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This study examined the text of Matthew 24:27 using the exegetical method, which included textual, contextual, grammatical-structural, lexical and theological analysis. The purpose of this research was to evaluate and critique the interpretation put forth by the Eastern Lightning group, which claims that Christ has returned to the world as a Chinese woman through a second incarnation based on this text. However, the analysis revealed that the verse does not prophesy Christ's second coming; rather, it depicts the nature of that coming, likening it to lightning flashing from the east to the west. This coming will be public, universal, clear, evident and witnessed by all humanity. Christ's return has not yet occurred, but it will happen at the end of time, preceded by various terrifying events around the world known as the tribulation. Christ will return in his male form, as he ascended to heaven, not as a woman, and in his glory as King, not in the humble state of a human, to judge all humanity living on earth. Contribution: This study contributes to the discourse on Christology and eschatology by critically examining a modern theological movement in light of traditional interpretations of Scripture, providing clarity and insight into the nature of Christ's return as articulated in the New Testament. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: China has undergone a significant socioeconomic transformation over the past few decades due to the implementation of family planning policies. These societal changes have resulted in an increased susceptibility among females to developing cardiometabolic diseases (CMD). Unfortunately, studies investigating the correlation between family planning policies in China and the incidence of CMD remain scarce. Methods: Data from 1,226 females, aged 30 years or older with ≥ 1 live birth, undergoing routine physical examinations between January 2018 and December 2021 were collected, and they were grouped by number of live births 1, 2, and ≥ 3. A binary logistic regression model was employed to examine the association between the number of live births with CMD. Furthermore, the subgroup analysis was performed to elucidate the impact of the implementation of family planning policies with CMD. Results: Women with live births ≥ 3 tended to be older, had higher gravidities, a greater proportion of central obesity, general obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia (all P < 0.05). Across the three groups (live birth = 1, =2 and ≥ 3), the odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI for obesity were: 1.00, 3.32 (2.36–4.69), and 5.73 (3.79–8.68); for dyslipidemia were: 1.00, 1.75 (1.29–2.39), and 2.02 (1.38–2.94); and for CMD were: 1.00, 1.91 (1.44–2.54), and 2.15 (1.46–3.15), respectively (all P < 0.05). In addition, based on the different periods of the childbearing policy in China, a subgroup analysis (where age was divided into ≤ 45, 45–65, and ≥ 65 years old) found that each additional live birth increased the prevalence risk of obesity and CMD in the younger generations, while hypertension and dyslipidemia in the elder generation. Conclusions: Higher live births are positively associated with the prevalence of CMD among women in Southwest China. Moreover, giving birth after the implementation of the one-child policy tends to have a higher risk of developing CMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context.--Noninvasive self-sampling is a convenient option that may be highly accepted by women for home- based detection, which could increase the screening rate for cervical cancer (CC) and reduce its incidence and mortality. Objective.--To compare the distribution of high-risk human papillomavirus (hr-HPV) between the vulva and cervix and to explore the clinical value of vulvar HPV detection in CC screening. Design.--The study was nested within a clinical trial on a recombinant HPV 9-valent vaccine for women ages 20 to 45 years. Women with paired vulvar and cervical specimens were included and underwent cytology and HPV detection. The consistency of HPV detection between vulvar and cervical specimens was evaluated using Cohen K statistics. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of primary CC screening. The primary end points were cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2/3 or worse (CIN2+/3+). Results.--A total of 7999 women were enrolled, and 83/33 cases were diagnosed as CIN2+/CIN3+. The HPV- positive rate in vulvar specimens (1785 of 7999; 22.32%) was higher than that in cervical specimens (1390 of 7999; 17.38%), and there were no significant differences in the distribution of hr-HPV genotypes between the vulva and cervix in patients with CIN2+/CIN3+. Vulva-based HPV primary screening showed sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV comparable to those for cervix-based HPV primary CC screening in the detection of CIN3+. Conclusions.--The distribution of vulvar and cervical HPV was similar in patients with CIN2+/CIN3+. Vulva-based HPV primary CC screening had acceptable diagnostic efficacy and might be used as a modality for primary CC screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the prospective associations of nighttime sleep duration, midday napping, and sleep quality during early pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk among Chinese pregnant women. Sleep-related information was assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in baseline surveys during the 6–15 (mean 10.3) gestational weeks. GDM was diagnosed during 24–28 gestational weeks according to the Chinese Guidelines on Diagnosis and Management of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy (2022). Multivariable logistic regression models with adjustments for socio-demographic and lifestyle factors were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations of sleep traits with GDM risk. We identified 503 incident GDM cases among 6993 participants. Compared with women who slept for 7–9 hours/night in early pregnancy, those who slept <7 hours/night showed a higher risk of GDM (OR, 1.75; 95 % CI: 1.20–2.54), whereas those who slept >9 hours/night showed no significant association for GDM risk (OR, 1.01; 95 % CI: 0.78–1.30). Compared with women with absolutely no napping, those with ≤60 and > 60 min/day midday napping showed no significant association for GDM risk (OR, 0.82; 95 % CI: 0.64–1.05 for ≤60 min/day midday napping; OR, 0.87; 95 % CI: 0.66–1.15 for >60 min/day midday napping). Poor sleep quality was not associated with GDM risk compared with good quality (OR, 0.90; 95 % CI: 0.72–1.12). A short nighttime sleep duration during early pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of GDM, which was independent of midday napping, sleep quality and lifestyle factors. [Display omitted] • The associations of sleep traits with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have not been thoroughly examined. • This study investigated the prospective associations of sleep traits during early pregnancy with GDM risk among Chinese. • Short nighttime sleep duration was associated with an increased risk of GDM in the relatively large prospective cohort. • The study highlights the importance of maintaining adequate nighttime sleep duration during early pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prenatal depression, associated with adverse effects on mothers and fetuses, has received little attention. We conducted a large-sample study to investigate the risk factors of, and develop a predictive model for, prenatal depression in the Chinese population. This study enrolled 14,329 pregnant women who delivered at the West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University from January 2017 to December 2020. Participants were divided into a training or validation cohort. Multiple variables were collected and selected using univariate logistic regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator penalty regression. After multivariate logistic analysis, a predictive model was developed and validated internally and externally. Nine variables (employment, planned pregnancy, pregnancy number, conception methods, gestational diabetes mellitus, twin pregnancy, placenta previa, umbilical cord encirclement, and educational attainment) were identified as independent risk factors for prenatal depression. Receiver operating characteristic curves in both the training and validation cohorts showed excellent discrimination of the predictive model (the area under the curve: 0.746 and 0.732, respectively). The results of this retrospective study may be affected by confounding and information bias. Some important variables were excluded, such as family history of mental disorders. The study was conducted in China; its results may not be generalizable to other regions. Our study identified nine significant risk factors for prenatal depression and constructed an accurate predictive model. This model could be applied as a clinical decision aid for individualized risk estimates and prevention of prenatal depression. • Prenatal depression can adversely affect mothers and fetuses. • The study enrolled 14,329 pregnant women who delivered at a single center in China. • Nine unique risk factors for prenatal depression were identified from 50 variables. • An accurate predictive model was constructed for prenatal depression. • Clinicians can use the predictive model for early screening of prenatal depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior consumer research has tended to focus on identity-related stigma management of individuals toward their own stigma. However, little is known about the consumption-related identity work that stigmatized individuals undertake to discharge the courtesy stigma attached to close associates such as family members. Courtesy stigma refers to the discredit directed toward people who are closely associated with a stigmatized individual or group. Drawing on interview, ethnographic, and netnographic data on China's 'Leftover Women,' our research analyzes the personal and, more centrally, the social identity work related consumption counternarratives that these women construct—through combinations of specific kinds of consumption and gift-giving practices—to counteract