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This paper aims to investigate the constituent phytochemicals and biological activities of six Lithocarpus litseifolius (Hance) Chun (L. litseifolius) cultivars. Processed by UPLC‐MS/MS and untargeted metabolomics analysis software (MS‐DIAL and MS‐FINDER), components of different L. litseifolius cultivars were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of spectra, MS/MS fragmentation, and retention time, 40 compounds (including 6 phenolic glycosides and 34 flavonoids) were identified rapidly and accurately. Moreover, the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant, antimicrobial effects, and pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell viability of different L. litseifolius varieties were evaluated. Purple small leaf (PSL) was found to be the most superior variety with the highest antioxidant activities (8.27, 10.09, and 10.80 mg TE/g for DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, respectively), broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity, and lowest cell cytotoxicity. The results showed that these bioactivities were closely related to phytochemicals among the six cultivars. Practical applications: L. litseifolius is well known as an important folk drink in the Southern China folklore for its specific efficacy in preventing diabetes. However, there is still a paucity of information on L. litseifolius, as other active components and bioactivities of it remain to be investigated. The wide range of flavonoids discovered in L. litseifolius provides abundant natural health‐promoting agents for further applications in medicine and functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoplankton's death contributes to marine settleable particulate organic matter (POM). In this study, we used laboratory cultivation of different algal species to identify a positive correlation between the cumulative number of dead algal cells and POC >75 (carbon content of the settleable POM). The contribution coefficient of cell death to POC >75 varied among different algal species. Additionally, the field survey and incubation experiment were conducted in the East China Sea (ECS) to explore the spatial-temporal correlation between phytoplankton death and POC >75 . The results concluded that phytoplankton death was the main factor controlling POC >75 . In the ECS, the relationship between the surface cumulative mass of POC >75 and the cumulative number of dead cells followed: Cumulative mass of POC >75 (mg) = 0.487 × Cumulative number of dead cells (/10 4 ) + 0.069. This study provided a methodology to quantitatively explain the relationship between phytoplankton death and settleable POM., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this paper, a novel chemosensor (named L1) for Fe3+ based on the rhodamine 6G and o-vanillin has been synthesized, which can selectively recognize Fe3+. The L1 solution showed a distinguishable colour change by naked eye, and the fluorescence turns on response after the addition of Fe3+. In addition, the experimental results showed that the spirocyclic of L1 was opened by cooperation between L1 and Fe3+, and then the fluorescence emission after excitation of the mixture solution was detected with the change in solution colour. The complexation coefficient of L1 towards Fe3+ was 1:1. Furthermore, L1 for Fe3+ sensing had a remarkable low detection limit of 427 nM (UV) and 130 nM (fluorescence), which is far below the drinking water standards (0.3 mg/L) of China. Meanwhile, the in vivo imaging and cell viability assay experiments demonstrated that L1 could be used for sensing Fe3+ in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic solid fuels combustion produces a mass of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5). PM 2.5 -bound organics, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs), phthalate esters (PAEs) and hopanes, were quantified in indoor, outdoor and personal exposure samples collected in rural Guanzhong Basin, China. The average concentration of total quantified PAHs in personal exposure samples was 310 ± 443 ng m−3, 1.5 times of those of indoor (211 ± 120 ng m−3) and outdoor (189 ± 115 ng m−3). Similar observations were found for the OPAHs and PAEs, i.e., much higher concentrations were seen in personal exposure samples. Hopanes average personal exposure concentration (13 ± 9.7 ng m−3) was comparable to indoors (15 ± 9.7 ng m−3) and outdoors (13 ± 9.6 ng m−3). Among four common heating ways applied in Chinese dwelling, the highest exposure levels to PAHs, OPAHs and PAEs were found for indoor coal chunks stoves. Concentration under electric power was 1.2–4.5 folds lower than those with solid fuels in this study, proved to be the cleanest energy for the household heating. The exposures to PM 2.5 on cell viabilities were also investigated. The largest reduction of 70% on cell viabilities was seen for indoor coal chunks stove housewives, indicating that the emissions from coal combustion had the greatest cytotoxic effects. The results evidenced that the heating ways in rural area could greatly impact on the housewife health in northwestern China. Advanced heating technology and protection should be conducted to reduce the personal exposures to PM 2.5 from domestic solid fuel combustions. Image 1 • Domestic solid fuels emit toxic particulate-bound organics in rural northern China. • Personal exposures to PAHs, OPAHs, PAEs were ∼1.5 times of indoors and outdoors. • PM 2.5 from coal chuck stove had the maximum decline in cell viability. • Use of electricity reduced personal exposure levels to organics by 1.2–10 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Megalobrama amblycephala is one of the most economically important freshwater fish in China, and the bacterial septicemia caused by Aeromonas hydrophila is a serious threat to the breeding industry of M. amblycephala. Unfortunately, the characterization of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in response to A. hydrophila infection has not been performed in M. amblycephala. To better understand the biological significance of lncRNA in the immune system, we identified two lncRNA, named MSTRG.5748.1 and MSTRG.7894.1, as playing critical roles in the antibacterial response of M. amblycephala. After separating the nucleus and cytoplasm of the hepatocytes from M. amblycephala , cellular localization of MSTRG.5748.1 and MSTRG.7894.1 was performed to predict their functions. The results showed that MSTRG.5748.1 was mainly expressed in the nucleus, suggesting that its