterprises; (2) The climbing of value chains can partially mediate the sustainable mechanism between technological innovation diffusion and intelligent transformation; (3) Competitive advantage plays a moderating role in the process of technological innovation diffusion, influencing value-chain climbing. With the continuous improvement of enterprise competitive advantage, the impact of technological innovation diffusion on the rise of the value chain gradually decreases; (4) The intermediary role of value chain climbing in the relationship between technological innovation diffusion and intelligent transformation was regulated by competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of information technology and artificial intelligence, translation technologies have seen rapid development in language services and increasing integration in higher education. However, research on factors affecting students' acceptance of these technologies remains limited. This study intends to formulate and test an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) incorporating computer self-efficacy and perceived enjoyment to investigate students' adoption of translation technologies. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 370 college students in China experienced with using translation technologies. The results from the structural equation modeling demonstrated a positive prediction on perceived ease of use and enjoyment from computer self-efficacy. Perceived enjoyment increased perceived ease of use and attitudes. Perceived ease of use positively influenced perceived usefulness and attitudes. Finally, attitudes positively predicted greater behavioral intentions to use translation technologies. However, computer self-efficacy was identified to have no significant effect on perceived usefulness. The study makes significant theoretical contributions by expanding TAM and offering practical guidance to improve students' acceptance of translation technologies in tertiary education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is actively promoting the development of a robust trading nation. In this context, utilizing data from China's A-share listed companies spanning from 2003 to 2021, this study investigates the impact of foreign shareholders on enterprises in a scenario where overseas sales reduce the profit margin of Chinese firms. The findings reveal that overseas sales do indeed decrease the profit margin of Chinese enterprises; however, foreign shareholders mitigate this negative effect and various robustness tests support this conclusion. Mechanism analysis confirms that foreign shareholders primarily enhance enterprise productivity through improved production technology spillover effects, thereby alleviating the adverse impact of overseas sales on Chinese firms' profit margins. Heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that both longer holding periods for foreign shareholders and multiple foreign shareholders significantly alleviate the negative influence of overseas sales on Chinese firms' profit margins. Moreover, there is significant heterogeneity in how foreign shareholders alleviate these detrimental consequences based on property rights nature, institutional environment, overseas related party transactions and subsidiaries, as well as industry attributes. These findings have important reference value for China's efforts towards becoming a strong trading nation and can contribute to enhancing trade capacity in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of the technical cooperation mode in the field of hydrogen energy is of great importance in guiding technological innovation. Based on the social network analysis (SNA) and spatial network method, this paper constructs the technical cooperation graph of China's industry-university-research (IUR) tripartites in the field of hydrogen technology. Based on the performed graphs, it shows the game and evolution of hydrogen technology innovation in three stages, respectively 2000–2010, 2011–2015 and 2016–2019. Meanwhile, this paper calculates the changes of network indicators and found that: (1) the network density showed a downward trend, from the initial 0.062 to 0.003. (2) The degree centrality of the network decreased from 14.7% to 5.7%. (3) The average path length and clustering coefficient indicate that the internal connections within the network were relatively close from 2000 to 2010, and had small-world characteristics. From 2016 to 2019, although the clustering coefficient increased, the average path length also increased significantly, indicating that the internal connections of the network did not become closer. From the network characteristics, the collaborative innovation network of China's hydrogen energy industry continues to expand in scale and scope, and the cooperation relationship is stable. However, it shows the characteristics of low network density and loose cooperation relationship, gradually developing into a scale-free network. Developed provinces and cities in North and East China occupy core positions in the industry-university-research network, while other regions are gradually expanding their cooperation efficiency; however, the overall cooperation frequency is relatively low in Northeast China, and most provinces and cities in South and Northwest China are in edge positions with poor collaboration capabilities. • Network analysis sheds light on China's hydrogen energy tech cooperation via patent. • Collaborative innovation in hydrogen technology evolves through three stages. • Tight internal connections with small-world properties seen in network (2000–2010). • Network's internal connections didn't become closer (2016–2019). • Network transforms from a stable and expanding structure into a scale-free network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social sustainability is a global necessity because of environmental and economic uncertainty. This issue needs the foremost solution, and for this purpose, researchers' and policymakers' emphasis is required. Thereby, the present paper investigates sustainable energy technologies such as solar and hydroelectric, eco-innovation and EG and their impact on social sustainability in China. The study also used industrialization and inflation as the control variables in the time span of 1981 to 2020. The present study also applied the Dynamic Auto-regressive Distributed