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Walking and running at different speeds are common in daily life. This study investigated 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) kinematics of normal knees of Chinese during walking and running. Forty healthy participants were investigated in 4 conditions: comfortable walking, normal walking, slow running and ordinary running. The range of motion (ROM) and peak values in 6 DOF kinematics were analysed. As the speed increased, a general increase in flexion, lateral and proximal translations occurred. Significant increases of ROM in flexion/extension, axial rotation and medial/lateral translations were observed. The ROM of adduction/abduction, anterior/posterior and proximal/distal translations were greatest during normal walking. The maximum and minimum flexion/extension, maximum internal rotation and tibial lateral translations increased with the increase of speed. The maximum and minimum tibial proximal translations in running were found being greater than walking. A phenomenon between walking and running was observed: both tibial proximal/distal and medial/lateral translations increased when changed from walking to running. Non-linear transition exists in 6 DOF kinematics during walking to running. Discoveries in this study may have potential clinical values to serve as references of normal walking and running in the management of knee injury and knee rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) instrument at the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is an operating instrument for studying structures and inhomogeneities with dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nm. Preparing multiple samples at once and measuring them sequentially is a common approach in SANS experiments to reduce neutron beamline wastes and increase experimental efficiency. We present the development of an automatic sample changer for the SANS instrument, including system design, thermal simulation, optimization analysis, structure design details, and temperature control test results. It features a two-row construction that can hold 18 samples on each row. The controllable temperature range is −30 to 300 °C. Furthermore, neutron scattering experiments on SANS at CSNS proved that this instrument has good temperature control performance and low background. This automatic sample changer is optimized for usage at SANS and will be offered to other researchers through the user program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power sector is a major contributor to carbon emissions in China, accounting for nearly half of all emissions, and therefore emission reductions from this sector will be critical, if China is to meet its 2060 targets. Deploying renewable energy sources is the most promising approach to decarbonizing the power sector. However, the intermittency and non-dispatchable nature of wind and solar power pose significant challenges to grid stability, particularly when these sources reach high penetration rates. During China's ongoing energy transition, coal-fired power units will be used to meet peak loads when solar and wind generation is not available. The economic and environmental implications of such a scenario are unclear. In light of this uncertainty, this study applies a unit commitment model to investigate the economic and environmental performance of load shaving strategies across different scenarios. Results show that, in the absence of energy storage systems, a solar penetration rate of 40 % will create an economic bottleneck, and high solar penetration would even increase the total carbon emissions of the whole power system. Moreover, the power system would choose to cycle the large thermal units first to accommodate the solar power, and start-stop strategy is subordinate. • There is a limitation for renewables integrated into the power gird. • 40 % solar penetration rate is the bottleneck. • Small thermal units would react before the big units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the development of distributed solar photovoltaics (DSPV), battery energy storage systems are growing in popularity to promote the performance of DSPV, for both mitigating the impact on the grid and increasing the economic performance. In the meantime, reused batteries retired from electric vehicles provide another option for energy storage systems. In this paper, the economic performance evaluated by net present value of DSPV with reused batteries as energy storage systems (RBESS) is studied at the provincial level in China, so as to depict a comprehensive understanding of the current DSPV status and the development potential of RBESS in China. Instead of only focusing on the role of increasing the percentage of self-consumption (Model 1), a combined usage strategy of RBESS (Model 2) is also proposed. Moreover, the residual value of lithium-ion batteries is taken into consideration in this paper. Our results show that for the residential sector, only a small number of areas can benefit from RBESS under Model 2, while none can benefit under Model 1. Only when the price of RBESS decreases to 200 CNY/kWh, the profitability could be nationwide. However, for the commercial and industrial sector, the performance of RBESS is much better. In the majority of areas, integrating RBESS with DSPV is already profitable. • Provincial level analysis is conducted. • Two using strategies of RBESS are presented. • Only when the