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Background: The rising prevalence of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) in China poses a critical health challenge, necessitating effective management strategies. The National Essential Public Health Services Program (NEPHSP), initiated in 2009, focuses on equitable access to health services, including T2D management. This study investigates the associations between perceived care quality, self-care behaviors, and glycemic control in Chinese adults with T2D under NEPHSP, particularly examining the mediating role of self-care behaviors. Methods: Conducted from April to November 2020 in Huai'an City, Jiangsu Province, this study involved 1,577 T2D patients enrolled in NEPHSP. We assessed perceived care quality using the Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) scale and developed a comprehensive self-care behavior score, covering nine essential health practices. Glycemic control was evaluated using HbA1c levels. Linear regression models were used to explore these associations, adjusting for demographic and clinical factors, while causal mediation analyses examined the role of intermediate variables. Results: Higher PACIC scores significantly correlated with improved self-care behaviors (β = 0.294, 95% CI: 0.233 to 0.354) and were negatively associated with HbA1c levels (β=-0.109, 95% CI: -0.192 to -0.026). The self-care behavior score inversely related to HbA1c levels (β=-0.197, 95% CI: -0.263 to -0.132). Notably, self-care behaviors mediated 50.41% (P < 0.05) of the effect of perceived care quality on HbA1c levels. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a substantial association between perceived care quality and better glycemic control in Chinese adults with T2D under NEPHSP, with self-care behaviors playing a crucial mediating role. These findings suggest that patient-centered care and comprehensive self-care practices are essential for effective T2D management within NEPHSP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic and international risk shocks have greatly increased the demand for systemic risk management in China. This paper estimates China's multi-layer financial network based on multiple financial relationships among banks, assets, and firms, using China's banking system data in 2021. An improved PageRank algorithm is proposed to identify systemically important banks and other economic sectors, and a stress test is conducted. This study finds that China's multi-layer financial network is sparse, and the distribution of transactions across financial markets is uneven. Regulatory authorities should support economic recovery and adjust the money supply, while banks should differentiate competition and manage risks better. Based on the PageRank index, this paper assesses the systemic importance of large commercial banks from the perspective of network structure, emphasizing the role of banks' transaction behavior and market participation. Different industries and asset classes are also assessed, suggesting that increased attention should be paid to industry risks and regulatory oversight of bank investments. Finally, stress tests confirm that the improved PageRank algorithm is applicable within the multi-layer financial network, reinforcing the need for prudential supervision of the banking system and revealing that the degree of transaction concentration will affect the systemic importance of financial institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver cirrhosis are significant clinical concerns, especially among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, in China, there is a paucity of reliable evidence detailing the characteristics of NAFLD and liver cirrhosis in T2DM. Furthermore, the relationship between blood glucose levels and NAFLD prevalence remains unclear. Methods: Data from the Shanghai Suburban Adult Cohort and Biobank were analyzed, including 6621 participants with T2DM. NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasonography and liver cirrhosis was performed according to the health information systems. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline analysis were used to explore the potential risk factors for NAFLD and liver cirrhosis. Results: The prevalence of NAFLD was 59.36%, and liver cirrhosis was 1.43% among T2DM patients. In these patients, factors like age, being female, marital status, and obesity significantly increased the risk of NAFLD. Specifically, obesity had a strong positive association with NAFLD (odds ratio [OR] = 4.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.13–5.34). The higher glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) quartile was associated with a heightened NAFLD risk compared to the lowest quartile (all p <.001). The HbA1c‐NAFLD relationship displayed a linear that mimicked an inverted L‐shaped pattern. A significant positive association existed between HbA1c levels and NAFLD for HbA1c <8.00% (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.44–1.75), but this was not observed for HbA1c >8.00% (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.92–1.15). Conclusion: Systematic screening for NAFLD is essential in T2DM patients, especially with poor glucose control and obesity in female. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the proposed goal of 30•60 carbon peak and carbon neutrality, the proportion of new energy continues to increase, the proportion of conventional power supply capacity continues to decrease, and the flexibility demand of the existing power system continues to increase and the flexibility adjustment ability is insufficient. Therefore, a medium and long term planning method is proposed to flexibly adjust the multi‐time scale coordination of thermal power support wind and solar storage. Considering the long‐term investment decision and the short and medium term operation simulation, the flexible transformation cost and the penalty cost of insufficient flexibility of thermal power units are included in the planning objective, and a multi‐time scale coordinated planning model is established with wind power as the main power source and thermal power and hydrogen energy storage as the auxiliary power source. Through the multi‐stage cycle iteration of investment decision model, medium and long term production simulation and typical daily operation simulation, the flexible transformation resources of wind and solar fire storage and thermal power are optimized. Finally, a provincial power grid in northeast China is taken as an example to verify that hydrogen energy storage equipment assisting thermal power unit flexibility transformation can better support load fluctuation and large‐scale new energy access in new power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares the impact of audience response systems (clickers) on the learning experience and classroom behavior of Chinese and Canadian students. Based on differences in student learning styles, which are rooted in the differences in national cultures, we predict that clicker technology will result in a more positive learning experience, and have more impact on classroom behavior in Chinese students than in Canadian students. Our survey results show that, consistent with the findings of prior studies, both groups of students report a positive experience and improved classroom behavior with the use of clickers. Chinese students report a more positive learning experience, but no difference in classroom behavior changes than Canadian students. This study extends the research on clickers by considering the impact of cultural background and shows classroom technology such as clickers can potentially help mitigate the cultural barriers in international business education.

Background: Caregivers are responsible for the home care of family members with severe mental illnesses (SMIs) and their lives are often subject to changes that can create stress and burden. The purpose of this study was to explore the current state of family disease burden and its correlation with social support among family caregivers of SMIs patients. Methods: Using a random sampling method, a total of 1,108 family caregivers of SMIs patients in community health service centers were selected. A general information questionnaire of family caregivers and patients, the Family Disease Burden Scale, and the Social Support Rating Scale were used. Results: The score of the Family Disease Burden Scale of 1108 family caregivers was 16.57 ± 10.65. Family disease burden was negatively correlated with social support (p <.05). The main influencing factors of family disease burden were average annual family income, duration of illness, distance to medical care, risk of unpredictable behavior, social support, caregiver-patient relationship, gender, and comorbid chronic conditions (p <.05). Conclusion: Family caregivers of SMIs patients have a relatively low level of caregiver-perceived social support. Interventions to enhance perceived social support could help maintain the health of family caregivers and improve the quality of family care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wide use of tobacco among a substantial portion of university students could foreshadow an increase in overall adult tobacco use. This cross-sectional study aimed to explore the impact of smoking intention on each of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS) subscales amongst a sample of Chinese university students and examine factor structure, reliability, and validity. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in this study. Data were collected from a randomly selected sample that consisted of 2864 students in six universities in China. 2700 university students (53.4% females, mean age 20 years) were included in this study. Factor analysis and correlation coefficient were used for the validity of the SURPS, Cronbach's alpha was used for the reliability of the SURPS, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to assess the psychometric properties of the SURPS. The factor analysis of construct validity identified four dimensions of the SURPS, explaining 56.07% of the total variance. Good internal consistency and adequate concurrent validity were found in four subscales of the SURPS. Significant group differences were found on the Impulsivity, Anxiety Sensitivity, and Sensation Seeking subscales, with substance-dependent groups scoring higher than controls. Our findings demonstrate SURPS can be usefully applied in China, especially in respect of the risk assessment of substance use from individual characteristics in China. It also has the potential to implement early intervention for reducing substance use among university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the primary candidate materials used in 650°C ultra-supercritical (USC) thermal power plant units is a novel thick grade of heat-resistant steel, 08Cr9W3Co3VNbCuBN (G115), for