family and courtesy stigma. Counternarratives are the resistance stories that people tell and live to either implicitly or explicitly challenge the dominant cultural narrative. The findings of our investigation help to build an enhanced understanding of how stigmatized individuals act as consumers in the market and via digital channels to tackle the family identity challenges of courtesy stigma that have not been explored in extant studies of consumer stigma identity work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of erbium:yttrium–aluminum–garnet (Er:YAG) laser treatment in female patients with mild-to-moderate stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Methods: From July 2018 to June 2020, 72 female patients with mild-to-moderate SUI were enrolled in this study. A baseline assessment was conducted, which included a 1-hour pad test, the validated International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire–Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI-SF), postvoid residual (PVR) testing, pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q) testing, and a cough stress test. All patients underwent four sessions of Er:YAG laser treatment using a smooth mode. A reassessment was performed 6 months after treatment to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Er:YAG laser. Results: All patients completed four clinic visits, with a 1-month interval, and were followed up for a minimum of 6 months. No severe adverse reactions were observed during the treatment process. The 1-hour pad test revealed a significant reduction in urinary leakage from baseline (6.30 ± 1.06 g) to the 6-month follow-up (2.70 ± 0.96 g, p < 0.001), with 34 of 72 (47.22%) patients achieving negative results. The ICIQ-UI-SF score significantly decreased from baseline to 6 months (10.82 ± 1.38 to 2.96 ± 0.52, p < 0.001). PVR experimental results showed a significant decrease in residual urine volume after treatment (103.72 ± 8.61 mL to 43.86 ± 4.92 mL, p < 0.001). At the 6-month follow-up, hematoxylin and eosin staining results demonstrated that Er:YAG laser treatment significantly facilitated an increase in the thickness of squamous epithelial cells. The efficacy of Er:YAG laser treatment for SUI was 77.78% (56/72). Conclusions: Several objective and subjective assessments confirmed the safety and efficacy of vaginal smooth mode Er:YAG laser treatment for mild-to-moderate SUI during the 6-month follow-up period. Nonablative Er:YAG laser in the smooth mode is a viable treatment option for SUI patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To obtain an in‐depth understanding of women's decision‐making experiences related to mastectomy. Design: A descriptive qualitative interview study. Methods: Individual semi‐structured interviews were conducted face‐to‐face with 27 Chinese women with breast cancer who underwent mastectomy at two tertiary hospitals in mainland China between September 2020 and December 2021 after obtaining the appropriate ethical approvals. Interviews were conducted in Mandarin. Data were analysed using inductive content analysis. Results: Mean age of participants was 48 years (range 31–70). Most participants had low education, low monthly family income, had a partner and health insurance, had been diagnosed with early breast cancer, and had not undergone reconstructive surgery. Six categories related to decision‐making experiences emerged: (1) Emotions affecting decision‐making, (2) Information seeking for decision‐making, (3) Beliefs about mastectomy and the breast, (4) Participation in decision‐making, (5) People who influence decision‐making, and (6) Post‐decision reflection. Participants did not mention the role of nurses in their decision‐making process for mastectomy. Conclusions: This study adds valuable insights into the limited evidence on women's experience with decision‐making about mastectomy from a Chinese perspective, which is important given the continuing high prevalence of mastectomy in many regions. Future studies from other countries and ethnic groups are recommended to gain diverse knowledge. Impact: The findings of this study are useful for nurses and other healthcare professionals in the multidisciplinary team to better support women with breast cancer in their decision‐making process regarding mastectomy. The findings could inform future interventions to support treatment decision‐making and may be relevant to women living in similar socio‐medical contexts to those in mainland China. Reporting Method: The study was reported following the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist. Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across many cultures, women are evaluated based on their appearance, with narrow societal beauty ideals as the standard against which they are judged and, eventually, judge themselves. Women who internalize the beauty ideal are more likely to consider cosmetic surgery. Dissonance-based interventions targeting thin-ideal internalization are effective at preventing eating disorders and associated risk factors. In this study, we evaluated an online dissonance-based intervention targeting beauty-ideal internalization to reduce favorable attitudes toward cosmetic surgery among Chinese women. Chinese women who were dissatisfied with their appearance and who were considering cosmetic surgery were randomized to the intervention (n = 127, M age = 35.49) or to the educational brochure control condition (n = 98, M age = 32.97). Beauty-ideal internalization, favorable attitudes toward cosmetic surgery, facial appearance concerns, body satisfaction, and body appreciation were assessed at pretest, posttest, and 4-week follow-up. Intention-to-treat analyses showed that the intervention reduced beauty-ideal internalization and favorable attitudes toward cosmetic surgery at posttest, with small-to-medium effect sizes; however, effects were not sustained at follow-up. No effects were found for facial appearance concerns, body satisfaction, and body appreciation. This study provides preliminary evidence for the short-term efficacy of the dissonance-based intervention for reducing beauty-ideal internalization and favorable attitudes toward cosmetic surgery, and points to valuable directions for improvement. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/03616843231183946. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Breast density has consistently been shown to be an independent risk factor for breast cancer in Western populations; however, few studies have evaluated this topic in Chinese women and there is not yet a unified view. This study investigated the association between mammographic density (MD) and breast cancer risk in Chinese women. Methods: The PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Wanfang databases were systematically searched in June 2023 to include all studies on the association between MD and breast cancer risk in Chinese women. A total of 13,977 breast cancer cases from 14 studies were chosen, including 10 case-control/cross-sectional studies, and 4 case-only studies. For case-control/cross-sectional studies, the odds ratios (ORs) of MD were combined using random effects models, and for case-only studies, relative odds ratios (RORs) were combinations of premenopausal versus postmenopausal breast cancer cases. Results: Women with BI-RADS density category II-IV in case-control/cross-sectional studies had a 0.93-fold (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.55, 1.57), 1.08-fold (95% CI 0.40, 2.94), and 1.24-fold (95% CI 0.42, 3.69) higher risk compared to women with the lowest density category. Combined RORs for premenopausal versus postmenopausal women in case-only studies were 3.84 (95% CI 2.92, 5.05), 22.65 (95% CI 7.21, 71.13), and 42.06 (95% CI 4.22, 419.52), respectively, for BI-RADS density category II-IV versus I. Conclusions: For Chinese women, breast cancer risk is weakly associated with MD; however, breast cancer risk is more strongly correlated with mammographic density in premenopausal women than postmenopausal women. Further research on the factors influencing MD in premenopausal women may provide meaningful insights into breast cancer prevention in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Chinese women become more educated and participate in the labor force, they earn more money independently. At the same time, thanks to China's one-child policy, women have gained more intergenerational wealth. The economic foundation allowed Chinese women to play bigger power in the consumer market, and a phenomenon called "Her Economy" since 2007. The improvement of discourse power and economic empowerment of Chinese women in the consumer market rendered them better achieve self-empowerment. However, female behavior is also shaped by society, and female consumption is more likely to be influenced by consumer culture and become the background board of consumer society, and women find it difficult to achieve real empowerment through consumption. Although the existing literature has explored this issue, the research field has not been extended to Chinese female consumers, and the theoretical perspective of empowerment is lacking. Thus, this paper reviews women's consumption and empowerment in China from a critical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the motivations and contexts for China's highly educated, financially independent single urban women to willingly participate in parental matchmaking. Based on the analysis of two rounds of in-depth interviews with 25 never-married women in Shanghai, Shenzhen and Guangzhou, we find that their participation in parental matchmaking is best understood as an intergenerational alliance formed to mitigate perceived insecurities. Neo-familism, state-endorsed stigmatization and discriminatory polices explain why parents and daughters both prioritize socio-economic security in mate selection. However, the benefits of this inter-generational collaboration are doubtful and asymmetrical, more beneficial to parents than daughters. We contribute to the literature by specifying how state-promoted discourses, neo-familism and women's lived experiences explain their participation in parental matchmaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Stroke has become a significant