Lags (DARDL) model to evaluate the association between the outlined variables. The results indicated that sustainable energy technologies such as solar and hydroelectric, eco-innovation, economic growth, industrialization and inflation are significantly associated with social sustainability in China. The present paper offers standard policies to regulators in making regulations related to maintaining social sustainability by using effective sustainable energy technologies and eco-innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though the influence of high-speed rail (HSR) on innovation has drawn sustained attention, few studies have investigated the effect on technology transfer (TT), and even fewer studies have examined the structural dependency between transportation and TT. Using the exponential random graph model for multilevel networks, this study attempts to provide an in-depth analysis of the impact from a two-level network perspective, with the associated network configuration providing insights into how HSR shapes intercity TT. Our findings suggest that HSR facilitates inter-city TT and promotes innovation convergence. Specifically, cities with a higher degree centrality are more active in exporting technology rather than absorbing it. In contrast, the betweenness and closeness centrality of cities have no significant effect on TT. The effect of HSR, which is apparent among cities with direct connections along HSR lines, decays significantly in cities with indirect connections. This work allows for the identification of the conducive HSR layout for promoting inter-regional TT. • Explore the impact of HSR on inter-city technology transfer using MERGM. • HSR induces the technology diffusion effect and promotes innovation convergence. • The direct connection effect of HSR far exceeds the indirect effect. • Degree centrality of cities in HSRN can significantly promote technology export. • Digital economy and fiscal expenditure for innovation contribute to technology absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterprise digitalization and intellectualization (EDI) is a crucial aspect of China's modernization process. However, uncertainty in market and business decisions hinders the EDI diffusion process in China. Therefore, this research aims to solve the uncertainty problem of EDI diffusion by examining market demand and government policy coordination. First, we utilize complex network game theory and establish a technology–organization–environment framework for the factors that influence the elements of EDI transformation by combining evidence from existing studies. Second, the network game model is constructed to analyze and optimize the updating rules in the network as a diffusion strategy that enterprises under the uncertain market can adopt. Finally, the impact of adjusting government subsidies and different premiums on the diffusion of EDI transformation strategies is examined. The degree of market diffusion and average revenue of EDI are higher after the optimization of network node strategy updating rules compared to before optimization. Further analysis reveals that only the premium effect of product pricing and inverted U-shaped subsidy support from the government affect the degree of market diffusion and the average revenue of EDI, while the other premium effects are not significant. These findings enrich research related to complex networks and nonlinear dynamic strategies. They also indicate recommendations for government policies to enhance diffusion efficiency and reasonable pricing for enterprises to promote returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy blockchain is a platform based on blockchain technology, creating a secure, transparent, and decentralized system for peer-to-peer transactions and automated smart contracts. This platform has the ability to facilitate the exchange and management of energy resources, such as electricity or renewable energy certificates. Our research aims to clarify the growth trends of energy systems with blockchain technology throughout the world. The novelty of this study is to understand the main factor in energy blockchain patent granting using a patent decomposition analysis and log mean Divisia index analysis and discover the relative importance in the R&D shift from electricity to other technology. Additionally, the IPC for energy blockchain technology primarily focuses on configuring and managing energy systems, including electricity, gas, and water supply. We also present a comprehensive overview of how countries and companies engage with energy blockchain technology and find China leads with 59% of patents, followed by the U.S. with 20%, but their specific tech shares differ. Participants span beyond traditional energy sectors, including electric and electronic machinery, IT firms, transport manufacturers, startups, and universities dedicated to blockchain technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The special public funding policies, formulated and implemented by provincial governments, plays an important role in the development of private universities in China. However, there is a lack of scientific evaluation on the rationality and completeness of the provincial special public funding policy of China's private colleges and universities. Therefore, this paper uses PMC-index model and text mining technology to establish an evaluation index system for the provincial special public funding policy of private universities in China. Based on PMC-Index and PMC-Surface, 13 policy texts issued since 2010 were evaluated scientifically. The results show that the average PMC-Index of the 13 policies is 6.97, and the PMC-Surface map is smooth, which indicates that the overall structure of these policies is reasonable and the policy content has certain completeness. Only one policy is unacceptable. Through further analysis, we found that there is still much room for improvement in the content design of the sample policy, and its rationality and completeness are related to the publication time. This study is helpful to fully understand the advantages and disadvantages of the provincial special public funding policy of private universities in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates determinants of science and technology parks (STPs) performance in China. We estimate dynamic panel‐data models on a sample comprising 