price of RBESS decreases to 200CNY/kWh, can the positive NPV be nationwide. • The C&I sector outperforms the residential sector in terms of the ability to gain profits from DSPV and RBESS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy has expanded rapidly in recent years, and China is the largest market in terms of installed capacity. With the aim of achieving carbon neutrality by 2060, solar power will play an increasingly important role in China. However, like many other countries, the low energy density of solar photovoltaics is one of the major drawbacks of its further development. The emergence of floating photovoltaic systems (FPV) can not only break this threshold but also generate a series of cobenefits from a brand-new energy-land-water nexus perspective. Using a GIS-MCDA model, an evaporation model, combined with a cost-benefit analysis, this paper estimates the development potential of FPV in China, and its energy-land-water cobenefits are further analyzed. Moreover, to reveal the current land constraint for developing solar photovoltaics in China, the potential of traditional terrestrial solar photovoltaics has also been evaluated. The results show that the potential installed capacity of FPV in China can reach 705.2 GW–862.6 GW with an annual 1164.9 TWh to 1423.8 TWh of potential power output, and most potential FPV stations can obtain positive financial returns. The annual water evaporation reduction is approximately 5.8 km3. In the meantime, around 7117.3 km2 of the land could be conserved, which would alleviate the land constraint for terrestrial solar photovoltaic systems, especially in the highly urbanized eastern and southern coastal areas in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progress in sample environment at the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is presented. During the past two years, the Sample Environment group (SE Group) has made substantial efforts towards the procurement, design, development and maintenance of a series of sample environments for the three commissioning instruments. The equipment includes cryostats, an 3He insert, magnets, furnaces, continuously-loaded pressure cells, clamp cells, a gas handling panel, automatic sample changers, etc. The SE Group also constructs and maintains three user laboratories for sample preparation, characterization and complimentary analysis. Future developments are also briefly described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind power plays a pivotal role in China's endeavor to achieve its ambitious emissions reduction targets. However, the current research on wind energy potential lacks standardization, making it arduous to compare wind potential across different regions and match energy supply and demand accurately. To address this issue, this study developed a geographically-constrained multi-criteria decision analysis (GIS-MCDA) model to estimate China's wind energy potential at a resolution of 1 km2. The GIS-MCDA model is reconstructed from a geospatial perspective using 11 finely-grained metric indicators, significantly improving the accuracy of estimates. Moreover, this study proposes a research paradigm for wind energy potential that can serve as a reference for other countries and regions. The results demonstrate that China possesses a wind energy development potential of 4.6 TW at a height of 100 m, including 4.1 TW of onshore wind power potential and 0.5 TW of offshore potential. The abundant resources can assist China in achieving its zero-carbon emissions goal. However, the abundant wind energy resources in the "Three North" region of China do not match the current electricity demand. Conversely, the southeast coastal region presents significant potential for offshore wind power, heralding a new opportunity for wind power development. By depicting the deployment potential of wind power, this study provides more precise estimates, establishes a research paradigm for wind energy potential, enhances researchers' comprehension of wind energy development, and provides a replicable, scalable, and quantifiable wind energy potential measurement platform for effective planning of renewable energy. • A GIS-MCDA model is reconstructed using 11 finely-grained metric indicators. • Precise wind energy evaluation at kilometer-level granularity with high spatial and temporal resolution. • A systematic research paradigm for quantifying wind energy potential that is promotable, replicable, and referenceable. • China has the potential to develop 4.6 TW of wind energy at 100 m, including 4.1 TW onshore and 0.5 TW offshore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Behavioral medicine in China has developed quickly in the last three decades. Purpose: We briefly summarized the history, the main scope and achievements, and the future development of behavioral medicine in China. Method: We did a literature search and discussed with senior scholars in behavioral medicine in China. Results: The concept and main scope of behavioral medicine in China have been developed largely in accordance with the international perspective. Research in behavioral medicine in China significantly contributed to the better understanding of the relationship between various health behavioral factors and psychosomatic disorders and possible mechanisms of this relationship. The following aspects will be the main areas to be further developed in behavioral medicine in China: (1) Basic theories of behavioral medicine