public health issue in China. Although studies have shown that women’s age at first live birth (AFLB) might be associated with incident stroke, there is limited evidence on this relationship among Chinese parous women. Likewise, the nature of this association across urban-rural socioeconomic status (SES) has yet to be explored. In this prospective study, we sought to investigate the associations of women’s AFLB with the risk of incident stroke and its subtypes (ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, and subarachnoid haemorrhage) and to explore the differences of these associations as well as the population-level impacts across SES classes. Methods We used data on 290932 Chinese parous women from the China Kadoorie Biobank who were recruited in the baseline survey between 2004 and 2008 and followed up until 2015. We used latent class analysis to identify urban-rural SES classes and Cox proportional hazard regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for AFLB’s association with incident stroke. We then calculated population attributable fraction (PAF) to demonstrate the population-level impact of later AFLB on stroke. Results Around 8.9% of parous women developed stroke after AFLB. Compared with women with AFLB <22 years, those with older AFLB had a higher risk of total stroke, with fully adjusted HRs (95% CI) of 1.71 (95% CI=1.65–1.77) for 22–24 years and 3.37 (95% CI=3.24–3.51) for ≥25 years. The associations of AFLB with ischaemic stroke were stronger among rural-low-SES participants. We found the highest PAFs of ischaemic stroke (60.1%; 95% CI=46.2–70.3) associated with later AFLB for urban-high-SES individuals. Conclusions Older AFLB was associated with higher risks of incident stroke and its subtypes among Chinese parous women, with stronger associations between AFLB and ischaemic stroke among rural-low-SES participants. Targeted medical advice for pregnant women of different ages could have long-term benefits for stroke prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The utilization of hospital delivery and antenatal care (ANC) is essential for improving maternal and newborn outcomes. However, social and cultural barriers in underdeveloped rural areas hindered maternal care utilization. This study aims to design and evaluate the effectiveness of a culturally adapted digital-platform intervention to promote maternal care utilization among women in ethnic minority communities in China. Methods: From January 1st, 2020, to December 31st, 2021, all pregnant women in Mianshan town, Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture, were invited to participate in the intervention. The multifaceted intervention included participatory and cultural-tailored health education on a popular social media platform, transportation subsidies, and capacity building and economic incentives for healthcare providers. The effectiveness of the intervention was evaluated by comparing two groups: mothers who gave live birth before the intervention (January 1st to December 31st, 2019) and mothers whose entire pregnancy period was covered by the intervention. The primary outcomes were the rate of hospital delivery and ANC utilization. Data on pregnant women were retrospectively collected through telephone surveys and the maternal and newborn's health monitoring system. Results: A total of 237 intervention sample and 138 pre-intervention sample were included. The intervention group demonstrated significantly higher rates of hospital delivery (97.5% vs. 87.7%, p < 0.001), timely initiation of ANC (73.0% vs. 62.3%, p = 0.031), and timely completion of five-time ANC visits (37.1% vs.4.3%, p < 0.001) compared to the pre-intervention group. The intervention group was more likely to utilize hospital delivery (OR = 9.26, 95%CI [2.83–30.24], p < 0.001) and ANC, including timely initiation of ANC (OR = 2.18, 95%CI [1.31–3.62], p = 0.003), completion of five ANC visits (OR = 1.72, 95%CI [1.05–2.83], p = 0.032), and timely completion of five ANC visits (OR = 15.12, 95%CI [6.24–36.64], p < 0.001). Conclusions: The culturally adapted digital-platform integrated multifaceted intervention effectively promoted the utilization of hospital delivery, timely initiation of ANC, and completion of ANC visits in the Yi ethnic community in China. This study provides valuable insights for future interventions targeting maternal healthcare services in underdeveloped ethnic minority communities worldwide. Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2300073219. Registered 4 July 2023 - Retrospectively registered, https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=199202. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, significant numbers of young middle-class Chinese women have moved abroad to construct an individual 'biography' beyond the unequal gendered expectations of the post-reform context. This article reports on a 2019 qualitative study combining interviews and visual analysis of WeChat and Instagram posts to consider how young Chinese women temporarily living in Australia maintain relationships with upper middle class family who have supported their daughters' overseas ventures. In the wake of sweeping privatization which has encouraged parents to invest in their only children as their 'only hopes', online media has allowed parents to be 'pervasively present' for distant daughters in these transnational movements. We document participants' curated self-branding for family on WeChat as a means of managing and negotiating this sometimes interventionist presence. Our participants' practices reveal a complex juggling act: managing individual desires to optimize the overseas experience but carefully modulating such experience for the parental audience. Post-pandemic follow-up interviews in 2022 also suggest complications in the use of transnational mobility to extend the possibilities of flourishing, with parental pressure to return to a more proximate zone of surveillance in China. Such practices indicate the gendered contradictions young women face: pushed but also desiring to succeed individually in an unequal marketplace, while being further tethered to the family unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the prevalence of SUI and explore the factors that could influence the severity of SUI in adult females. Design: A cross‐sectional study. Methods: A total of 1178 subjects were assessed using a risk‐factor questionnaires and International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form (ICIQ‐SF) and then divided into no SUI group, mild SUI group and moderate‐to‐severe SUI group according to the ICIQ‐SF score. Univariate analysis between adjacent groups and ordered logistic regression models in three groups were then performed to analysis the possible associated factor with the progressive of SUI. Results: The prevalence of SUI among adult women was 22.2% of them; 16.2% and 6% had mild SUI and moderate‐to‐severe SUI, respectively. Moreover, logistic analysis revealed that age, BMI, smoking, position preference for urination, urinary tract infections, urinary leaks during pregnancy, gynaecological inflammation and poor sleep quality were independent risk for the severity of SUI. Conclusion: SUI symptoms were mostly mild among Chinese females, specific risk factors such as unhealthy living habits and urination behaviours increased the risk of SUI and the aggravation of symptoms. Therefore, targeted interventions should be formulated for women to delay disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Research on muscularity‐oriented disordered eating has grown in recent years. However, the bulk of this research has focused on men and Western populations. Limited research is available in non‐Western populations of women (e.g., China) which is likely due to the lack of valid instruments in these populations. Thus, the current study aimed to describe the validity and reliability of the Muscularity‐Oriented Eating Test (MOET) in Chinese women. Method: Two online surveys (survey one: n = 599, Mage = 29.49, SD = 7.36; survey two: n = 201, Mage = 28.42, SD = 7.76) were conducted to explore the psychometric properties of the MOET in Chinese women. In survey one, the factor structure of the MOET was examined via exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA). Internal consistency reliability and convergent and incremental validity of the MOET were also assessed. In survey two, test–retest reliability across a 2‐week interval was examined. Results: EFA and CFA provided support for the unidimensional factor structure of the MOET in Chinese adult women. The MOET presented good internal consistency and test–retest reliability and convergent validity via large, positive associations with theoretically related constructs (e.g., thinness‐oriented disordered eating, drive for muscularity, and psychosocial impairment). Finally, muscularity‐oriented disordered eating described unique variance in psychosocial impairment, providing support for the incremental validity of the MOET. Discussion: The sound psychometric structure of the MOET was supported in Chinese women. Continued research is needed to describe muscularity‐oriented disordered eating in Chinese women to contribute to this significant gap in the literature. Public Significance: The Muscularity‐Oriented Eating Test (MOET) is a measure specifically developed for assessing muscularity‐oriented disordered eating. This study examined the validity and reliability of the MOET in Chinese women. The results showed that the MOET had sound validity and reliability in Chinese women. Thus, the MOET is a valuable tool for advancing the understanding of the muscularity‐oriented disordered eating of women from the Chinese context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rise of women's voices and changing consumer attitudes in the new digital era, gender social media marketing is becoming a problem area for researcher, and the features of gender marketing is constantly being questioned. The aim of the study is to reveal the presence of gender marketing in Chinese social media in three aspects: cognitive, emotional, and behavioral, and determine the gender marketing in the current context by means of a questionnaire survey (N = 142, 2022). The results show that Chinese women are relatively