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In this paper, the research trend in relation to the NZEB buildings is explored, through the analysis of selected scientific articles published in 11 journals collected in chronological order from 2014 to 2020. The analysis is carried out on the basis and terms of annual investigative publications of the documents in relation to the NZEB, such as contributions made by countries, institutions, authors, and research topics covered. The study carried out uses a document review methodology. The analysis reveals a growing interest in energy efficiency research in recent times, implying that the importance that the construction industry attaches to NZEB in consequences of global warming and accelerating environmental problems. The findings also indicate that, during the period studied, researchers in developed economy areas such as the US and Italy contributed higher rates to promoting research on NZEB. Developing countries like China also went to great lengths to promote research. Research topics covered tend to focus on studies completed with NZEB project delivery and development, building rehabilitation, energy performance, and advanced technologies applied for energy improvement in buildings. This research provides a valuable platform for industry professionals and researchers to understand NZEB construction research trends and developments, including their applicability and their future research and contributions to the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Pore defects in rocks represent a significant factor contributing to creep hazards in rock engineering. To investigate the sensitivity of rock creep characteristics to porosity, prefabricated pore tests and creep tests were conducted on red sandstone obtained from the Yuezhi Mountain Tunnel in Sichuan Province, China. The energy theory and the developed Clumps with random geometry (CRG) model were used to characterize the rock damage during creep loading. The results show that the percolation erosion test effectively alters the porosity of the rock and make the pores uniformly distributed in the rock. There is a significant disparity in the creep characteristics of sandstones with varying porosities, particularly noticeable in the stable creep rate and accelerated creep initiation time. Moreover, the increase in porosity leads to a higher proportion of shear cracks and an accelerated energy dissipation rate during the rock creep process. Drawing upon the findings from the tests and simulations, a porosified Nishihara creep damage constitutive model is put forward. Analysis reveals that the deformation parameters of the creep constitutive model decrease progressively with rising porosity, whereas the damage parameters exhibit a contrasting trend. • The effect of porosity on the creep properties of sandstone is analyzed. • Rock creep damage parameters are determined using energy methods. • Higher porosity results in more shear cracks and elevated creep energy dissipation. • Rock creep and damage parameters are closely related to porosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of carbon market, the complex dynamic relationship between electricity and carbon market has become the focus of energy research area. In this paper, we applied a new developed multifractal detrended cross-correlation analysis method to investigate the cross-correlation and multifractality between electricity and carbon markets. We analyze the daily return of electricity and carbon prices over a period of 6 years to do the research. The results show that, firstly, we find that there is a strong negative correlation between domestic carbon price and electricity price and a significant cross-correlation between the return series of electricity and carbon markets. Secondly, through multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis, it is proven that there are obvious multifractal characteristics in the return series of electricity and carbon markets, and the results of traditional linear analysis are unreliable. We also find that, based on multifractal detrended cross-correlation analysis, the law cross-correlation between electricity and carbon markets exists significantly. The long-range correlation of small fluctuations and large fluctuations and the fat tail distribution of return series are the reasons for the formation of multifractality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More and more literature are investigating the energy efficiency performance at provincial level. However, there are many problems in provincial energy balances in the officially released yearbooks, such as inconsistencies of statistical scope, the large gap between national data and sum of provincial data, and nontransparent data revision. Using yearbook data directly may result in errors and even some contradictory-to-actuality conclusions. Given this, based on the national economic census, this paper systematically revises and adjusts the 1995–2014 energy balances at province level. A four-dimension (province, year, sector, and energy type) energy dataset is constructed, which supports the structural energy efficiency research at provincial level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxonomic diversity indices have a number of desirable properties as indicators in the assessment of environmental quality, and have become an important measure in biodiversity studies. Macrobenthic taxonomic variations were studied in Bohai Bay, northern China, an area under threat from rapid human development. Four seasonal cruise datasets were collected between 2006 and 2007. Environmental conditions exhibited large fluctuations due to human development; nitrogen and phosphorus were the main environmental stressors. A total of 97 macrofauna taxa were identified belonging to 88 genera, 72 families, 36 orders, 14 classes, and nine phyla. Analysis of similarity indicated that there were significant assemblage differences across sampling stations as well as seasons. Four taxonomic indices, taxonomic diversity (Δ), taxonomic distinctness (Δ*), average taxonomic distinctness (Δ + ), and variation in taxonomic distinctness (Λ + ) were calculated using abundance data. Among the stations and seasons, there were greater variations in both Δ and Λ + than in Δ* and Δ + . The funnel plot of Δ + could identify disturbed stations to some extent, but was not always a strong indicator of disturbance. The Δ + performance was better in autumn than in spring, but could not identify a disturbed station in autumn due to a low number of species. The efficiency of taxonomic distinctness may depend on taxa or the pollution indicators. Taxonomic distinctness indices can be effective at assessing environmental degradation when correctly applied; however, they are unsuitable for directly assessing environmental quality in a new area prior to efficiency testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The output of wind power is variable and random, which makes it different from conventional energy resources in practical utilization. Up to now, large-scale wind power integration has not been achieved because of some technical and political reasons. The bundled transmission model is highly recommended by many scholars. Fiscal policies on wind power industry are defective in China. Reasonable and scientific stimulation mechanisms are needed for the parties involved. On the basis of the data envelopment analysis (DEA) game theory, this paper formulates a model on excess profit allocation, and an example is set up to analyze the feasibility. This model establishes the theoretical basis for solving the excess profit allocation problem, which has significant implication for China's energy policy initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various aspects of distributed energy generation and microgrid technology in China as of December 2014, and it mentions technological innovations which are designed to alleviate an energy crisis. It states that Tianjin University in China led the national "973 Program" entitled "Basic Research on the Key Technologies of Distributed Generation." An increase in energy demand is mentioned, along with pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels.