53 STPs for 2008–2018. Foreign direct investment and human capital impact labour productivity and innovation of STPs and explain differences in performance among them. We find evidence for beta‐ and sigma‐convergence of labour productivity and beta‐, but not sigma‐convergence of innovation. Our study provides novel insights for research on STPs and innovation policy regarding heterogeneity in performance of STPs, and specifically, some evidence concerning formation of "clubs" of STPs based on the city‐tier system in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To promote university patent transfer (UPT) and technology diffusion, the Chinese government has implemented a series of economic incentives. One such incentive involves increasing the share rate of faculty inventors from 20% to 50%. We investigate whether such sharing arrangements are effective in encouraging patent disclosure by faculty inventors and in ultimately enhancing UPT performance. To conduct our empirical analysis, we selected the top 35 universities in China based on their rankings in terms of patent applications and collected comprehensive data pertaining to their patent applications and faculty inventors. A regression model based on propensity score matching was developed to obtain the results. The results demonstrate that the economic incentives of increased inventor share rates only partly achieved the policy goals. Specifically, increasing the inventor's share of equity exhibits positive influences on faculty invention disclosure rates at both the faculty and patent levels but a negative impact at the university level. It also leads to an improvement in university UPT performance. In contrast, increasing the inventor's share of royalty fails to produce the desired effect. It does not significantly contribute to promoting invention disclosure or UPT performance. From these results, this study provides better ways for Chinese university administrators and policymakers to improve the future of invention disclosures and UPT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the signing of the JCPOA nuclear deal between Iran and the 5+1 countries in June 2015 and the subsequent lifting of international sanctions, many observers predicted that Chinese carmakers would be squeezed out of the Iranian market by European and South Korean manufacturers. In 2018 however, after the Trump administration withdrew the United States from the agreement and reinstated sanctions, the situation moved in favour of the Chinese car industry. China has now become the biggest overseas player in Iran's automobile market. This article argues that the abandonment of the JCPOA by Washington led to the 'China-ization' of the car industry in Iran and shows how Iranian carmakers played an instrumental role in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 1950s and early 1960s, a large number of specialists from the German Democratic Republic (GDR) were sent by their government to China to assist in the latter's socialist construction, in which the GDR government had significant room to manoeuvre. These experts helped improve the GDR's economic relations with China yet during their tenure in China, they enjoyed preferential treatment from the Chinese government, and their living conditions were much better than those of the average Chinese people around them, which triggered resentment and violence from ordinary Chinese people. Meanwhile, East Germans were deeply concerned about Chinese technological catch-up via imitation and reproduction. The hierarchical system of socialist economic and technological cooperation and the legacy of technology transfer between Germany and China since the late nineteenth century were two main reasons for this predicament in bilateral relations, which undermined their cooperation even before the bilateral split became widely known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investment in hydrogen-refueling stations (HRS) is key to the development of a hydrogen economy. This paper focuses on the decision-making for potential investors faced with the thought-provoking question of when the optimal timing to invest in HRS is. To fill the gap that exists due to the fact that few studies explain why HRS investment timing is critical, we expound that earlier investment in HRS could induce the first mover advantages of the technology diffusion theory. Additionally, differently from the previous research that only considered that HRS investment is just made by one individual firm, we innovatively examine the HRS co-investment made by two different firms. Accordingly, we compare these two optional investment modes and determine which is better considering either independent investment or co-operative investment. We then explore how the optimal HRS investment timing could be figured out under conditions of uncertainty with the real options approach. Given the Chinese HRS case under the condition of demand uncertainty, the hydrogen demand required for triggering investment is viewed as the proxy for investment timing. Based on analytical and numerical results, we conclude that one-firm independent investment is better than two-firm cooperative investment to develop HRS, not only in terms of the earlier investment timing but also in terms of the attribute for dealing with the uncertainty. Finally, we offer recommendations including stabilizing the hydrogen demand for decreasing uncertainty, and accelerating firms' innovation from both technological and strategic perspectives in order to ensure firms can make HRS investments on their own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographical distance constitutes friction in searching for research collaborators. Taking advantage of a quasinatural experiment featured by High‐Speed Railway (HSR) lines in China, this paper employs the difference‐in‐differences model to identify the causal impact of a substantial improvement in the intercity transportation infrastructure on collaborative innovation across cities. The data pertain to a universe of patent applications filed by Chinese universities and their citations. We find that HSR contributes to a substantial increase in the innovation quantity and quality of collaborative patenting innovation between universities and corporates. It contributes to industry collaboration by utilizing university academic disciplines in the related technology