supportive of gender marketing. Gender social media marketing based on correctly capturing women's emotional appeal usually further triggers positive emotional resonance among women, which in turn can have a positive effect on promoting consumer behavior. This study argues that the impact of gender marketing on Chinese audiences at the cognitive level is reflected in their attention to marketing activities; at the affective level, it is reflected in their attitudes and empathy towards marketing content; and at the behavioral level, it is the behaviors of searching, purchasing, or disseminating relevant content. The study demonstrates that gender marketing on Chinese social media generates interest and positive emotional resonance among female consumers, thereby contributing to their purchase decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To establish and validate a targeted model for the prediction of cognitive impairment in elderly illiterate Chinese women. Methods: 1864 participants in the 2011-2014 cohort and 1,060 participants in the 2014-2018 cohort from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) were included in this study. The Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to measure cognitive function. Demographics and lifestyle information were collected to construct a risk prediction model by a restricted cubic spline Cox regression. The discrimination and accuracy of the model were assessed by the area under the curve (AUC) and the concordance index, respectively. Results: A total of seven critical variables were included in the final prediction model for cognitive impairment risk, including age, MMSE score, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), psychological score, activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental abilities of daily living (IADL), and frequency of tooth brushing. The internal and external validation AUCs were 0.8 and 0.74, respectively; and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves indicated good performance ability of the constructed model. Conclusion: A feasible model to explore the factors influencing cognitive impairment in elderly illiterate women in China and to identify the elders at high risk was successfully constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Arterial stiffness is an important risk factor of arteriosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Sedentary behaviour (SB) is associated with increased risk for chronic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and poor health outcomes. This study aims to investigate the associations of objectively measured patterns of SB with arterial stiffness in Chinese community-dwelling older women. Methods and results Cross-sectional data were derived from the baseline survey of the Physical Activity and Health in Older Women Study. Arterial stiffness was evaluated through cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), CAVI ≥ 9 was defined as cut-off point. Sedentary behaviour patterns including sedentary time in SB bouts of ≥10, 30, and 60 min, number of SB bouts ≥10, 30, and 60 min, were measured via tri-axial accelerometers. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate associations of different SB patterns with arterial stiffness. Of the total 1125 women aged 60–70, the prevalence of CAVI ≥ 9 was 25.8%. After adjustment for confounding factors, only sedentary time in SB bout ≥30 and 60 min, number of SB bouts ≥60 min were associated with arterial stiffness, with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] of 1.06 (1.00–1.12) and 1.11 (1.03–1.20) per 30 min increase per day, 1.35 (1.05–1.74) per bout per day, respectively. Conclusions Longer duration of prolonged SB periods was associated with higher level of arterial stiffness. Shortening and interrupting accumulated periods of SB may be an achievable strategy to reduce risk of CVD in self-care and cardiovascular nursing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study integrates the theory of planned behavior with a structural approach to examining social capital to investigate how bonding social capital affected Chinese women's tampon use intentions. Bonding social capital was operationalized as network closure, which included two main dimensions: density and hierarchy. Results from an online survey (N = 766) showed that network density was positively associated with attitudes toward, social norms about, and perceived behavior control around tampon usage, while network hierarchy negatively predicted attitudes only. Moreover, the indirect effects of network density on tampon use intentions were mediated by descriptive norms and perceived behavior control. Examining women's intentions to adopt a rarely used product in China, this study extended the theory of planned behavior into the realm of social capital in an understudied context. The findings provide practical implications for health communication practitioners in public education concerning feminine hygiene products and gynecological health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The individualization thesis has been widely applied to explain women’s increasing autonomy in romantic relationships and marital decisions across both Western and non-Western contexts. In China, individualization is believed to have enhanced women’s freedom in love and marriage, supported by the 1950 Marriage Law, which abolished arranged marriages and granted women equal legal status to men. However, Chinese women still face notable constraints in exercising full autonomy over their choice of partners and the timing of marriage. Parental involvement in matchmaking, pressure from media discourses that stigmatize “leftover women”, and social expectations continue to define women’s happiness in relation to timely marriage and childbearing. Importantly, Confucian family and gender norms now appear to have a greater influence on women’s romantic choices than they did during the early reform era. With the “return” of Confucian marital values and increasing parental involvement in matchmaking, does the individualization thesis still sufficiently explain Chinese women’s marital freedom? By addressing the “nonlinear” aspect of second modernity, this article aims to deconstruct the concept of “traditions” within the marital sphere. It argues that traditions have re-emerged in an “evolved” form, blending both traditional and modern requirements within China’s unique context of individualization. The nonlinear nature of individualization offers a dynamic perspective for understanding the complex relationship between tradition and modernity in rapidly transforming societies like China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression and anxiety are among the most common morbidities during the perinatal period. Very few studies have been conducted to examine the association between paternal childcare involvement and postpartum depression (PPD) and anxiety (PPA) in East Asian cultures. This study aims to examine the association between fathers' involvement in childcare and mothers' mental health and explores the potential mediating effects of the mother and child's health among a national sample of Chinese women. This is a cross-sectional, self-administered online survey of maternal women (N = 778) within 1 year after childbirth in China. The questionnaire comprised of sociodemographics, fathers' childcare involvement, child and mother's physical health, and mothers' postpartum mental health status. A path analysis model was constructed to examine the correlation between paternal childcare involvement and maternal depression and anxiety within 1-year postpartum. The mediating effect of the mother and child's physical health was also explored in the model. Paternal involvement in childcare was significantly associated with lower PPD (β = −.36, p < 0.001) and PPA (β = −.29, p < 0.001) levels of mothers after covariates were adjusted. Furthermore, women's physical health partially mediated the association between paternal involvement and PPD, and child's health partially mediated the association between paternal involvement and PPA and PPD. Our findings emphasize the essential role of father's childcare involvement and the need to promote culturally tailored intervention programs, which may improve the mental health status among Chinese postpartum mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) gestational weight gain (GWG) guidelines were initially developed for pregnant women in the United States. This study aimed to investigate whether the IOM guidelines were suitable for pregnant Chinese women. A retrospective cohort study comprising 20,593 singleton pregnant women was conducted at the Beijing Obstetrics and Gynaecology Hospital (1 January 2018 to 31 December 2019). Applicability was evaluated by comparing the GWG corresponding to the lowest point of the predicted composite risk curve with the 2009 IOM GWG Guidelines. The IOM Guidelines serve as the standard for the GWG categories and the pre-pregnancy body mass index. An exponential function model was used to fit the weight gain during pregnancy and the probability of caesarean section, preterm birth, small for gestational age, and large for gestational age. A quadratic function model was used to fit the combined probability of the above-mentioned adverse pregnancy outcomes. The applicability of the IOM guidelines was evaluated by comparing the weights corresponding to the lowest predicted probability with the GWG range recommended by the IOM guidelines. According to the 2009 IOM GWG Guidelines, 43% of the women achieved adequate weight, almost 32% gained excessive weight, and 25% gained inadequate weight. The GWG range proposed by the IOM included the lowest predicted probability value for underweight women and exceeded the lowest predicted probability for normal weight, overweight, and obese women. The 2009 IOM guidelines were suitable for Chinese women whose pre-pregnancy body mass index was classified as underweight. The guidelines were not suitable for normal, overweight, or obese pre-pregnancy body mass index classifications. Therefore, based on the above evidence, the 2009 IOM guidelines are not suitable for all Chinese women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies investigating the