which China has complete intellectual property rights. In this study, G115 steel with a 115 mm thick wall was successfully welded using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) + shielded metal arc welding (SWAM), which was a significant step toward achieving its application in large-diameter boiler tubes. The influence of the welding process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the G115 welded joint after post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) at 770°C for 11 h was investigated. The findings demonstrate that the weld zone (WZ) after PWHT was composed of martensite and ferrite, and M23C6 was the precipitate. The average hardness of WZ was 273.1 HV, and the average impact toughness was above 39J, which was sufficient for actual production applications. It offered the necessary theoretical foundation for the practical development of thick-walled G115 heat-resistant alloy steel during welding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No-till and cereal–legume intercropping have been recognized as favorable cropping practices to increase crop yields while maintaining soil quality in arid and semiarid environments, but the biological mechanisms are poorly understood. The present study aimed to determine the response of yields, soil properties, enzyme activities, and microbial community diversity and composition in mono- and inter-cropping under conventional and no-tillage conditions. We initiated a field experiment in Wuwei, a typical arid area of China, in 2014. Soil was sampled in August 2022 and, yields, soil properties, enzyme activities, and the microbial community diversity and composition were determined in the maize and pea strips in inter- and mono-cropping systems. Results revealed that the maize and pea strips in the no-till intercropping significantly increased yields, total and organic carbon stocks, decreased NO3−-N, and obtained the highest total and organic P in the soil. No-tillage significantly enhanced the Shannon index and Pielou evenness of the bacterial community and total microbial community over conventional tillage, with the α-diversity of the bacterial community and total microbial community distinctly higher in the NTIM treatment than in the CTIM treatment. The α-diversity of the total microbial community was significantly related to yield, soil IC and OC, and the α-diversity of the archaea community was significantly related to soil TC, TC/TP, TN/TP, and BX. Meanwhile, the α-diversity of the eukaryote community was significantly related to soil yield, soil TC/TP. Both no-tillage and intercropped maize significantly increased the abundance of archaea phylum Thaumarchaeota and bacterial phylum Nitrospirae, and were significantly positively associated with soil OC and NH4+-N, benefiting nitrogen fixation of intercropped pea from the atmosphere under the no-tillage cereal/legume intercropping. No-till intercropping was conducive to the accumulation of organic carbon, while decreasing the abundance of Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia. Limited soil enzyme activities (ACP, ALP, DP, NAG, BG, AG, CB) led to decreases in organic carbon turnover and utilization. Intercropping altered soil microbial community diversity and composition due to changes in soil properties and enzyme activities. These findings suggest that no-tilled cereal–legume intercropping is a sustainable cropping practice for improving soil properties and enhancing microbial (archaea, bacterial, eukaryota) diversity, but the persistence is not conducive to rapid turnover of soil nutrients due to limited enzyme activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients' attitude, subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC), behavioral intention (BI) and behavior associated with integrated treatment and preventive (ITP) services. Methods: A convenient sampling method was employed at a community health center in Nanjing, China between January and July 2022. The collected data were processed using Epidata 3.1, SPSS 26.0, and AMOS 24.0. Descriptive statistics and a structural equation model based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) were used to explore the correlation between the study variables. Results: 430 participants were eventually included, with a response rate of 98.6%. The mean age was 72.50 ± 5.69 years. The TPB model proved to be suitable and explained 41% of the variance in the BI. Attitude (β = 0.289, P < 0.001), SN (β = 0.314, P < 0.001) and PBC (β = 0.261, P < 0.001) were the main predictors of BI, and the SN was the strongest. BI (β = 0.452, P < 0.001) and PBC (β = 0.452, P < 0.001) had similar direct effects on patients' behavior. Conclusion: The TPB model explained the behavioral variations associated with ITP services and provided a framework for developing targeted interventions and improving community-based ITP services for T2DM. To encourage patients to engage in desirable behaviors, interventions should focus on modifying patients' SN towards behavior associated with ITP services by promoting peer pressure and increasing the family's emphasis on health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB), as a respiratory infectious disease, has damaged public health globally for decades, and mainland China has always been an area with high incidence of TB. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, it has seriously occupied medical resources and affected medical treatment of TB patients. Therefore, the authenticity and reliability of TB data during this period have also been questioned by many researchers. In response to this situation, this paper excludes the data from 2019 to the present, and collects the data of TB incidence in mainland China and the data of 11 influencing factors from 2014 to 2018. Using spatial autocorrelation methods and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model to study the temporal and spatial distribution of TB incidence in mainland China and the influence of selected influencing factors on TB incidence. The experimental results show that the distribution of TB patients in mainland China shows spatial aggregation and spatial heterogeneity during this period. And the R2 and the adjusted R2 of MGWR model are 0.932 and 0.910, which are significantly better than OLS model (0.466, 0.429) and GWR model (0.836, 0.797). The fitting accuracy indicators MAE, MSE and MAPE of MGWR model reached 5.802075, 110.865107 and 0.088215 respectively, which also show that the overall fitting effect is significantly better than OLS model (19.987574, 869.181549, 0.314281) and GWR model (10.508819, 267.176741, 0.169292). Therefore, this model is based on real and reliable TB data, which provides decision-making references for the prevention and control of TB in mainland China and other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Revealing hydrothermal evolution from the early oxide to late carbonate stages for quartz–wolframite vein‐type deposits is essential for understanding the ore‐forming process. In this study, we choose the Baishitouwa tungsten polymetallic deposit located in the southern Great Xing'an Range tungsten belt as a case study, and present detailed deposit geology and in situ fluid inclusion (FI) analyses including microthermometry, laser Raman spectra, and LA‐ICP‐MS microanalysis to address this issue. Four stages of hydrothermal activity were identified: (1) quartz–wolframite (I), (2) quartz–wolframite (II)–pyrite–chalcopyrite, (3) quartz–polymetallic sulphides, and (4) quartz–carbonate. Four types of FIs were recognized: CO2‐rich, CO2‐bearing, liquid‐rich, and brine inclusions. Microthermometric data showed that the homogenization temperatures and salinities from the early to late stages are 380–460°C, 7.4–17.3, and 29.3–43.2 wt% NaCl equiv., 300–390°C and 7.1–17.0 wt% NaCl equiv., 220–320°C and 2.7–8.1 wt% NaCl equiv., and 150–250°C and 0.5–4.8 wt% NaCl equiv., respectively, suggesting a decreasing trend. Geochemically, all stage fluids contained high Rb and Mn concentrations, high Rb/Na, Cs/Na, Li/Na, K/Na, Rb/Sr, low K/Rb, and consistent Cs/Rb and Cs/(Na + K) ratios, indicating that the mineralizing fluids originated from a common source—an underlying, geochemically uniform, and highly fractionated granitic magma. Fluid immiscibility and cooling are the main mechanisms for wolframite precipitation, whereas greisenization is subordinate; the incursion of meteoric water into the hydrothermal system initiated at the sulphide stage, and fluid mixing is the dominant mechanism for sulphide precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tungsten-tin-(rare-metal) deposits are most commonly granite-related and an important source of critical metals. This study describes the fluid evolution in the Tiantangshan Rb-Sn-W deposit, Nanling Range, China, and discusses the implications for mineralizing processes. Mineralization at Tiantangshan is spatially zoned. The greisen roof hosts wolframite-cassiterite quartz veins. The surrounding volcanic rocks host biotite quartz veins (Rb mineralization) crosscut by cassiterite quartz veins and sphalerite-galena quartz veins. The earliest intermediate-density fluids are responsible for the early W-(Sn)-Rb mineralization and evolve towards decreasing homogenization temperature (Th) and ratios of W, Sn, Rb, Cs, Fe, and Mn to Na + K as the fluid migrated from the greisen to the volcanic rocks hosted veins (Th: 420 to 350 °C; salinity: 13 to 4 wt% NaCleq). The spatial distribution of mineralization and fluid paragenesis indicates that precipitation of wolframite, early cassiterite, and Rb-rich biotite was associated with a pH increase during fluid-rock interaction. Late cassiterite and intergrown quartz precipitated from a degassing fluid with lower Th (mainly 360 to 340 °C) and salinity (10 to 2 wt% NaCleq) and with distinctly lower Sn concentrations. Late cassiterite precipitation is therefore likely related with depressurization by brittle failure of the rock leading to simultaneous boiling and meteoric water input. Late Pb–Zn mineralization precipitated from low Th (< 320 °C) and salinity (0 to 2 wt% NaCleq) fluids through extensive mixing with meteoric water. The tempo-spatial development of Rb-Sn-W-Pb–Zn mineralization at Tiantangshan was controlled by a mixing fluid regime, where input of meteoric water gradually increased with time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of the existing research on banking systemic risk focuses on static single-risk exposures, and there is a lack of research on multiple-risk exposures. The reality is that the banking system is facing an increasingly complex environment, and dynamic measures of multiple-risk integration are essential. To reveal the risk accumulation process under the multi-risk exposures of the banking system, this article constructs a dynamic banking system as the research object and combines geometric Brownian motion, the BSM model, and the