and theoretical mechanisms of higher nervous activities in human behavior regulation. (2) Etiology, pathogenesis, and mechanisms of common diseases that are closely related to human lifestyle behaviors. (3) Assessment criteria for unhealthy and disease-related behaviors. (4) Behavioral therapy of psychosomatic disorders, and rehabilitation technologies of disability. (5) Application of major findings from research of behavioral medical science in clinical practice and in health promotion of the whole society. Conclusion: Behavioral medicine in China, as a multidisciplinary subject, plays a relevant role in preventing behavior-related psychosomatic diseases and in promoting health of the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A devastating earthquake registering 8.0 on the Richter Scale struck Wenchuan County in Northwest Sichuan Province in China on May 12, 2008, claiming over 69,200 lives, seriously wounding more than 374,600 people, and rendering more than 18,400 people missing. The epicenter was close to Yingxiu Township in Wenchuan County. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the psychosomatic conditions of the children and adolescents exposed to the devastating earthquake and explore the risk factors for psychosomatic symptoms. Method: A total of 1,828 participants aged 6 to 16 years, of whom 842 from the affected area and 986 from non-affected area, were administered a Psychosomatic Conditions Scale. Results: Each factor score, total somatic score, total psychological score, and total psychosomatic score of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group ( P < 0.001). Positive correlation was found between the psychological state and somatic symptoms in the experimental group( r = 0.157 ~ 0.489, P < 0.01). Respiratory system, cardiovascular system, nervous system, digestive system, urogenital system, emotion, behavior, and language, combined as a panel, were significantly differentiated between the two groups, accounting for 73.4 % of the total difference. In the experimental group, the factor scores of anxiety, behavior, total psychological score, and total psychosomatic score of the girls were obviously higher than those of the boys ( P < 0.01 ~ 0.05); most somatic factors and psychological factors, total somatic score, total psychological score, and total psychosomatic score of the elder adolescents were significantly higher than those of the younger children ( P < 0.01 ~ 0.05). Conclusion: The children and adolescents exposed to 5.12 earthquake greatly suffered from terrible psychosomatic conditions, among whom the elder girls had more severe symptoms, particularly in terms of anxiety and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Behavior modification, as the core of clinical behavioral medicine, is often used in clinical settings. Purpose: We seek to summarize behavior modification techniques that are commonly used in clinical practice of behavioral medicine in China and discuss possible biobehavioral mechanisms. Methods: We reviewed common behavior modification techniques in clinical settings in China, and we reviewed studies that explored possible biobehavioral mechanisms. Results: Commonly used clinical approaches of behavior modification in China include behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, health education, behavior management, behavioral relaxation training, stress management intervention, desensitization therapy, biofeedback therapy, and music therapy. These techniques have been applied in the clinical treatment of a variety of diseases, such as chronic diseases, psychosomatic diseases, and psychological disorders. The biobehavioral mechanisms of these techniques involve the autonomic nervous system, neuroendocrine system, neurobiochemistry, and neuroplasticity. Conclusion: Behavior modification techniques are commonly used in the treatment of a variety of somatic and psychological disorders in China. Multiple biobehavioral mechanisms are involved in successful behavior modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports published within the issue which include the behavioral medicine in China, the review of common behavior modification technique, and the interactions between lipid profile and depression.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have developed rapidly in China, and the issues on where to locate the solar PV stations become critical. In some provinces, the markets are already saturated, and even solar energy curtailment has occurred due to oversupply. Thus, depicting an efficient deployment picture of the solar PV stations in China is in urgent need. To explore this issue, a profit-maximizing model is proposed to optimize the allocation of solar PV stations and interprovincial transmission strategies. The profit of solar PV stations in each province/municipality is evaluated from both economic and environmental perspectives. The economic performance is evaluated by net present value and levelized cost of energy, and the environmental benefits refer to the abatement of CO 2 emissions. The results show that the northwestern and northeastern regions are not suitable to further develop solar PV systems in recent years, while the developed regions including the Yangtze River Delta, Tianjin, Beijing, and Guangdong should be encouraged to deploy more solar PV systems, especially the distributed solar photovoltaics for the commercial/industrial sectors. In 2020, the newly-added installed capacity