correlation between mode of delivery and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have yielded inconsistent results. This study aims to investigate the association between mode of delivery and PTSD in a cohort of Chinese women with a high rate of cesarean section (CS). We conducted a prospective cohort study in China between October 2019 and June 2021. Women aged 20-45 years who give birth at The Seventh Hospital of the Southern Medical University during the study period were enrolled. PTSD was assessed by the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version at 42 days postpartum. We examined the independent association between mode of birth and PTSD by log-binomial regression analysis. A total of 759/800 (94.88%) women completed questionnaire. The prevalence of postpartum PTSD was 12.12% in included women, 8.18% in women with vaginal delivery (VD), 17.55% in women with CS. After adjusting for confounding factors, it was found that women with elective CS (RR = 1.70, 95%CI, 1.03 to 2.87) and emergency CS (RR = 1.95, 95%CI, 1.08 to 3.83) had an increased risk of developing postpartum PTSD compared with women with VD. CS is identified as an independent risk factor for PTSD in a cohort of Chinese women with a high prevalence of CS., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Approval from Human Research Ethics Committee of The Seventh Hospital of Southern Medical University was obtained. Ethical statement: There was no harm to the participants. All women included in our study knew our research objective and procedure. All women enrolled into this study participated on a voluntary basis and gave their written informed consents., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Background: Women and sexual minority individuals have been found to be at higher risk for experiencing poor sleep health compared to their counterparts. However, research on the sleep health of sexual minority women (SMW) is lacking in China., Objective: This study aimed to examine sleep quality and social support for Chinese women with varied sexual identities, and then investigate the in-depth relationships between sexual identity and sleep., Methods: This was a cross-sectional web-based survey. All participants completed a structured questionnaire containing a set of sociodemographic items referring to the social-ecological model of sleep health, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Social Support Rating Scale, and social relationships and environment domains of the World Health Organization Quality of Life-abbreviated short version. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to examine the relationship between sleep quality and social support as well as the two domains of quality of life. Structural equation modeling analysis was used to explore the social-ecological relationships., Results: A total of 250 cisgender heterosexual women (CHW) and 259 SMW were recruited from July to September 2021. A total of 241 (47.3%) women experienced poor sleep quality and the rate was significantly higher in SMW than in CHW (55.2% vs 39.2%, P<.001). Around one-fifth of SMW reported low levels of social support, which was significantly higher than that of CHW (21.6% vs 5.6%, P<.001). Pearson correlations showed that overall sleep quality was significantly negatively associated with social support with weak correlations (r=-0.26, P<.001). The final structural equation modeling analysis with satisfactory fit indices identified 6 social-ecological pathways, showing that alcohol use, objective support, utilization of support, and perceived social relationship and environment quality of life played important roles in the sleep quality of individuals from their sexual identity., Conclusions: SMW experienced poorer sleep quality compared to CHW. Further research is recommended to address the modifiable factors affecting sleep and then implement tailored sleep improvement programs., (© Chanchan Wu, Pui Hing Chau, Edmond Pui Hang Choi. Originally published in JMIR Public Health and Surveillance (https://publichealth.jmir.org).)

Background: Research studies on Asian women's preferences for breast augmentation and the factors that influence decision-making are scarce or unrepresentative., Methods: This study was conducted from September 2016 to September 2017, a period of one year. We developed a questionnaire for Chinese female with breast augmentation intentions based on the Breast-Q questionnaire, the world's most popular breast augmentation assessment tool, and conducted questionnaire surveys in 35 hospitals located in 19 provinces in mainland China among female who came to hospitals to inquire about breast augmentation surgery., Results: A total of 2066 questionnaires were collected from female interested in breast augmentation. The age range at the time of response was 19-53 years (mean 31.2 ± 6.8 years). More than half of the respondents (58.1%) were married, and 70.4% of them had children. The respondents rated their dressed image significantly higher than their nude image. Their partners also rated their breast image poorly, with 43% rating it fair and 30.4% negatively. Internal reasons, such as improving self-confidence and creating a better body image, were the main motivators for breast augmentation. More than half of the respondents had only limited understanding of breast augmentation surgery or had heard of it but did not fully understand it (33.2% and 27.5%, respectively), and 69.4% had considered breast augmentation for less than three years. A total of 49.2% of the respondents learned about breast augmentation surgery through the Internet. A total of 43.8% of the respondents did not receive support from family members or partners. Surgical safety (20.4%), surgical effect (17.1%), and surgeon's skill (16.6%) were given the highest priority. The surgeon's professionalism, popularity, and academic background were also high on people's list of considerations., Conclusions: The results of our breast augmentation survey provide data on many Chinese women considering breast augmentation. This will help plastic surgeons better understand the characteristics, preferences, and concerns of Chinese women undergoing breast augmentation and will be used to guide patient-doctor communication and help Chinese women make the most informed decisions., Level of Evidence V: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 ., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. Ethical Approval: The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital. Informed Consent: For this type of study, informed consent is not required., (© 2024. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature and International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery.)

The current study replicated and extended the gratitude model of body appreciation and intuitive eating in Chinese women. Using a sample of 957 young Chinese women, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to test two previously established models derived from samples of American (original model) and Japanese (modified model) women. Results indicated that the modified model had a better fit and was largely replicated in the Chinese context. Higher gratitude was associated with lower appearance and others' approval of self-worth, higher body appreciation, and greater intuitive eating. Also, we further extended the model by exploring whether and how the model could explain intuitive eating facets. Results showed unique links between the core variables in the model and each facet of intuitive eating. Specifically, findings of the excellent model fit indicate that interventions focused on cultivating gratitude may be promising in promoting body appreciation and intuitive eating in young Chinese women. Also, interventions based on the model might be modified to address specific facets of intuitive eating, which may enhance the effectiveness of future interventions. Future research should use longitudinal and experimental designs and develop culturally adapted models to advance our understanding of how the gratitude model of body appreciation and intuitive eating applies to Chinese women., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflict(s) of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Previous studies have indicated an association between birth weight (BW) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but few studies have explored this relationship under different conditions of obesity in adulthood. Methods: A total of 4,005 individuals from ten provinces of China were randomly selected to participate in this study. We used a questionnaire to collect age, BW, current weight, height, T2DM history, age at T2DM diagnosis, and other variables. The participants were divided into three groups were according to BW trisection (BW ≤ 2500 g for the lower BW group, 2500 g < BW ≤ 3500 g for the normal BW group, and BW > 3500 g for the higher BW group). The cutoff of overweight and obesity were 25 kg/m2 and 28 kg/m2, respectively. Results: The prevalence rates of T2DM among women with lower BW, normal BW and higher BW were 5.2%, 3.6% and 2.0%, respectively. The obesity prevalence rates in the lower BW, normal BW and higher BW groups were 8.1%, 6.7% and 9.0%, respectively. In the obese population, we did not find a relationship between BW and T2DM, but in the nonobese population, we found that with increasing BW, the risk of developing T2DM was reduced. Obese status in adulthood modified the association between BW and the risk of T2DM. Conclusion: There is a "U" shape association between BW and risk of adulthood obesity in Chinese women, but this trend is not existed between BW and risk of developing T2DM. In non-overweight females, the risk of developing T2DM decreased with increasing BW, but this trend was not observed in overweight females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the question of where the responsibility for promoting gender equality resides in the Chinese employment context. Utilizing Acker's (2006) inequality regimes framework, the study explores women's underrepresentation in management roles in China and explains the persistence of gender inequalities in managerial echelons of Chinese organizations. Based on 30 interviews with female managers, the findings demonstrate the marketization and individualization of gender equality in organizational activity. The existing gender inequality, and the lack of responsibility for tackling it, has been either legitimized by eluding to the commercial-only focus of organizations or rendered invisible through a belief in individual choice as the determining factor of career progression for women. Gender inequality in management is also maintained through the compliance of female managers themselves with the presumed legitimacy of gender-based differential access to managerial roles. References to culture and tradition, market forces, competitive pressures, and individual choices by female managers are often made in explaining the unequal career paths and outcomes for men and women in their organizations. Our findings contribute to the human resource management ( HRM) literature by framing macrosocietal context as a dynamic and endogenous aspect of management of human resources in organizations and provide novel insights into the interplay between HRM and societal context. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares the findings of two qualitative research studies on meanings of divorce endorsed by Chinese divorced women in Hong Kong conducted in 1998–2002 and 2016–2018, respectively. It is clearly shown that ideas about divorce have changed enormously in the past two decades. While the ideas that divorce is not acceptable and divorced women are failures were still prevalent, particularly in the divorce decision-making process, there has been a move towards a more dominant modern stance on divorce, although two powerful obstacles, the welfare of children and social stigmatisation, have persisted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper researches the role of journal keeping in the time of coronavirus from China to America, focusing on mainland and overseas Chinese women's writings of this pandemic in the form of diary. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical tensions between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and United States of America (USA), this daily-based documentary genre appeared on the Internet and provided nuanced individual perspectives in contrast to the grand official narrative and stimulated heated debates. From Ai Xiaoming's "Wuhan Diary" to Zhang Lan's "New Yorkers in the Epidemic," Dou Wanru's "Notes on New York's Epidemic" and Wang Ruochong's "New York Epidemic Diary," then to Jiang Xue's "Chang'an Decameron," I explore how these literary logs have recorded everyday activities and emotional changes during the outbreak, what personal stories of the disadvantaged and marginalized told us about the human cost and social impacts of the disaster beyond the governments' grand narratives, and why they have become so popular and controversial. Relating the genre to gender, I select five women writers' diaries that provide their readers with feminine perspectives of the plight. The phenomenon is worth studying as it demonstrates diary-writing as therapy against the trauma of the plague. The multifaceted mode of these writings is made possible by a prosaic style that not only contains a variety of contents but also embraces the voices from all walks of life in different tones, including those of the women writers themselves that negotiate their gender as well as ethnic identity in the difficult time of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study investigated prevalence trends and identified the associated factors of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among pregnant women in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Guangxi), Southwest China. Methods: Serial cross-sectional surveys were performed annually among pregnant women in Guangxi from 2009 to 2018. Blood specimens were collected to test the prevalence of HIV, syphilis and HCV. Cochran–Armitage analysis was used to assess the trends of HIV, syphilis and HCV prevalence, as well as the sociodemographic and behavioural data. In this study, we used zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression models to identify factors associated with HIV, syphilis and HCV infection. Results: A total of 23,879 pregnant women were included in the study. The prevalence of HIV, syphilis and HCV was 0.24%, 0.85% and 0.19%, respectively. There was a decrease in HIV prevalence from 0.54% to 0.10%, a decrease in HCV prevalence from 0.40% to 0.05% and a decrease in syphilis prevalence from 1.53% to 0.30%. The findings based on the ZINB model revealed that pregnant women who had a history of STI had significantly increased risks of HIV (OR 6.63; 95% CI 1.33–32.90) and syphilis (OR 9.06; 95% CI 3.85–21.30) infection, while pregnant women who were unmarried/widowed/divorced were more likely to have HIV (OR 2.81; 95% CI 1.20–6.54) and HCV (OR 58.12; 95% CI, 3.14–1076.99) infection. Furthermore, pregnant women whose husband had a history of STI (OR 5.62; 95% CI 1.24–25.38) or drug use (OR 7.36; 95% CI 1.25–43.43) showed an increased risk of HIV infection. Conclusions: There was a relatively low prevalence of HIV, syphilis and HCV among pregnant women. Although decreasing trends in HIV, syphilis and HCV infections were observed, effort is needed to promote STI testing in both premarital medical check-ups and antenatal care, especially targeting couples with a history of STI or drug use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the association between women's perceived birth trauma and risk of postpartum depression (PPD). Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study in China between December 2018 and November 2019. Women aged 18–45 years who had a singleton live birth at a university teaching hospital were enrolled after written consent was obtained. PPD was defined as a score of 13 or more on the Chinese version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. We used multiple log-binomial regression analysis to estimate the independent association between perceived birth trauma and PPD. Results: A total of 650 eligible women were included in the final analysis. Of them, 245 (37.69%) had self-reported perceived birth trauma and 188 (28.92%) developed PPD. The PPD rate was 42.04% in women with perceived birth trauma, compared with 20.99% in women without perceived birth trauma (crude relative risk [RR] 2.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48–3.72). The increased risk of PPD for women with perceived birth trauma remained after adjustment for sociodemographic and obstetric factors (adjusted RR 2.13, 95% CI 1.69–3.28). Conclusion: Perceived birth trauma may be an important risk factor for PPD in Chinese women. Supportive care for women who perceived childbirth as a trauma may help to reduce the risk of PPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have a higher risk of developing elevated depressive symptoms than women without GDM. The aim of this study was to investigate the sociodemographic (eg, location), clinical (eg, health care–seeking behaviors), and psychological (eg, active coping skills) factors associated with elevated depressive symptoms in Chinese women with GDM. Methods: This was a secondary data analysis of a cross‐sectional study among Chinese women with GDM. Data (n = 323) were collected in 2018 from two hospitals in Hunan Province in China. The Center for Epidemiological Survey Depression Scale was used, with a criterion score ≥20 indicative of clinically elevated depressive symptoms. Descriptive, bivariate, and multiple logistic regression analyses were completed. Findings: The women had a mean age of 32.71 (SD = 5.17), and the majority were married (84.2%), college‐educated (65.6%), and with Han ethnicity (89.8%). About 68% of women had elevated depressive symptoms. Women with higher active coping scores were less likely (OR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.10‐0.38) to have elevated depressive symptoms. Women from one geographical location (Changde) who had more emergency room visits had higher odds (OR = 3.10, 95% CI: 1.88‐5.10) of elevated depressive symptoms. Discussion: There was a high co‐occurrence of GDM and elevated depressive symptoms among pregnant women in our sample. Assessment for depressive symptoms in women with GDM is warranted. More research about increasing active coping skills may improve health outcomes in women with GDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines whether a shortage of marriageable women induces trafficking of women for forced marriage in China as commonly expected. I assemble a data set of 1,215 transactions of women for forced marriage from 2010–2018 using court documents. My analysis suggests that the trafficking of women is not a direct consequence of the local shortage of marriageable women. The fundamental causes are entrenched patriarchal values as indicated by a high local sex ratio at birth, sex-specific internal migration, and the marriage squeeze endured by socially marginalized men in the context of a shortage of women in the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing pursuit of education, employment and financial independence among women, which is undoubtedly an impact of early inception of women's liberation movement in China, has nevertheless resulted in more and more women becoming uncompromising, when it comes to a marriage partner. Moreover, even though men are always in search for good looking and professionally successful women, but they are invariably unwilling to wed women with as much or more education or income than themselves. As a result, a new category of women, the 'leftover women' has emerged. This article explores the reasons behind their emergence and role played by women's liberation movement therein. It also studies the actions taken by governing bodies in creating and propagating the term itself and the stigma around it, especially pinpointing the approach taken by them towards 'leftover women' visa-vie 'leftover men'. It reveals the underlying patriarchal agenda of gendered governance, behind twisting and practically stalling the women's liberation movement in China in the recent years. As the official narrative of women's liberation and development is increasingly catering to more traditional and patriarchal values, the article argues, Chinese government is taking a complete U-turn in women's liberation movement in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Unselected multigene testing at breast cancer (BC) diagnosis has been reported to be cost-effective compared with family history (FH)/clinical-criteria-based testing in high-income countries such as the US and UK. Chinese patients are younger than Caucasian women at diagnosis, tending to have a higher gene mutation prevalence, and the family size and number of female relatives are smaller due to the one-child policy (which has been changed) in China. Therefore, offering genetic testing for BC patients could potentially prevent more cancer cases and deaths in China. However, the health economic evidence for multigene testing at BC diagnosis in China is lacking. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of three genetic testing strategies among BC patients using a microsimulation model at the individual level in China. We found that offering unselected multigene testing to all BC patients in China is highly cost-effective compared with FH/clinical-criteria-based testing or no testing from both the societal and payer perspectives. Unselected multigene testing for all women with breast cancer (BC) identifies more cancer susceptibility gene (CSG) carriers who can benefit from precision prevention compared with family history (FH)/clinical-criteria-based guidelines. Very little CSG testing is undertaken in middle-income countries such as China, and its cost-effectiveness remains unaddressed. We aimed to estimate cost-effectiveness and population impact of multigene testing for all Chinese BC patients. Data from 8085 unselected BC patients recruited to a Peking University Cancer Hospital study were used for microsimulation modeling, comparing three strategies in the Chinese setting: all BC women undergo BRCA1/BRCA2/PALB2 genetic testing, only BC women fulfilling FH/clinical criteria undergo BRCA testing, and no genetic testing. Prophylactic mastectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy would be adopted where appropriate. Societal and payer perspectives with a lifetime horizon along with sensitivity analyses were presented. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER): incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained is compared to the USD 10,260/QALY (one-times GDP per capita) willingness-to-pay threshold. BC incidence, ovarian cancer (OC) incidence, and related deaths were also estimated. FH/clinical-criteria-based BRCA testing was ruled out on the principle of extensive dominance. Compared with no genetic testing, multigene testing for all BC patients had an ICER = USD 4506/QALY (societal perspective) and USD 7266/QALY (payer perspective), well below our threshold. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed unselected multigene testing remained cost-effective for 94.2%/86.6% of simulations from the societal and payer perspectives. One year's unselected multigene testing could prevent 7868 BC/OC cases and 5164 BC/OC deaths in China. Therefore, unselected multigene testing is extremely cost-effective and should be offered to all Chinese women with BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to examine a possible two mediator model with both body surveillance and body shame mediating the association of selfie behavior with cosmetic surgery consideration in young adult women. A sample of 588 young adult women participated in this study and completed questionnaires regarding selfie behavior, body surveillance, body shame, and cosmetic surgery consideration. Results indicated that selfie behavior was positively related to cosmetic surgery consideration. In addition, the mediation analysis by PROCESS revealed that body surveillance and body shame mediated the relation between selfie behavior and cosmetic surgery consideration. These findings add to the extant literature by suggesting that selfie behavior may be a new experience of self-objectification, which provide new insights into the relation between selfie activities and cosmetic surgery consideration in young women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting women worldwide, and reproductive-age women are at increased risk. We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study analysing the prevalence of overall anaemia and anaemia according to severity in Chinese pre-pregnant women to update current knowledge on anaemia epidemiology. Based on the National Free Preconception Check-up Projects supported by the Chinese government, 5 679 782 women participating in this project in 2017 were included in the present study. The cyanmethemoglobin method was applied to assess Hb concentrations. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were applied for associated factors. The prevalence of anaemia among Chinese pre-pregnant women was 21·64 % (mild: 14·10 %, moderate: 7·17 % and severe : 0·37 %). The prevalence of overall and severe anaemia was the highest in Tibet and the lowest in Beijing among thirty-one provinces. Women's age, region, ethnic origin, educational level, occupation and pregnancy history were all correlated with anaemia. Women with B blood type (adjusted OR (aOR) = 0·89), higher BMI (overweight: aOR = 0·84; obesity: aOR = 0·70) and alcohol consumption (aOR = 0·69) were less likely to have anaemia, while those with rhesus negative blood type (aOR = 1·10), history of anaemia (aOR = 2·60), older age at menarche (aOR = 1·19), heavy menstrual blood loss (aOR = 1·39), longer menstrual period (aOR = 1·09) and shorter menstrual cycle (aOR = 1·08) were more likely to suffer from anaemia. Meat or egg eaters were not significantly associated with severe anaemia. Anaemia is of moderate public health significance among Chinese pre-pregnant women. Interventions should be considered to prevent anaemia to the greatest extent possible to avoid potential harm in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many previous studies have investigated the risk factors associated with eating disorders (EDs) from the perspective of emotion regulation (ER). However, limited research has investigated interactions between co-existing risk factors for EDs, especially in China where research in EDs is underrepresented. Methods: This study examined core risk factors related to maladaptive eating behaviors and ER, and how their interactions affect the detection of EDs. Using machine learning, a decision tree model was constructed on a data set of 830 non-clinical Chinese young women with an average age of 18.91 years (SD = 0.95). The total data set was split into training and testing data sets with a ratio of 70 to 30%. Results: Body image inflexibility was identified as the major classifier for women at high risk of EDs. Furthermore, interactions between body image inflexibility, psychological distress, and body dissatisfaction were important in detecting women at high risk of EDs. Overall, the model classifying women at high-risk for EDs had a sensitivity of 0.88 and a specificity of 0.85 when applied to the testing data set. Conclusions: Body image inflexibility, psychological distress, and body dissatisfaction were identified as the major classifiers for young women in China at high risk of EDs. Researchers and practitioners may consider these findings in the screening, prevention, and treatment of EDs among young women in China. Plain English summary: Previous studies have identified multiple risk factors of eating disorders that are related to emotion regulation and coping strategies in the Western context. However, most of these studies failed to describe any kind of hierarchy or interaction between risk factors that co-occur. To address this knowledge gap, the present study investigated a broad range of risk factors from the perspective of emotion regulation and then used a decision tree classification method to screen for EDs among young women in China. Results showed that body image inflexibility, psychological distress, and body dissatisfaction were the primary classifiers for Chinese women at high risk of EDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Filial piety involves the Confucian view that children always have a duty to be obedient and to provide care for their parents. Filial piety has been described as both a risk and a protective factor in depression and suicide. This qualitative study aimed to explore the role of filial piety in the suicidal behavior of Chinese women. Qualitative interviews were conducted with Chinese women with a history of suicidal behavior living in the Beijing area (n = 29). Filial piety data were extracted and analyzed in accordance with constructivist grounded theory. The women described five specific family and filial piety factors and how they influenced their ability to fulfill family role obligations, which was described as a nexus connecting these factors to depression, suicidal behavior, and recovery. The five factors were: 1) rigidity of parental filial expectations, 2) perception of family relationships as positive/supportive or negative/harsh, 3) whether filial piety is of high or low personal value in the woman's life, 4) any experiences of rebellion leading to punitive consequences, and 5) how much filial piety she receives from her children. These factors could inform suicide risk assessments in this population. They can be harnessed as part of recovery and protect against future suicidal behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity among women of childbearing age has becoming an important public health concern. We aimed to describe the trends of central obesity among Chinese women of childbearing age from 2004 to 2011 and to examine its associations with nutrients intake and daily behaviors.Methods: Longitudinal data were derived from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Participants consisted of 2481 women aged 15-44 years old. WC (Waist circumference) and WHtR (Waist to height ratio) were adopted as indicators of central obesity. Generalized linear mixed model was performed to analyze the associations of nutrients intake and daily behaviors with central obesity.Results: From 2004 to 2011, the prevalence of central obesity among Chinese women of childbearing age increased from 21.6 to 30.7% (WC as indice) or from 22.8 to 32.6% (WHtR as indice) (both