functions are mostly to regulate the expression of downstream genes through epistasis and transcription. MSTRG.7894.1 existed in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, which indicated that it has many regulatory modes. qPCR analysis showed that MSTRG.5748.1 and MSTRG.7894.1 were expressed in the immune-related organs of M. amblycephala , and significantly changed in the liver after A. hydrophila infection. RNA-seq analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I, RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling pathway, and IFN-related pathway, and a large number of pathway-related genes were significantly regulated after lncRNA overexpression in muscle cell of M. amblycephala. Overexpression of MSTRG.5748.1 and MSTRG.7894.1 significantly inhibited the expression of STING and IFN , significantly upregulated muscle cell viability, and promoted cell proliferation by targeting STING and IFN. • lncRNA were significantly induced by bacterial infection in immune tissues. • lncRNA regulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines and antibacterial genes. • lncRNA can promote cell proliferation, and reducing cell apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The viability of algal cells is one of the most fundamental issues in marine ecological research. In this work, a method was designed to identify algal cell viability based on digital holography and deep learning, which divided algal cells into three categories: active, weak, and dead cells. This method was applied to measure algal cells in surface waters of the East China Sea in spring, revealing about 4.34 %-23.29 % weak cells and 3.98 %-19.47 % dead cells. Levels of nitrate and chlorophyll a were the main factors affecting the viability of algal cells. Furthermore, algal viability changes during the heating and cooling were observed in laboratory experiments: high temperatures led to an increase in weak algal cells. This may provide an explanation for why most harmful algal blooms occur in warming months. This study provided a novel insight into how to identify the viability of algal cells and understand their significance in the ocean., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The in vitro toxicity of extracts of Hanjiang water disinfected by different sequential treatments was evaluated. Hanjiang water was disinfected using ozone, chloride dioxide or chlorine as the primary disinfectant followed by chlorine as the secondary disinfectant. HepG2 cells were exposed to extracts corresponding to concentrations of 0.2, 1, 5, 25 and 125mL water/mL medium. Compared with control, HepG2 cells exposed to extracts of raw water and all disinfected water for 24h increased oxidative stress level, DNA damage and micronuclei frequency, and decreased cell viability. Water disinfected by Cl2 +Cl2 had the highest DNA double-strand breaks. All disinfected water and raw water increased micronuclei frequency via clastogenic and aneugenic effects. Oxidative stress induced DNA strand breaks and micronuclei frequency and therefore reduced cell viability either in disinfected water or raw water. Compared with raw water, water after disinfection increased DNA strand breaks, decreased cell viability and changed oxidative stress potential. Compared with chlorination, sequential treatment using O3 or ClO2 as primary disinfectant followed by chlorine disinfection reduced chlorinated by-products, DNA double-strand breaks and cell viability, but did not decrease micronuclei frequency and other DNA damage such as DNA single-strand break, alkali liable sites and incomplete excision sites. Sequential treatments did not significantly reduce in vivo toxicity of disinfected Hanjiang water. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The death of microalgae plays an important role in ocean energy flow and material circulation. The existing methods for the identification of dead and living microalgae cells all have defects such as the need for staining and pre-treatment. In this work, a label-free method to identify living and dead algae cells based on digital holography microscopy and machine learning was designed. At the stage of model training, ten feature vectors were extracted from the holograms, and twelve classification models of machine learning algorithm were trained. Compared with the staining method results, the accuracy of this method can reach 94.8%. At the stage of field verification, the death rate calculated by this method was also consistent with staining method. The method proposed in this paper provides a new method for the study of marine microalgae death which has the advantages of label-free, non-invasive, high accuracy and potential for in-situ application., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Many studies have linked ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution to different cardiopulmonary diseases in the general population. However the complex mechanisms underlying PM2.5-induced adverse health effects are not yet to be fully elucidated., Method: In this study, we aimed to identify genes and pathways that may contribute to PM2.5-induced lung toxicity in humans through genome-wide approaches. Human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells, exposed to various concentrations of PM2.5 collected from Wuhan, China, showed decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. HBE cells were exposed to 200 μg/ml and 500 μg/ml PM2.5 and microarrays were used to obtain a global view of the transcriptomic responses., Results: A total of 970 and 492 genes were identified that significantly changed after 200 μg/ml and 500 μg/ml PM2.5 exposures, respectively. PM2.5 induced a large number of genes involved in inflammatory and immune response, response to oxidative stress, and response to DNA damage stimulus, which might contribute to PM2.5 related cardiopulmonary diseases. Pathway analysis revealed that different dose of PM2.5 triggered partially common disturbed pathways. Flow cytometry assay evidenced that there were statistically significant differences in the G1 phase of cell cycle after low or high-dose PM2.5 exposure when compared to the unexposed controls. Only high-dose PM2.5 significantly increased the proportion of cells in the S phase of cell cycle., Conclusion: We identified many genes and pathways that altered significantly in HBE cells after PM2.5 exposures. These findings are important in providing further understanding of the mechanisms underlying PM2.5-induced adverse health effects., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)