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Background: Unsafe sex is recognized as an important risk factor for cervical cancer (CC). Understanding the global disease burden of CC attributable to unsafe sex can assist policymakers in allocating healthcare resources. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2019 global burden of disease database (GBD). We examined global, regional, and national levels of CC mortality, disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs), and age‐standardized rates (ASRs) caused by unsafe sex. ASRs were evaluated using estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs). Results: Attributable to unsafe sex, there were 280,479 CC‐related deaths in 2019 and 8,955,013 CC‐related DALYs. In the period 1990–2019, the global ASRs of CC due to unsafe sex decreased around the world; for age‐standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age‐standardized DALY rate (ASDR), the EAPCs were −0.93 and −0.95. The highest ASMRs and ASDRs were found in central sub‐Saharan Africa and the lowest in Australasia. Conclusion: In the past few decades, the ASMR and ASDR of CC caused by unsafe sexual practices have decreased over time, with significant variations observed among different countries and regions. Increased focus is needed on spreading awareness about sexual health and promoting CC prevention and screening, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As populations age, cancer burden becomes increasingly conspicuous. This study quantified the cancer burden of the elderly (≥ 60 years) in China, based on the China Cancer Registry Annual Report to provide epidemiological evidence for cancer prevention and control. Methods: Data on cancer cases and deaths among the elderly aged ≥ 60 years were collected from the China Cancer Registry Annual Report, 2008–2019. Potential years of life lost (PYLL) and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) were calculated to analyze fatalities and the non-fatal burden. The time trend was analyzed using the Joinpoint model. Results: From 2005 to 2016, the PYLL rate of cancer in the elderly was stable between 45.34‰ and 47.62‰, but the DALY rate for cancer decreased at an average annual rate of 1.18% (95% CI: 0.84–1.52%). The non-fatal cancer burden in the rural elderly was higher than that of the urban elderly. Lung, gastric, liver, esophageal, and colorectal cancers were the main cancers causing the cancer burden in the elderly, and accounted for 74.3% of DALYs. The DALY rate of lung cancer in females in the 60–64 age group increased (annual percentage change [APC] = 1.14%, 95% CI: 0.10–1.82%). Female breast cancer was one of the top five cancers in the 60–64 age group, with DALY rates that also increased (APC = 2.17%, 95% CI: 1.35–3.01%). With increasing age, the burden of liver cancer decreased, while that of colorectal cancer rose. Conclusions: From 2005 to 2016, the cancer burden in the elderly in China decreased, mainly reflected in the non-fatal burden. Female breast and liver cancer were a more serious burden in the younger elderly, while colorectal cancer burden was mainly observed in the older elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Thyroid cancer has been an increasingly high‐profile public health issue. Comprehensive assessment for its disease burden seems particularly important for understanding health priorities and hinting high‐risk populations. Methods: We estimated the age‐sex‐specific thyroid cancer burden and its temporal trend in China from 1990 to 2019 by following the general methods from the global burden of disease (GBDs) 2019 Study. And Joinpoint regression model, the Cox‐Stuart trend test, and Cochran‐Armitage test were applied for the analysis of temporal and age trend. The Mantel‐Haenszel statistical method was used to compare the gender difference. Results: From 1990 to 2019, the age‐standardized incidence rate of thyroid cancer in China has almost doubled to 2.05 per 100,000. Although the mortality rate and DALY rate kept leveling off, they presented a downtrend among females, while an upward trend in males. While the average annual percentage changes of those metrics all became deline since 2010 than the previous years. With age advancing, the rates of incidence, mortality, and DALYs for both sexes all presented linear fashion increases, which was particularly typical among males. Conclusion: Given the serious trend and gender‐age heterogeneity of Chinese thyroid cancer burden, male gender and advanced age may be related to poor prognosis of thyroid cancer, and strengthening primary prevention and exploring the underlying risk factors should be among the top priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A stronger spatial clustering of cancer burden indicates stronger environmental and human behavioral effects. However, which common cancers in China have stronger spatial clustering and knowledge gaps regarding the environmental and human behavioral effects have yet to be investigated. This study aimed to compare the spatial clustering degree and hotspot patterns of 11 common cancers in mainland China and discuss the potential environmental and behavioral risks underlying the patterns.Methods: Cancer incidence data recorded at 339 registries in 2014 was obtained from the "China Cancer Registry Annual Report 2017". We calculated the spatial clustering degree of the common cancers using the global Moran's Index and identified the hotspot patterns using the hotspot analysis.Results: We found that esophagus, stomach and liver cancer have a significantly higher spatial clustering degree ([Formula: see text]) than others. When by sex, female esophagus, male stomach, male esophagus, male liver and female lung cancer had significantly higher spatial clustering degree ([Formula: see text]). The spatial clustering degree of male liver was significantly higher than that of female liver cancer ([Formula: see text]), whereas the