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The natural gas from the eastern line of China and Russia will soon be introduced into China, it will play a strong role in promoting the natural gas utilization projects in the northeastern area and also face various problems. In order to establish a long-term sustainable development resource supply system, combined with the actual situation of energy supply and demand, the future development direction of natural gas in Northeast China after the arrival of Russian gas is discussed in this paper. The main problems are analyzed as follows: the lack of self production and high dependence of outside the region; many choices of alternative energy by the regional characteristics; peak shaving difficult and the surplus hard to deal with; poor substitution economy and the price too high to bear. Some measures on the contradictions are summed up. Diversification of sources and resources can be ensured to sustainable development. It is clear that natural gas should be used as the transitional energy in Northeast China, and some suggestions on the utilization of natural gas for regional economic development are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Chairman Mao Zedong, founder of the People''s Republic of China, is the main attraction in Shaoshan Village, Hunan. The Great Helmsman was born here and his likeness lives on after him in the form of statues, portraits, and souvenirs. His legacy is commemorated at his childhood home and family shrine – filled with markers, displays and artifacts. This paper describes how these representations of Mao work as a key element of the Hunan (湖南) Province online tourism destination image. The study was based on a compound content analysis-semiotic analysis method and a purposive sample of 995 photographs gathered from 257 websites. It was found that Mao-related photographic representations found online make up an interconnected and internally self-referential destination image of Hunan. The image combines intrinsic cultural value with commercial use value in ways that complement China''s Green and Red Tourism policy. The control of this complex image is not, however, entirely in the hands of tourism marketers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper first provides an overview of the topics featured in China's Educational Journal in the period 1909-1948, in order to sketch briefly the history of that country's pattern of selection from among various modes of foreign educational thought. It becomes clear that, in each case, China absorbed from outside only those ideas that could fit with its own traditional forms of educational thinking, and that for this reason it tended to oscillate between turning toward the outside world for new ideas and drawing back into itself to reflect on its own educational culture, policies and institutions. The paper then interprets this dynamic in terms of Niklas Luhmann's theory of self-reference. In Luhmann's social systems theory, any system defines, identifies or constitutes itself at each (in this case historical) moment in relation to another system by absorbing from that other system only what it perceives as being compatible with its own inner organisation, or (as Luhmann puts it) by always absorbing the difference between what already lies within it (e.g. traditional Chinese culture, values and ideas) and what lies outside it (e.g. the culture, values and ideas of the West, with which China found itself already inevitably interconnected). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]