in Zhejiang, Shandong, Beijing, and Henan is supposed to excess 8500 MW. • Optimized deployment of solar PV stations at provincial level in China is depicted. • Northwest and northeast China lack demand for new solar PV stations in recent years. • Developed provinces should be highly encouraged to deploy more solar PV systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photovoltaic poverty alleviation project (PPAP), as an integration of solar photovoltaics and poverty alleviation, has gained great attention since it was proposed in China. So far, four different modes of PPAP have been formed - household level, village level, jointly-village level, and centralized PPAP. A comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of different PPAP modes is essential to achieve the aim of getting rid of poverty in Chinese rural areas and to provide references for other developing countries. Therefore, this paper, for the first time, evaluates the economic performance of PPAP under the four modes. By employing cost-benefit analysis, this research elaborates on the effectiveness of PPAP from three aspects – cashflow, net present value, and payback period. The results show that the village level and the jointly-village level PPAP are the most effective modes. However, due to the overplus of installed capacity per household, the centralized PPAP, which is in line with the local governments' income, becomes the most popular mode. Besides, bank loans can significantly increase the number of benefited households, and the beneficiary ratio is critical to the effectiveness of corporations' participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is actively supporting the electrification of passenger vehicles as it attempts to reduce carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions from the transportation sector. Through a hybrid life cycle assessment, this study aims to evaluate the CO 2 emission reduction potential from this large-scale vehicle electrification. A comprehensive database of passenger electric vehicles sold in 2018 is established and future scenario analysis considering multiple technology advancements is integrated. The results indicate that this vehicle electrification fails to achieve emission savings in 2018, as extra emissions from manufacturing newly sold passenger electric vehicles exceed the avoided emissions from on-road vehicles. In 2030, the emission reductions could feasibly increase to 49.64 million tons and achieve up to 62.16 million tons in the optimistic scenario. By correlation analysis using market-based data in 2018 and scenario analysis in 2030, the fuel economy is identified as a crucial factor to deliver emission mitigation. • The vehicle electrification in China fails to save CO 2 emissions in 2018. • Potential CO 2 emission reductions rises up to 60 million tons in 2030. • Relationships among emissions, vehicle performance and sales are analysed. • Fuel economy is a crucial factor to maximize the emission reduction potential. • Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles gain prominent emission reductions by 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: . The development of depressive symptoms (DSs) is a complex process caused by both genetic and environmental factors. CEND1 gene coordinates cell division, differentiation and maturation of neural precursor cells, which affects brain structure and function. Our study investigated whether CEND1 was a genetic factor for DSs, particularly under negative life events.Methods: . 272 freshmen with DSs and 467 healthy controls were recruited via the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The adolescent Self-rating Life Event Checklist (ASLEC) was adopted to assess stressful life events during the past 12 months. Two SNPs (rs7946354, rs6597982) within the CEND1 gene were genotyped using Agena MassARRAY iPLEX technology. We combined generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) with RStudio programming to assess the direct association and gene-environment interaction (G × E).Results: . Rs7946354 was associated with DSs in an overdominant model (GT vs. GG+TT). In addition, both rs7946354 and rs6597982 had considerable impacts on negative life events. GMDR showed a statistical G × E that the AG genotype of rs6597982 and GT genotype of rs7946354 contribute to the maximum risk of DSs under high negative life events.Limitations: . Only two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were examined. Verification studies with bigger sample size and more varied demographic background information could be adopted to further support the generalization of these findings.Conclusions: .CEND1 can potentially cause high sensitivity to life events and affect DSs especially in the presence of negative life events, which contribute to the field of depression prevention and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutron resonance spectroscopy has been employed extensively for temperature measurements within the interior of functional materials with high accuracy. However, the currently prevailing metal-foil element furnaces operating below 2000 K limit the application of this technique in many studies of novel engineering composites. To enable experiments at even higher temperatures, at the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), we designed an ultra-high temperature inductive heating furnace that can achieve temperatures up to 2700 K. The furnace is designed