fields. Lastly, HSR facilitates universities to search for new research partners with better quality beyond the geographical boundary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-regional technology transfer is an important driving force for achieving the coordinated development of technology resources and breaking down China's provincial technical barriers. Due to the imbalance in China's technology development level, it is difficult to achieve comprehensive revitalization policies. Therefore, improving the efficiency of technology transfer is an effective way to solve this problem. This paper selects the relevant data of 31 provinces and regions in China in 2019 for analysis, uses factor analysis to measure the efficiency of technology transfer, and then proposes a technology transfer improvement path through QCA clear set configuration analysis. The study found that the development of technology transfer efficiency in 31 provinces and regions in China is extremely unbalanced. The improvement paths that effectively break this unbalanced development status can be summarized into 4 types, namely, the "intermediary-environment" leading path, weak "intermediary-R&D-environment" leading path, strong "intermediary-R&D-environment" leading path and "intermediary-economic" leading path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing carbon emissions is the only way to solve the global climate problem, which obviously requires the joint efforts of all regions. From the perspective of carbon emission reduction demand, this research obtains the data of low‐carbon patents and CO2 emissions from 2000 to 2019, and then explores the innovation effect of low‐carbon technology transfer in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB). We draw the following conclusions: (1) Low‐carbon technology transfer has a positive impact on low‐carbon technology innovation. However, a large number of low‐carbon technology transfers are concentrated between developed regions in the YREB at present. (2) No matter from the perspective of total amount or efficiency, carbon emission reduction demand can play positive moderating role in the process of exerting the innovation effect of low‐carbon technology transfer, indicating that the transfer of low‐carbon technologies to regions with high demand is efficient. (3) The moderating effect of carbon emission reduction demand in different regions has regional heterogeneity. Carbon emissions per unit of GDP plays a greater role in moderating the innovation effect of low‐carbon technology transfer in the eastern region, while CO2emissions plays a greater role in the central and western regions. Therefore, we propose to strengthen the transfer of low‐carbon technologies between developed and less‐developed regions, and adopt differentiation strategies according to the actual situation of each region. Our research has deepened the understanding of environmental economic geography on the innovation effect of low‐carbon technology transfer, and has reference significance for global low‐carbon technology cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting growth in patent activity was an important stated goal of China's Medium- and Long-Term Plan for Science and Technology Development (2006–20) , and it was a successful one. By the end of this ambitious blueprint, China had witnessed enormous growth in the number of granted patents, especially those granted to public universities. This vital role played by universities in technology innovation justifies further research on the role of academia with respect to the development of technology. However, most studies on patenting by Chinese universities are limited in terms of research scale and context, and patent performance is seldom investigated in great detail. This study first presents an overall analysis of the utility patents granted to Chinese public universities (not utility model patents). Then, we compare the patent performance of two elite university groups: Project 985 universities in China and member institutions of the Association of American Universities (AAU) in the USA. Our results show that Chinese universities account for a high proportion of the total patents granted in China, and the number of patents granted to universities has grown rapidly in recent decades, making them a very substantial contributor to China's innovation system. However, the value of patents did not improve as their counts surged. Compared to AAU universities, the technological and economic value of patents held by Project 985 universities is considerably lower, even for the top-patenting universities in China. These findings extend our understanding of technological innovation activity in China's academic landscape and might inspire future policies toward patent quality and impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iron and steel industry is a large emitter of CO2 globally. This is especially true for the iron and steel industries in China, Japan, and Korea due to their production volumes and the prevalence of carbon-based steel production. With few low-carbon and commercially available alternatives, the iron and steel industry is truly a hard-to-abate sector. Each of the countries of interest have committed to a net-zero future involving the mitigation of emissions from steel production. However, few studies have investigated the means by which to achieve decarbonization beyond the inclusion of price signalling policies (e.g., carbon tax or emission trading schemes). Here, we use E3ME-FTT:Steel to simulate technology diffusion in the ISI under several policy environments and we investigate the likely impacts on the wider economy. The results show that penalizing carbon intensive processes can incentivize a transition towards scrap recycling, but it is relatively unsuccessful in aiding the uptake of low carbon primary steelmaking. A combination of support and penalizing policies can achieve deep decarbonisation (>80% emission reduction compared with the baseline). Mitigating the emissions in the iron and steel industry can lead to economic benefits in terms of GDP (China: +0.8%; Japan: +1.3%; Korea: +0.1%), and employment (Japan: +0.7%; Korea: +0.3%) with China, where job losses in the coal sector would negate job gains elsewhere, as the exception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While a significant body of research has