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A synthesis of two prevailing global navigation satellite system positioning technologies, namely the precise point positioning and the network-based real-time kinematic, results in the emergence of the PPP-RTK, enabling single-receiver users to achieve high positioning accuracy with reasonable timeliness through integer ambiguity resolution. The realization of PPP-RTK needs to accomplish two sequential tasks. The first task is to determine a class of corrections including, among others, the satellite phase biases (SPBs) at the network level. With these corrections, the second task, then, is to solve for the ambiguity-fixed, absolute position at the user level. In this contribution, we revisit three variants (geometry-free, geometry-fixed and geometry-plus-satellite-clock-fixed) of the undifferenced and uncombined PPP-RTK network model and then point out their implications for practical use. We also carry out a case study using multi-day, dual-frequency global positioning system data from the crustal movement observation network of China stations, aiming to figure out what are the most appropriate linear combinations of the SPBs to be transmitted to the users from the viewpoint of decorrelation, and to assess the static and kinematic positioning performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, tourist shopping is a problem that has perplexed the Chinese tourism industry. This issue has caused a series of conflicts between tourists and tour guides recently. Numerous policies and measures have been introduced in China to tackle the problem with little effect. Solutions and improvements to tourist satisfaction require examination. Using the core idea of a supply chain, this study proposes exploring tourist satisfaction with an equilibrium analysis. Tourist satisfaction is aligned to satisfaction in other parts of the tourism supply chain. If any other party within the chain is unsatisfied, it is likely to ultimately cause dissatisfaction for the tourist. From an economics perspective, satisfaction equilibrium is a relatively stationary state in which all parties of the supply chain are satisfied. Shopping is an important component of tourist activity. Under normal circumstances, tourists have the freedom to choose whether or not to shop. Currently, tourists often have to shop at a destination and the goods purchased are low quality. This violates tourists' rights and causes tourist dissatisfaction. Tourist shopping problems are not simply an issue of a tour guide's service quality or a travel agency's operation. The problem is satisfaction disequilibrium. Tourists usually pay very low travel prices to a travel agency; much lower than normal. Tourists do not consider the satisfaction of others in the tourism supply chain. Thus the travel agency withdraws costs and earns profits by tourist shopping, which can lead to tourist dissatisfaction. To solve tourist shopping issues and improve tourist satisfaction, a balanced satisfaction relationship amongst all parties in the supply chain must be constructed. The realization of the satisfaction equilibrium is a process of moving from a non-cooperative game to a cooperative game. The non-cooperative game brings the tourist and travel agency into a prisoner's dilemma. Alternatively, if they want to achieve an ideal result, the tourist and travel agency need to decide to cooperate, from a perspective of joint rationality. A disadvantaged tourist cannot form effective checks and balances on the interests of strong institutions or businesses; therefore the cooperative game is difficult to achieve when depending only upon market regulation. Because of market failure, it is necessary for the government to guarantee cooperation. This paper proposes three concrete measures to tackle tourist shopping problems and improve tourist satisfaction; (1) cultivating mature tourists through publicity and guidance; (2) creating a healthy industry and governing environment by macro-control; (3) building a high-quality tour guide team through systemic support. Achieving these goals requires the joint efforts of government, tourism enterprises, tour guides and tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]