for temperature determination experiments by neutron resonance spectroscopy. We report the detailed design and operation of this furnace to provide a reference for future development of ultra-high temperature sample environments for other neutron instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has been supported by a variety of policies. However, many of these policies failed to accomplish their objectives from the demand side as expected. Grasping consumers' preferences accurately is of great significance to increase the efficacy of the promotion policies. Using the random coefficient logit model (BLP), this paper quantitatively analyses the preferences of EV consumers in China, with an emphasis on regional disparity and different operational purposes. The results show that the preferences for EVs are significantly heterogeneous among consumers in restricted and non-restricted cities, and in cities at different development stages. The driving range and the density of charging stations are the key influencing factors for consumers to choose EVs, and different purchasing groups have different preferences. The demand for long-range EVs mainly comes from taxis, while private EV buyers prefer high-density charging facilities. Thus, at the current stage, building more charging stations will be more efficient compared to subsidizing high-range EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are commonly prescribed as adjunctive drugs for patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), particularly those who experience anxiety or insomnia. However, the relationship between the use of BZDs and incident risk of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) has not been well investigated. In this study, we aimed to examine the association between the use of BZDs and the incident risk of SCA among patients with CVD., Method: In this retrospective cohort study, a total of 74,715 eligible patients with new-onset CVD as a primary cause of hospitalization between July 2016 and August 2022 were included from the health information platform in Shenzhen, China. Among them, 61,761 BZD non-initiators were identified and matched to 12,954 BZD initiators by propensity score at a maximum ratio of 5:1. Propensity score-matched Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)., Results: Over a 12-month follow-up period, 29 (2.24 per 1000 person-years) and 137 (2.22 per 1000 person-years) SCA cases occurred among propensity score-matched BZD initiators and non-initiators, respectively. Patients who initiated BZD treatment were associated with a 101% increased risk of SCA incidence compared with patients without BZD treatment (adjusted HR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.42, 2.83). Furthermore, compared with the non-use (0 defined daily dose, DDD), the adjusted HR was 1.43 (95% CI: 1.32, 1.56) for the BZD consumption of ≤1 DDD and 2.58 (95% CI: 2.37, 2.81) for the BZD consumption of >1 DDD ( P for trend < 0.001) within a 12-month follow-up period., Conclusion: This study provides evidence that BZD initiation may be associated with an increased incident risk of SCA in patients with CVD. Our finding highlights the importance of cautious prescribing BZDs in the health management of patients with CVD., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Three new flavonoids, ephedroside A (1), ephedroside B (2), ephedroside C (3), together with fifty-four known compounds 4-57 were isolated from the EtOH extract of the herbaceous stems of Ephedra sinica. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques, as well as by comparison with literature data. Thirty-eight of these compounds were isolated from the genus Ephedra for the first time. The antimicrobial activities of eight compounds were tested by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against bacteria (both Gram positive and Gram negative) and fungi, and were found to be in the range of 0.105-0.926 mM. Among them, compound 2 showed the best antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MIC value of 0.105 mM., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Happiness and depression are interlinked and both heritable, while personality, as an important predictor of them, shares the genetic basis with them. We conjecture that genetic factors of depression can affect both depressive symptoms (DS) and subjective well-being (SWB), while personality traits play important roles in mediating this process. In this study, 878 Han Chinese college freshmen and 384 Han Chinese patients with the major depressive disorder (MDD) were included. SNPs were genotyped using AGENA MassARRAY iPLEX technology and we investigated an important MDD variant rs454214. Correlation, association and mediation analysis were employed, aiming to decipher the complex relationship between SWB, DS, personality traits and the genetic variant. Association study indicated that rs454214 was not only associated with both SWB and DS (P < 0.05), but also possibly linked to MDD. Mediational analysis showed that rs454214 had no direct effect on SWB and DS, but had a significant indirect effect through personality traits, i.e., Extraversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness and Openness to Experience or SWB, Extraversion, Neuroticism and Agreeableness for DS. This study found a shared genetic basis for happiness and depression; the causal process could be better explained if personality traits are taken as mediating factors.