emphasized the contribution of knowledge spillover to the economic growth of a region, the distinction between knowledge types has not received the attention it deserves. Market-mediated technology transfer, compared with pure knowledge spillover, is mediated by market mechanisms that stimulate chances to identify potential partners, alleviating the spatial restraints between them. This research explores the mutual uncertainties of licensor and licensee in transferring market-mediated technology and seeks to capture the geographic incidence at prefecture-levels across China. It also tests whether the intensity of market competition imposes constraints on the licensor's decision concerning technology transfer. The results corroborate that geographical distance still serves as a heavy toll between licensor and licensee. However, spatial proximity does not always support technology diffusion in cases where the licensors are associated with the dissipation effect among the proximate partners. The results challenge the common notion in the literature that an agglomeration effect is associated with knowledge spillover, reflecting the dynamic nature of market-oriented knowledge transfer. The contribution of this work will broaden understanding of the relationship between international/local technology diffusion and regional innovative capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior studies ignore the impact of infrastructure on university technology transfer. High-speed rail, China's most significant infrastructure, has played an essential role in the economy and society. Using high-speed railway construction as a quasi-experiment and a large sample of Chinese universities for the 2007–2017 period, we investigate the impact of high-speed rail on university technology transfer. We provide extensive evidence that high-speed rail has a positive effect on university technology transfer. The finding remains valid after a battery of robustness tests. Mechanism tests find that high-speed rail can improve university technology transfer by promoting the interaction between universities and enterprises and improving enterprises' technology demand for universities. Further analysis shows that better intellectual property protection strengthens the effect of high-speed rail on university technology transfer, and the relationship between high-speed rail and university technology transfer is more prominent in the regions with underdevelopment technology trading markets. Our study suggests that high-speed rail is an important variable that affects university technology transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the well-documented benefits and encouraging policy environment for blockchain technology (BT), its extensive adoption in the construction industry is still unsolved. The interorganizational diffusion of BT is not explored in existing studies, requiring a comprehensive investigation for better government policymaking. Thus, from the technology diffusion perspective, this paper proposes an evolutionary game-based system dynamics (EG-SD) model to describe the complicated relationships between government and construction enterprises in the process of BT adoption. Through theoretical analysis, the main stakeholders, influencing factors, and diffusion channels in the process of BT adoption are identified. Further, a simulation collecting data from China's construction industry is conducted to evaluate the diffusion performance under different scenarios. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by providing a quantitative perspective for understanding BT adoption behaviors among construction enterprises and revealing the diffusion mechanism of BT from a multilevel perspective. Also, this paper for the first time combines evolutionary game theory with system dynamics into explaining BT adoption, providing practical implications to both government and construction enterprises on policymaking and promoting BT adoption practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing the problem of energy shortage and the responsibility of carbon reduction, to achieve sustainable regional economic development, renewable energy must be vigorously developed. Technology can not only boost the development of renewable energy but be a new driving force for the economy. However, the development of the economy, technology, and renewable energy are interrelated, and the coupling and coordination among them lack sufficient evaluation and analysis. Therefore, an evaluation index system is constructed for the economy–technology–renewable energy ternary group. The evaluation model is applied to measure the coupling coordination degree, and a geographically weighted regression model is used to analyze the influence of key factors and their spatial differences. 30 provinces in China are used as examples for the study, and the results show that the coupling coordination degree is low in most regions, except for Guangdong, which has been maintained at an extremely coordinated level, and most provinces are in a fluctuating upward trend during the decade. Additionally, the results of the geographically weighted regression report that the influence of factors has spatial heterogeneity. The study provides a basis for relevant policy formulation in China, and the evaluation and analysis ideas can provide a reference for other countries or regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, international actors have launched "brain projects" or "brain initiatives." One of the emerging technologies enabled by these publicly funded programs is brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), which are devices that allow communication between the brain and external devices like a prosthetic arm or a keyboard. BCIs are poised to have significant impacts on public health, society, and national security. This research presents the first analytical framework that attempts to predict the dissemination of neurotechnologies to both the commercial and military sectors in the United States and China. While China started its project later with less funding, we find that it has other advantages that make earlier adoption more likely. We also articulate national security risks implicit in later adoption, including the inability to set international ethical and legal norms for BCI use, especially in wartime operating environments, and data