Without significant intervention, demand for crude oil could rise by a further 25% by 2035, stemming from its use for transportation, particularly road transport. Many technologies for alternative fuels and substitute transport energy carriers are being researched, but successful implementation of these technologies at scale will require attention to consumer-behavioural and policy challenges as well as adapting existing or introducing new commercial value chains. In particular, there will be new capital-intensive roles for which there are no obvious contenders as yet. The legacy of diverse urban planning and fuel taxation policies and varying degrees of consumer inertia will lead to different rates of adoption of different alternative technologies in regional markets. In the absence of technology that provides a compelling consumer proposition, substitution of crude demand in mature markets will be challenging, as will be channelling exponential growth from growing markets like China into less crude-intensive road transport solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Under the frame of Total-Factor Energy Efficiency, considering desirable outputs and undesirable outputs taking by energy and related factors, this paper uses super efficiency DEA method to measure energy efficiency of 11 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) in western China from 1989 to 2009, and utilizes fixed effect model of variable intercept to analysis factors of influencing energy efficiency of provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) in western China. The analysis shows that: (1) Under the situation of overall low energy efficiency in western China, in region, energy efficiency level presents the slow rise tendency from the year of 2005 after maintaining certain time interval slow drop. In the region the difference is small. (2) Factors of technical progress, industrial structure, government influence, opening degree, system variable as well as structure of energy consumption have different effects on energy efficiency, and these factors to action mechanism of energy efficiency exist difference. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Recently, China is enhancing the agricultural mechanization. Meanwhile, the agricultural energy consumption is rising along with it. So many scholars are paying their attention on the energy consumption of Chinese agriculture sector. This paper is based on the data of the energy consumption of Chinese agriculture in 1991-2008. First, the present situation about the energy consumption of Chinese agriculture is analyzed. Then the DoseResp growth curve is used for the energy scenario analysis of the future trend about the energy consumption of Chinese agriculture. The results of the research indicate that firstly the energy consumption of Chinese agriculture conforms to the DoseResp growth curve. Secondly, according to the energy scenario A, the peak value of the energy consumption of Chinese agriculture is 148.73948 million-tons TCE in 2065. Thirdly, according to the energy scenario B, the peak value of the energy consumption of Chinese agriculture is 205.52559 million-tons TCE in 2067. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Firstly this paper designs solar heating biogas fermentation system, its volume is 6m3, and than calculates digester''s heat load based on Hohhot''s weather data. Finally, a U-tube collector system was carried out for 5 month experiment, this paper use October''s experimental data, looking for the heat matching relationship between the solar collector system and biogas fermentation system. We can conclude that at Hohhot, in October, the heat was absorbed by 2m2 solar collectors that was ran 8hours can met the 6m3 digester ‘s fermentation heat demands. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Wind energy is an important renewable energy source because of its reliability due to the maturity of the technology, good infrastructure and relative cost competitiveness. Rich wind resources and strong support in regulations by the Chinese government have enabled the wind power industry to grow at a fast speed and the primary market scale has been achieved, making it the second largest wind power market in the world. There has also been an increase in wind energy research in various regions in China during the last few years. As utility-size wind turbines increase in size, and correspondingly their initial capital investment cost, there is an increasing need to monitor the health of these structures. However, most of the research papers in China are about the manufacture and production, such as the simulation of the wind turbine generator system model, the systematic resonance and stability for the world turbine, the wind speed, wind power and pitch adjustment simulation model, and so on. Few papers focus on the structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques of the wind turbine. In this paper, we review the status of the current SHM techniques in wind turbine and analyze the problems of them in China. The aims of this paper are to let more scholars and experts know the status of the current SHM techniques and to do something for building a successful industry in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Reasonable estimation of hydrogen energy and other renewable energy demand of China''s medium and long-term energy is of great significance for China''s medium and long-term energy plan. Therefore, based on both China''s future economic development and relative economic theory and system dynamics theory, this article analyzes qualitatively the internal factors and external factors of hydrogen energy demand system, and makes the state high and low two assumptions about China''s medium and long-term hydrogen demand according to the different speed of China''s economic development. After the system dynamic model setting up export and operation, the output shows the data changes of the total hydrogen demand and the four kinds of hydrogen demand. According to the analysis of the output, two conclusions are concluded: The secondary industry, not the tertiary industry (mainly the transportation), should be firstly satisfied by the hydrogen R&D and support of Government policy. Change of Chinese hydrogen demand scale, on basis of its economic growth, can not be effective explained through Chinese economic growth rate, and other influencing factor and mechanism should be probed deeply. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Energy resources are the most basic driving force for the growth of world economy and the foundation for the existence of mankind. Knowledge of Chinese scientists for a synthetical study of energy resources had gone through several stages: from power research in 1950s, to kinetic energy research in 1960, and to energy resources research after 1970s. This paper analyses the complicated course of development of sturdy of energy resources in the Chinese Academy of Science after 1980s, which reflected the influence of China's policy of serving national economic construction through science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Hong Kong is located in a typical subtropical region. The buildings in Hong Kong are subjected to high cooling demands for their air-conditioning systems throughout most of the year, and their contribution toward the total energy consumption is about 40%. Therefore, energy efficiency in buildings is essential to reduce the global energy use and improve the local environmental sustainability. This paper provides an overall review of the building energy research and efforts in Hong Kong over the last decade. Various aspects and energy saving measures, including energy policy, energy audit, design, control, diagnosis, building performance evaluation and renewable energy systems, studied or used to enhance the energy efficiency in buildings are reviewed. A brief introduction of the Hong Kong Building Energy Codes (BEC) and Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method (HK-BEAM) are also provided to present the efforts of the local government and community on energy efficiency in buildings. This review aims at providing building researchers and practitioners a better understanding of buildings energy saving opportunities and approaches in cities particularly in subtropical regions and taking further proper actions to promote buildings energy efficiency and conservation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The introduction of hydrogen in transport, particularly using fuel cell vehicles, faces a number of technical and non-technical hurdles. However, their relative importance is unclear, as are the levels of concern accorded them within the expert community conducting research and development within this area. To understand what issues are considered by experts working in the field to have significant potential to slow down or prevent the introduction of hydrogen technology in transport, a study was undertaken, primarily during 2007. Three key technology areas within hydrogen transport were selected – hydrogen storage, fuel cell drivetrains, and small-scale hydrogen production – and interviews with selected experts conducted. Forty-nine experts from 34 organisations within the fuel cell, automotive, industrial gas and other related industries participated, in addition to some key academic and government figures. The survey was conducted in China, Japan, North America and Europe, and analysed using conventional mathematical techniques to provide weighted and averaged rankings of issues viewed as important by the experts. It became clear both from the interviews and the subsequent analysis that while a primary concern in China was fundamental technical performance, in the other regions cost and policy were rated more highly. Although a few individual experts identified possible technical showstoppers, the overall message was that pre-commercial hydrogen fuel cell vehicles could realistically be on the road in tens of thousands within 5 years, and that full commercialisation could take place within 10–15 years, without the need for radical technical breakthroughs. Perhaps surprisingly, the performance of hydrogen storage technologies was not viewed as a showstopper, though cost was seen as a significant challenge. Overall, however, coherent policy development was more frequently identified as a major issue to address. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

More and more countries have paid serious attention to oil shale as a kind of energy reserve. Both FuShun pyrolysis experimental rig and technological process of commercial plant are characterized in this article. Meanwhile, the article points out that oil length is the important quality index of oil shale. Properties of several kinds of main oil shale in our country such as FuShun oil shale, MaoMing oil shale, HuaDian oil shale, and Huangxian oil shale are analyzed. Results indicate that the higher organic content is, the higher oil yield is. The element value results of above oil shale indicate, along with the total carbon content heighten, the yield of oil is reduced. Meanwhile, the oil yields are also increased with the increasing content of the organic carbon. Sulphur and nitrogen content in shale oil, which is related to sulphur and nitrogen content in organic matter, increase with the increasing content of the sulphur and nitrogen in organic matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]