spatial clustering degree of female lung was significantly higher than that of male lung cancer ([Formula: see text]). The high-risk areas of esophagus and stomach cancer were mainly in North China, Huai River Basin, Yangtze River Delta and Shaanxi Province. The hotspots for liver and male liver cancer were mainly in Southeast China and south Hunan. Hotspots of female lung cancer were mainly located in the Pearl River Delta, Shandong, North and Northeast China. The Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta were high-risk areas for multiple cancers.Conclusions: The top highly clustered cancer types in mainland China included esophagus, stomach and liver cancer and, by sex, female esophagus, male stomach, male esophagus, male liver and female lung cancer. Among them, knowledge of their spatial patterns and environmental and behavioral risk factors is generally limited. Potential factors such as unhealthy diets, water pollution and climate factors have been suggested, and further investigation and validation are urgently needed, particularly for male liver cancer. This study identified the knowledge gap in understanding the spatial pattern of cancer burdens in China and offered insights into targeted cancer monitoring and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer has become the most common cause of death in China. Owing to rapid economic development, improved livelihood, and shifts in risk factors, cancer epidemiology has experienced substantial changes during the past several decades. In this review, we aim to describe the current cancer epidemiology of the main types of cancer in China, report major risk factors associated with cancer development, and summarize the contributions of the Chinese government to controlling the cancer burden. A total of 4,064,000 new cases were diagnosed in China in 2016. The most frequent types are lung cancer (828,100; 20.4%), colorectal cancer (408,000; 10.0%), and gastric cancer (396,500; 9.8%). Lung (657,000; 27.2%), liver (336,400, 13.9%), and stomach (288,500; 12.0%) cancers are the 3 most deadly cancers in the general population. The 5-year survival rate for cancer has dramatically increased in recent decades. However, liver and particularly pancreatic cancers still have the poorest prognosis. The main modifiable risk factors associated with cancer development include infectious agents, smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, unhealthful dietary habits, and inadequate physical activity. The Chinese government has made unremitting efforts to decrease the cancer burden, including cancer education and investment in cancer screening programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the most populous country in the world, China has made strides in health promotion in the past few decades. With the aging population, the burden of cancer in China continues to grow. Changes in risk factors for cancer, especially diet, obesity, diabetes, and air pollution, continue to fuel the shift of cancer transition in China. The burden of upper gastrointestinal cancer in China is decreasing, but still heavy. The rising burden of colorectal, prostate, and breast cancers is also significant. Lung cancer became the top cause of cancer-related deaths, together with smoking as the most important contributor to cancer deaths. The Chinese government has taken several approaches to control cancer and cancer-related risk factors. Many achievements have been made, but some challenges remain. Health China 2030 is ambitious and depicts a bright vision of the future for cancer control in China. The decrease in the cancer burden in China will require cross-sector collaboration and coordinated efforts on primary and secondary preventions by governments, public health organizations, and individuals. In this review, we describe the trends of cancer burden and discuss cancer-related risk factors in China, identifying strategies to reduce the burden of cancer in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China faces a disproportionate cancer burden to the population size and is undergoing a transition in the cancer spectrum. We extracted data in five aspects of cancer incidence, mortality, survival, staging distributions, and attribution to risk factors in China, the USA and worldwide from open-source databases. We conducted a comprehensive secondary analysis of cancer profiles in China in the above aspects, and compared cancer statistics between China and the USA. A total of 4,546,400 new cancer cases and 2,992,600 deaths occurred in China in 2020, accounting for 25.1% and 30.2% of global cases, respectively. Lifestyle-related cancers including lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer showed an upward trend and have been the leading cancer types in China. 41.6% of new cancer cases and 49.3% of cancer deaths occurred in digestive-system cancers in China, and the cancers of esophagus, nasopharynx, liver, and stomach in China accounted for over 40% of global cases. Infection-related cancers showed the highest population-attributable fractions among Chinese adults, and most cancers could be attributed to behavioral and metabolic factors. The proportions of stage I for most cancer types were much higher in the USA than in China, except for esophageal cancer (78.2% vs. 41.1%). The 5-year relative survival rates in China have improved substantially during 2000-2014, whereas survival for most cancer types in the USA was significantly higher than in China, except for upper gastrointestinal cancers. Our findings suggest that although substantial progress has been made in cancer control, especially in digestive system cancers in China, there was still a considerable disparity in cancer burden between China and the USA. More robust policies on risk factors and standardized screening practices are urgently warranted to curb the cancer growth and improve the prognosis for cancer patients., (© 2023. Science China Press.)