privacy risks for citizens who use technology developed by foreign actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regarding the unbalanced development of China's provincial technology markets, using the contract value of the technology markets from 2006 to 2018 as the research data, the spatial scale structure changes, development trends and influencing factors of China's technology transfer sources and sinks are analyzed. The results show that the spatial scale and structure changes of China's technology transfer sources and sinks are in conformity with the monofractal Zipf distribution, and the distribution of technology transfer sources is relatively concentrated. The development trend of technology output and inflow in most provinces is different, and the changes in the sequence of the technology sinks are more volatile than the changes in the sources. Patents, R&D investment and R&D personnel will have a positive effect on regional technology output, and the improvement of regional economic development level, industrial structure, and fixed asset investment will attract more technology inflow [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial transfer has become a breakthrough for regional economic upgrading, while the carbon emissions involved in the industrial transfer are yet to be explored. Based on this, we analyzed the impact of the industrial transfer on carbon emissions for China's 30 provincial-level regions during 2007-2018 using spatial panel econometric models. The results show a significant positive spatial correlation of carbon emissions, whereas the negative spatial correlation of industrial transfer gradually appears, and the local distribution of carbon emissions and industrial transfer is mainly characterized by high-high agglomeration. Furthermore, overall industrial transfer shows significant positive direct and negative indirect effects on carbon emissions. There are negative direct and spatial spillover relationships between industrial transfer and carbon emissions in the industrial transfer-out regions, while the industrial transfer-in regions show a positive effect. The transfer of industries, in particular, does not imply the transfer of carbon emissions; however, the balance of industrial restructuring and technological progress during the industrial transfer process can more effectively control and reduce carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental technology is the core power for environmental protection enterprise. Top management team (TMT) has an important impact on developing direction of environmental technology. In this paper, environmental protection enterprises in China are selected as samples to examine that how does cognitive diversity of TMT affect the directions of environmental technology. Environmental technology is divided into acquisition of environmental patent and independent environmental innovation. It finds that cognitive diversity has positive impacts on acquisition of environmental patent and independent environmental innovation. It also shows that environmental protection enterprise develops new environmental technology through acquisition of environmental patent. We further explore the role of ability of information identification on environmental technology. The results demonstrate that there is a promotional effect of cognitive diversity on acquisition of environmental patent and independent environmental innovation by promoting ability of information identification. Finally, the results of heterogeneity analysis show that cognitive diversity in those environmental protection enterprises with high-level technology has a significant effect on independent environmental innovation. However, for those enterprises who has no high-level technology, cognitive diversity of TMT plays a positive role on acquisition of environmental patent through ability of information identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several scholars have recently recommended a transition from focusing on Internet access (access divide) and Internet use (use divide) to the tangible outcomes of Internet use (outcome divide). This study evaluates the utility of this perspective in China for investigating digital inequalities across provinces. Despite having the world's largest ICT market, digital disparities persist at the provincial, city, and county levels. This paper establishes an explanatory conceptual model of the digital divide (DD) at the provincial level and applies mapping through ArcGIS software to investigate spatial agglomeration. Spatial autocorrelation (Moran-i) is used to reveal high significance and multivariate analysis is used to investigate the key correlates. Among the provinces, a significant DD was found, which shows that provinces that are administratively sophisticated (such as Guangdong, Shanghai, Beijing, Jiangsu, Shandon, and Zhejiang) having a high digital development index score (IDI). Concomitantly, poverty-stricken regions and rural areas, mostly in southwest, central, and western China, have low IDI values. The factors found by this study to be most influential for improved ICT usage and outcomes are residential income (urban), e-government, literacy rate (secondary gross enrollment), and the working-age population. This indicates that socio-economic problems should be addressed first instead of institutional and innovational considerations. This study is the first to develop a conceptual model of the third-level digital divide (3-LDD) (ICT outcome) at the provincial level and utilize spatial analysis and mapping to supplement traditional methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article intends to corroborate the argument advocated by heterodox economists such as Akyüz, Chang and Furtado that state regulation is crucial to extracting the possible benefits of foreign direct investment (FDI). We do so by analyzing the policies used by China since its opening to this type of investment in 1979. The article innovates by scrutinizing China's major FDI laws, regulations and guidelines that compose the formal framework under which foreign-owned enterprises have operated in the country for almost 40 years. We then address the traditional view that China developed simply because it increasingly opened its market to foreign investment and adopted a foreign investment-led growth model. We argue that it was because of this