p < 0.001). Protein intake above the AMDR (Acceptable macronutrient distribution range) (OR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.05-1.39, p < 0.01) and non-participation in LTPA (Leisure time physical activity) (OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.17-1.80, p < 0.001) were risk factors for high WC, and the latter was also associated with high WHtR (OR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.10-1.67, p < 0.01). For those women who had high WC & high WHtR, the impacts of protein intake and LTPA became stronger, especial LTPA (OR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.21-1.94, p < 0.001). Age-stratified analyses found that non-participation in LTPA was key factor for central obesity in 15-34 age group, while protein intake above the AMDR was pronounced in the 35-44 age group.Conclusions: Non-participation in LTPA and protein intake above the AMDR were significant contributors of central obesity, which could be intervention targets to deal with the growing trend of central obesity among women of childbearing age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to identify mechanisms by which cultural cognitions were linked to parenting cognitions and practices in acculturating Chinese communities in the United States. In particular, parenting cognitions (sense of investment and parental satisfaction) were examined in relation to Chinese-American mothers' cultural cognitions (Chinese and U.S. cultural orientation and both individualism and collectivism) and their role involvement and time involvement with their children. Parenting cognitions were also tested as potential mediators in the relationships between cultural cognitions and parental involvement. Path analyses demonstrated that stronger Chinese cultural orientation was associated with increased parental sense of investment and both time and role involvement. Their U.S. cultural orientation was negatively associated with parental time and role involvement. Collectivism was associated with increased parental investment and parental satisfaction. In addition, parental sense of investment mediated the association between Chinese cultural orientation and parental role involvement. The results demonstrated specific processes by which acculturation was linked to parenting cognitions and practices. The findings have implications for further conceptualizing complex bicultural identifications and their impact within the acculturating Chinese community, as well as understanding more broadly how specific cultural orientations and values manifest in parenting practices across acculturating communities. Highlights: Chinese immigrant mothers with stronger Chinese cultural orientation showed higher level of parental sense of investment and involvement. U.S. cultural orientation was negatively associated with parental involvement. Collectivism was found to be an important predictor of parental sense of investment and satisfaction. Parental role involvement was linked to Chinese cultural orientation through parental sense of investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Big Breasts and Wide Hips is one of Mo Yan's most acclaimed novels. The author was born and raised in the hinterland of Qingdao, the former German colony of Tsingtau, in NE China. European and foreign influences impacted on this rural territory, which at the onset of the 20th century preserved an ancestral genuineness. Exploiting this background and his own vital development, the Nobel laureate spins a narrative that spans the whole century and offers an alternative historical view of a tumultuous China. The main narrative voice, an ever-immature man, Jintong (the Golden baby), never leaves this tiny spot for his story-telling. But the novel reaches new summits in the Chinese literature through a bold feminist and feminine approach. Chinese fairy tales, South-American magical realism and a personal style combine to create an epic that transcends borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the relationship between preconception body mass index (BMI) and cervical length (CL).Methods: Data was collected from a prospective cohort study conducted in Beijing, China. A total of 4843 qualified women participated in this study, whose health-related information was recorded at the very beginning and their cervical length was measured with transvaginal ultrasound examination during 22-24 gestational weeks. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between preconception BMI and cervical length, after adjusting for potential confounders.Results: Of all the participants in the analysis, 580 (12.0%) women had a short cervical length (CL less than 30 mm). After adjusting for the age and parity status, the adjusted odds ratios of short CL for underweight: adjusted OR = 1.28 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.60); overweight: adjusted OR = 0.74 (95% CI: 0.55, 0.99); obesity: adjusted OR = 0.38 (95% CI: 0.17, 0.88) compared with normal weight. The mean CL in underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity group demonstrated a significant linear increased trend (33.47, 34.16 and 34.96 mm, respectively) (p < .05), dependent of age and parity.Conclusions: This research revealed that low preconception BMI women were more likely to have a short CL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawn upon the cognitive mediation model, this study proposes an adapted model and examines the mechanisms by which Chinese women's risk perception of breast cancer becomes associated with their breast cancer examination intention. Our hypothesized model was largely supported by an online survey with a nationwide sample of 458 Chinese women. The results indicated that a person's perceived risk for breast cancer motivated information seeking and scanning using various mass media and online channels, which then positively predicted the person's quest for greater elaboration and more interpersonal discussion. In addition, elaboration was positively associated with breast cancer-related factual knowledge and subjective norms, whereas interpersonal discussion only exerted a positive relationship with subjective norms but not factual knowledge. As predicted, knowledge and subjective norms were positively associated with people's intentions to pursue breast cancer examination. Future research should consider both information seeking and scanning in the process of media learning and reflection. In addition to intrapersonal factors like knowledge, the interpersonal reasoning process that cultivates a favorable social influence is pivotal in promoting breast cancer examination in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aimed to create a structural equation model to evaluate the associations among demographic factors, health education, breast cancer‐related knowledge, attitudes, and breast self‐examination behavior among Chinese female college students. Methods: A survey was undertaken using a self‐administered questionnaire and targeting 2233 students from Eastern China. Structural equation modeling with the bootstrap approach was utilized to estimate the interrelationships and the strength of the associations among measured variables based on the hypothetical model. Results: Among the total participants, 14.7% of the female college students reported having performed breast self‐examination. The final structural equation model showed highly satisfactory fitness on indices. Breast self‐examination behavior was significantly linked to demographic factors, breast cancer related‐knowledge, attitudes, and health education. Health education had the greatest influence on breast self‐examination behavior. In addition, breast cancer related‐knowledge was significantly associated with demographic factors and health education. Health education and knowledge all significantly affected attitudes towards breast cancer. Conclusion: Breast self‐examination behavior was influenced by demographic factors, breast cancer related‐knowledge, attitudes towards breast cancer, and health education in a sample of female college students in China. Health education was the most important predictor of breast self‐examination behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sufficient physical activity (PA) during pregnancy is beneficial for a woman's health; however, the PA levels of Chinese women at different pregnancy stages are not clear. The aim of our study was to investigate PA changes during pregnancy and the association of population characteristics with PA change among Chinese women. Methods: Data were obtained from 2485 participants who were enrolled in the multicentre prospective Chinese Pregnant Women Cohort Study. PA level was assessed in early pregnancy (mean = 10, 5–13 weeks of gestation) and again in mid-to-late pregnancy (mean = 32, 24–30 weeks of gestation) using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF). Sufficient PA (≥ 600 MET min/week) in early pregnancy and insufficient PA in mid-to-late pregnancy indicated decreasing PA. Insufficient PA in early pregnancy and sufficient PA in mid-to-late pregnancy indicated increasing PA. The associations between demographic, pregnancy and health characteristics and PA changes were examined by multivariable logistic regression. Results: Total energy expenditure for PA increased significantly from early (median = 396 MET min/week) to mid-to-late pregnancy (median = 813 MET min/week) (P < 0.001), and 55.25% of the participants eventually had sufficient PA. Walking was the dominant form of PA. Women with sufficient PA levels in early pregnancy were more likely to have sufficient PA in mid-to-late pregnancy (OR 1.897, 95% CI 1.583–2.274). Women in West China and those in Central China were most and least likely, respectively, to have increasing PA (OR 1.387, 95% CI 1.078–1.783 vs. OR 0.721, 95% CI 0.562–0.925). Smoking was inversely associated with increasing PA (OR 0.480, 95% CI 0.242–0.955). Women with higher educational levels were less likely to have decreasing PA (OR 0.662, 95% CI 0.442–0.991). Conclusions: PA increased as pregnancy progressed, and walking was the dominant form of PA among Chinese women. Further research is needed to better understand correlates of PA change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]