Largely due to population ageing, the cancer burden from older people has been rising, which imposed considerable pressure on current Chinese healthcare system. We provide comprehensive information about cancer burden of Chinese older people based on the most recent data from National Central Cancer Registry of China. The logarithmic linear regression was used to project the current cancer burden in 2022, and Joinpoint regression was used for temporal trend analysis from 2000 to 2017. We also estimated cancer statistics of older people in the US, Japan and the Republic of Korea for comparisons. It is estimated that 2.79 million cases and 1.94 million deaths occur for Chinese older people, representing 55.8% and 68.2% of cases and deaths in all population in 2022. The overall cancer incidence rate gradually increased among older women, while the mortality rates declined for both sexes. Notably, approximately 10.0% of all cases and 17.7% of all deaths are from people aged over 80 years, and cancer incidence and mortality in this age group showed upward trends for women. Lung cancer and digestive cancers are the leading cancer types for Chinese older people. Compared with other countries, China has lower incidence rates but higher mortality rates for older people. The rapidly growing burden of prostate cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and declines in esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and liver cancer among older people indicate the cancer pattern in China is being in a transition stage to that in developed countries. Our findings imply that it should be the national health priority to meet the growing demands for cancer diagnosis, treatment and care services from the older people as the rapid population ageing in next few decades., (© 2022. Science China Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: Little is known about the nationwide cancer prevalence in China. This paper aimed at assessing the 5-year cancer prevalence in China for 25 major cancers.Materials and Methods: Incidence data were estimated using data from 177 cancer registries and covering 175 million populations. Survival data were from 17 cancer registries diagnosed during 2003-2005 and followed up until 31 December 2010. Standardized protocols for data collection and validation were adopted. Cancer prevalence for 25 major sites was estimated from year-specific incidence rates and survival probabilities according to standardized formula.Results: The estimated 5-year prevalence for all cancers combined in 2011 in China was 7.49 million (3.68 million for men and 3.81 million for women). Cancer prevalence estimates for 5 years varied by cancer sites, ranging from 11,900 for testicular cancer to 1.02 million for women breast cancer. Those most prevalent five cancers (breast, colorectal, lung, stomach and esophageal cancers) covered 56.1% of cancer burden in China. The proportion for the 5-year prevalence was higher in urban areas compared to rural areas (666 per 100,000 versus 440 per 100,000), while cancer prevalence estimates were higher for women compared to men, with the men/women ratio of 5-year cancer prevalence reaching 0.96.Conclusions: This paper provides the first systematic analysis on 5-year cancer prevalence for 25 major cancers in China in 2011, which may serve as a baseline for assessment of the overall effectiveness of cancer health care. The huge number of cancer survivors requires resource allocation to improve health care programs and primary prevention, especially in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding the epidemiological characteristics of various cancers can optimize the prevention and control strategies in the national cancer control plan. This study aimed to report the burden differences, pattern trend, and potential risk factors of all neoplasm types in China in recent 30 years, and further compared with top economies in the world., Methods: The disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) of all neoplasms with the attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019 in China, Japan, European Union, USA, and the world were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The temporal trend analysis was estimated using the joinpoint regression model., Results: In 2019, about 251.4 million DALYs worldwide were caused by all neoplasms, and nearly 26.9% (67.5 million DALYs) occurred in China with the ASDR in 2019 of 342.09/10 000, which was higher than European Union (334.25/10 000), USA (322.94/10 000), and Japan (250.36/10 000). Although