strong regulation that FDI had such a positive effect, contributing to technological transfer and trade expansion, although not defining the ratio of capital accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation is generally regarded as critical to long-run economic growth. Recent work, at different spatial scales, suggests economies that develop more complex technologies that are related to their existing knowledge stocks enjoy a growth premium. Thus, "smarter" forms of innovation may accelerate growth. These claims are examined using Chinese patent data distributed across 286 cities over the period 1991–2015. Fixed-effects panel models report that city-level GDP growth in China has a significant and positive relationship with diversification into more related and complex technologies, after controlling for the overall pace of innovation and other covariates. Robustness checks focusing on spatial autocorrelation and endogeneity affirm the core findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the Public–Private Partnership (PPP) mode playing an increasingly important role in the investment of infrastructure, promoting the diffusion of low-carbon technology innovation in PPP projects not only helps to reduce the carbon emissions of infrastructure, but also plays an important demonstration role in the low-carbon transformation of construction industry. In order to clarify the evolutionary mechanism of low-carbon technology innovation diffusion among stakeholders under the unique payment mechanism of PPP projects in China, the paper builds two different evolutionary game models respectively under government payment mechanism and consumer payment mechanism based on evolutionary game theory. The evolutionary relationship between the choice of behavior strategies and the change of influencing factors under different payment mechanisms are analyzed by numerical simulation. It is found that under government payment mechanism, the regulation cost of government to promote low-carbon technology innovation and the punishment of the superior regulatory authority for non-regulation behavior are the important factors affecting government's behavioral strategies. The low-carbon technology innovation cost of social capital and the intensity of government subsidy and punishment are the main factors affecting social capital's behavioral strategies; Under consumer payment mechanism, consumer becomes the ultimate payer of low-carbon products, and the income they get from purchasing low-carbon products and the subsidy provided by the government become the main factors determining consumer's behavioral strategies. Finally, from the perspective of government, social capital and consumer, countermeasures and management implications are put forward to effectively promote the diffusion of low-carbon technology innovation under different payment mechanism in PPP projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the technical demand-supply text information increases rapidly in electric power technology transfer, traditional matching methods could no longer meet the need. To solve this problem, this paper proposed a new technical demand-supply matching method based on electric power technical field feature. First, the improved TF-IDF algorithm was used to extract technical field feature, then scientific and technological achievements with higher relevancy were retrieved based on technical field feature to build a background library of electric power technological achievements, and the matching degree of electric power technological achievements based on word vector was used to verify the matching efficiency of this method. We adopted the China smart grid technical transaction service platform and the text message of electric power technical demand and technological achievements on Keyi net for application, and the results indicate this method has raised the matching efficiency by 23.4% compared to traditional methods. In this paper, a new idea of taking technical field feature as the demand-supply matching basis of electric power technology transfer platform was proposed, which opens a new perspective for the research of demand-supply matching efficiency on electric power technology transfer platform, helps to promote the matching efficiency of technical demand and technological achievements, and further raises the success rate of electric power technology transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mobility of air pollution and the free-riding phenomenon in the process of pollution control determine that joint prevention and control policies should be implemented in a larger area. As China’ s economic development shifts from high-speed growth to high-quality development, the spatial structure of economic development is undergoing profound changes. Regional integration with urban agglomerations and megalopolis as units plays an increasingly important role in promoting economic development and environmental governance. Based on the regression method of geographical regression discontinuity, this study used the panel data of prefectures and counties in China from 2005 to 2019 to study whether the regional integration of urban agglomeration was conducive to better haze reduction. The empirical results showed that: ① On the whole, the regional integration of urban agglomeration played a role in haze reduction, and the annual average PM2.5 concentration of prefectures and counties within the urban agglomeration was 11.204 μg/m³ lower than that of those outside the urban agglomeration. ② Mechanism analysis showed that structural haze reduction and technical haze reduction were important ways for regional integration to exert haze reduction effects. The former was mainly realized through industrial division and transfer between the central area and the peripheral area, and the latter was mainly realized through technology transfer and knowledge spillover under the center-periphery structure. ③ The haze reduction effects produced by regional integration had large regional differences, and the three major urban agglomerations with relatively mature development had the most significant haze reduction effects. Furthermore, the joint prevention and control policy of air pollution with urban agglomeration as the unit exerted a better effect on haze reduction. ④ The implication of this paper showed that: regional integration has produced