Background: An increasing number of extremely preterm (EP) infants have survived worldwide. However, few data have been reported from China. This study was designed to investigate the short-term outcomes of EP infants at discharge in Guangdong province., Methods: A total of 2051 EP infants discharged from 26 neonatal intensive care units during 2008-2017 were enrolled. The data from 2008 to 2012 were collected retrospectively, and from 2013 to 2017 were collected prospectively. Their hospitalization records were reviewed., Results: During 2008-2017, the mean gestational age (GA) was 26.68 ± 1.00 weeks and the mean birth weight (BW) was 935 ± 179 g. The overall survival rate at discharge was 52.5%. There were 321 infants (15.7%) died despite active treatment, and 654 infants (31.9%) died after medical care withdrawal. The survival rates increased with advancing GA and BW (p < 0.001). The annual survival rate improved from 36.2% in 2008 to 59.3% in 2017 (p < 0.001). EP infants discharged from hospitals in Guangzhou and Shenzhen cities had a higher survival rate than in others (p < 0.001). The survival rate of EP infants discharged from general hospitals was lower than in specialist hospitals (p < 0.001). The major complications were neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, 88.0% (1804 of 2051), bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 32.3% (374 of 1158), retinopathy of prematurity (any grade), 45.1% (504 of 1117), necrotizing enterocolitis (any stage), 10.1% (160 of 1588), intraventricular hemorrhages (any grade), 37.4% (535 of 1431), and blood culture-positive nosocomial sepsis, 15.7% (250 of 1588). The multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that improved survival of EP infants was associated with discharged from specialist hospitals, hospitals located in high-level economic development region, increasing gestational age, increasing birth weight, antenatal steroids use and a history of premature rupture of membranes. However, twins or multiple births, Apgar ≤7 at 5 min, cervical incompetence, and decision to withdraw care were associated with decreased survival., Conclusions: Our study revealed the short-term outcomes of EP infants at discharge in China. The overall survival rate was lower than the developed countries, and medical care withdrawal was a serious problem. Nonetheless, improvements in care and outcomes have been made annually.

BACKGROUND The incidence of hip fracture is steadily increasing. We aimed to establish a creative approach to precisely estimate the risk of hip fracture by exploring the relationship between hip fracture and bone mineral density (BMD)/femur geometry. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixteen samples of cadaveric female proximal femora were randomly selected. Experiments were performed experimental measurement of the femoral neck BMD and geometric parameters (including neck length, neck diameter, head diameter, and neck-shaft angle). In addition, the experimental measurements contain the failure load, which represents the mechanical strength of the femoral neck, and we calculated the correlation coefficient among BMD, geometric parameters, and failure load. RESULTS Significant correlations were discovered between femoral mechanical properties and femoral neck BMD (r=0.792, r²=0.628, P<0.001), trochanteric BMD (r=0.749, r²=0.560, P=0.001), and head diameter (r=0.706, r²=0.499, P=0.002). Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that the best predictor of hip fracture was the combination of femoral neck BMD, head diameter, and neck diameter (r²=0.844, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results confirmed that, compared with BMD alone, the combination of BMD and geometric parameters of proximal femur is a better estimation of hip fracture. The geometry of the proximal femur played an important role in assessing the biomechanical strength of femur. This method greatly assists in predicting the risk of hip fracture in clinical trials and will assist studies on why the incidence of hip fracture varies among races.

A new dinorclerone diterpenoid glycoside, named 1-deacetyltinosposide A (1), was isolated from the stem of Tinospora sinensis together with 10 known compounds. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic techniques (MS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR experiments).