the cancer burden of the colorectum, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, oral cavity, ovary, and kidney in China was lower than in Japan, European Union and USA, the corresponding ASDR gradually increased in China over the past 30 years, but declined in the three developed areas. Around 46.29% of overall neoplasms DALYs in China in 2019 were attributed to 22 identified risk factors, and the specific risk attributable-fraction for several neoplasm types varied greatly in these regions., Conclusion: The ASDR of cancers of the lung, colorectum, pancreas, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, oral cavity, ovary, kidney, and chronic lymphoid leukemia increased in China compared to 30 years ago. With the population aging and the social transformation in China, the increasing burden of neoplasms and the changing spectrum of neoplasms suggest that effective comprehensive prevention and treatment measures should be adopted to reduce the burden, including public health education, strict tobacco-control policy, healthier lifestyles, along with expanding vaccination programs and early cancer screening., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Yang, Chen, Sang, Chen, Li and Yang.)

Objective: To analyse the fractions and trends of cancer burden attributable to population ageing, adult population size, age-specific incidence and case fatality rate in China between 1990 and 2019. Methods: We extracted data from the database of Global Disease Burden Study, including the number of cancer cases, deaths and corresponding population of 29 cancer types for Chinese adults aged 25 years and older from 1990 to 2019. Using the cancer deaths in 1990 as a reference, we employed a decomposition method to express cancer deaths as the product of four factors among men and women from 1991 to 2019. The fractions attributable to cancer deaths among total cancer deaths in that year were calculated and its time trends were assessed. Results: In 2019, we estimated that there were 2 690 000 cancer deaths among adults aged 25 and older in China. Of which, cancer deaths attributable to population ageing, adult population size, age-specific cancer incidence and case fatality rate were 740 000 (27.5% of total cancer deaths in 2019), 1 091 000 (40.6%), 198 000 (7.3%) and -728 000 (-27.1%), respectively. In 2019, lung cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, liver cancer and colorectal cancer ranked the top five cancers among population ageing attributable to cancer deaths. For 29 cancer types, the fractions of population ageing attributable to cancer deaths among total deaths of that cancer were ranged from 9.3% to 40.5%. The ageing attributable to cancer deaths and its fractions were increased rapidly since 1997, while those estimates were negative before 1997. Conclusions: The population ageing process in China was one of the major contributors to the increase in cancer burden in recent years, which has caused more cancer deaths than that by age-specific cancer incidence. Accordingly, activities toward healthy ageing would be the key to cancer prevention and control.

As the most populous country in the world, China has made strides in health promotion in the past few decades. With the aging population, the burden of cancer in China continues to grow. Changes in risk factors for cancer, especially diet, obesity, diabetes, and air pollution, continue to fuel the shift of cancer transition in China. The burden of upper gastrointestinal cancer in China is decreasing, but still heavy. The rising burden of colorectal, prostate, and breast cancers is also significant. Lung cancer became the top cause of cancer-related deaths, together with smoking as the most important contributor to cancer deaths. The Chinese government has taken several approaches to control cancer and cancer-related risk factors. Many achievements have been made, but some challenges remain. Health China 2030 is ambitious and depicts a bright vision of the future for cancer control in China. The decrease in the cancer burden in China will require cross-sector collaboration and coordinated efforts on primary and secondary preventions by governments, public health organizations, and individuals. In this review, we describe the trends of cancer burden and discuss cancer-related risk factors in China, identifying strategies to reduce the burden of cancer in China., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement No potential conflicts of interest are disclosed., (Copyright: © 2020, Cancer Biology & Medicine.)