a significant positive environmental impact and it is of great practical significance to continuously build an inter-regional environmental collaborative governance mechanism within the scope of urban agglomeration. It is necessary to actively promote the overall control of air pollution on a larger geographical scale and pay attention to the division of labor and cooperation between industries in different regions in the process of regional integration, and at the same time, increase investment in technological innovation within the region and encourage local government and enterprises to carry out research and development of pollution control and emission reduction technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article questions whether China's economic initiatives lead to 'inclusive globalization' or tend to sustain the distributional inequalities of neoliberal globalization in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. It argues that many considerations, including China's so-called 'no strings attached' policy and lending behaviour, unfavourable trade relations, concentration of Chinese investments in a few sectors, and limited technology and knowledge transfer, cast doubt on the realization of inclusive globalization. Even though economic relations with China may foster economic growth and provide short-term relief to the poor, which is also conditioned by the recipient countries' degree of state capacity, it is questionable to what degree these relations lead to sustainable pro-poor development. No matter what the underlying political economy explanation is (China's motivations and approach to globalization, weak state capacities in sub-Saharan Africa, structural impediments to development), it is misleading to conclude that China-driven economic globalization is inclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The content of the China-US CCUS technology development roadmap is summarized based on the roadmap update in 2019. Qualitative analysis and evaluation were conducted from the perspectives of running CCUS demonstrations or industrial projects, CO2 pipeline infrastructure, established regulatory frameworks, policy support, research and development capabilities, and geological storage resources. A simple analysis of the development status of carbon capture, storage, and utilization technology through relevant patent data is provided. Future planning by China and the United States in terms of planning volume, investment funds, related industries, transportation methods, geological storage, geological utilization, other utilization methods, and incentive policies is compared. Overall, US CCUS technology development is in the leading position in the world; it has entered the stage of small-scale commercial promotion, while the overall development level of China's CCUS technology is still behind the international advanced level in a small-scale experimental demonstration period, and is still in the catch-up stage. However, as the Chinese government has put forward the strategy of "carbon peaking and carbon neutralization", CCUS has ushered in a golden opportunity for development in China, and some large-scale industrial demonstration projects have been carried out. This study analyzes China's advantages and challenges in developing CCUS and gives some suggestions on the direction that China's CCUS development should take in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International efforts to avoid dangerous climate change have historically focused on reducing energy-related CO2 emissions from countries with either the largest economies (e.g. the EU and the USA) and/or the largest populations (e.g. China and India). However, in recent years, emissions have surged among a different and much less-examined group of countries, raising concerns that a next generation of high-emitting economies will obviate current mitigation targets. Here, we analyse the trends and drivers of emissions in each of the 59 countries where emissions in 2010–2018 grew faster than the global average (excluding China and India), project their emissions under a range of longer-term energy scenarios and estimate the costs of decarbonization pathways. Total emissions from these 'emerging emitters' reach as much as 7.5 GtCO2/year in the baseline 2.5° scenario—substantially greater than the emissions from these regions in previously published scenarios that would limit warming to 1.5°C or even 2°C. Such unanticipated emissions would in turn require non-emitting energy deployment from all sectors within these emerging emitters, and faster and deeper reductions in emissions from other countries to meet international climate goals. Moreover, the annual costs of keeping emissions at the low level are in many cases 0.2%–4.1% of countries' gross domestic production, pointing to potential trade-offs with poverty-reduction goals and/or the need for economic support and low-carbon technology transfer from historically high-emitting countries. Our results thus highlight the critical importance of ramping up mitigation efforts in countries that to this point have been largely ignored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past four decades, Intellectual Property (IP) has been one of the main controversies of US-China trade relations. But the current US-China trade war contains a new focus - technology transfer. This article adopts a socio-legal and economic approach to examine the current technology and trade tensions between these two countries and why China became an Information Technology (IT) powerhouse. It first provides an overview of IP and technology transfer rules under the Phase One US-China Economic and Trade Agreement (POA). It then explores different forms of forced technology transfer activities and the in-depth reasons for the US to shift its main IP concerns from IP enforcement to technology transfer. It explains why the US and China trade war is inevitable, why the current US-China IP-trade war is significantly different from previous ones, and the economic and political reasons behind the global technology leadership competition by the two countries. Finally, the author concludes that the POA and its technology transfer rules are not the ends of the game but just the start of the global technology leadership competition between the US and China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]