maximum likelihood estimate method. This article also aims to incorporate three types of exposures (interbank lending market risk exposures, entity industry credit risk exposures, and market risk exposures) within the same framework for the first time and builds a model of the dynamic evolution of banking systemic risk under multiple exposures. This study included the collection of a large amount of real data on banks, entity industries, and market risk factors, and used the Δ C o V a R model to evaluate the systemic risk of the China banking system from the point of view of the accumulation of risk from different exposures, revealing the dynamic process of risk accumulation under the integration of multiple risks within the banking system, as well as the contribution of different exposures to banking systemic risk. The results showed that the banking systemic risk of China first increased and then decreased with time, and the rate of risk accumulation is gradually slowing down. In terms of the impact of different kinds of exposures on system losses, the credit risk exposure of the entity industry had the greatest impact on the banking systemic risk among the three kinds of exposures. In terms of the contribution of the interbank lending market risk to the systemic risk, the Bank of Communications, China Everbright Bank, and Bank of Beijing contributed the most. In terms of the contribution of the bank–entity industry credit risk to the systemic risk, the financial industry, accommodation and catering industry, and manufacturing industry contributed the most. Considering the contribution of market risk to the systemic risk, the Shanghai Composite Index, the Hang Seng Composite Index, and the Dow Jones Index contributed the most. The research in this paper enriches the existing banking systemic risk research perspective and provides a reference for the regulatory decisions of central banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dongji epithermal Au deposit formed in the Early Cretaceous is located in the Dongkeng volcanic Basin of the South China Block. The orebodies of the deposit are mainly hosted in the Jurassic volcanic–subvolcanic rocks. Here, detailed zircon U–Pb geochronology, major‐trace elements, and fluid inclusion data of the Dongji deposit are reported. At least two epochs of magmatic activity were identified at Dongji, including the Late Jurassic rhyolitic crystal tuff lava (165.3 ± 1.8 Ma to 162.8 ± 2.6 Ma) and quartz porphyry (156.0 ± 1.9 Ma), and the Early Cretaceous dacitic crystal tuff lava (108.4 ± 5.7 Ma) and purplish‐red crystal tuff lava (98.1 ± 0.8 Ma). The Late Jurassic volcanic–subvolcanic rocks are characterized by high SiO2 content, enriched LILE (large ion lithophile element) elements, depleted HFSE (high field strength element) elements, and obvious P, Ti and Eu anomalies. These geochemical characteristics suggest that the volcanic–subvolcanic rocks were generated by partial melting of the lower crust and controlled by fractional crystallization of Ti‐bearing phases, apatite, and plagioclase. In comparison, the Early Cretaceous volcanic–subvolcanic rocks are characterized by high K contents, and arc‐like signatures (e.g., enriched Rb, Th, K, and depleted Nb, Ta, Ti), indicating a partial melting of crust–mantle interaction under an extensional tectonic setting. The ore‐bearing dacitic crystal tuff lava and the caprock of purplish‐red tuff lava constrain the timing of gold mineralization in the range of 108–98 Ma. The Au mineralization at Dongji is divided into the early stage of quartz‐pyrite association and the late main mineralization stage of quartz‐polymetallic sulfide association. The fluid inclusion microthermometry results show that the ore‐forming fluids at the early mineralization are characterized by enrichment of liquid‐rich two‐phase inclusions and CO2‐bearing aqueous inclusions. The fluids with moderate homogenization temperatures (292–382°C) and low salinities (5.4–10.0 wt% NaClequiv) were possibly exsolved from magmatic rocks. Nevertheless, fluid inclusions in the late‐stage contain liquid‐rich two‐phase inclusions and pure liquid phase inclusions. The homogenization temperatures (222–309°C) and salinities (2.4–8.3 wt% NaClequiv) of the late‐stage fluid inclusions are relatively lower than those of the early stage, probably indicating a fluid mixing of magmatic and meteoric fluids. Based on the above, we propose that fluid mixing is the key factor facilitating Au precipitation in the Dongji deposit, probably applicable to other Au deposits in the Dongkeng volcanic Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is one of the countries with the heaviest burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) worldwide, especially subtype 1b. To better control hepatitis C, insights into the characteristics of dynamic spread and genomic mutations are urgently needed. We retrieved sequences of HCV‐1b NS5B among intravenous drug users (IDUs) and general people (Non‐IDUs) in China from 2000 to 2011 in NCBI. Bayesian phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were used to evaluate the transmission dynamics of HCV‐1b. Non‐synonymous substitutions were detected to illustrate immune adaptation. Evolutionary history demonstrated that HCV‐1b effective population size experienced a sharp increase in 1990. HCV‐1b sequences among IDUs had a higher estimated evolutionary rate (5.7185 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year) than overall (7.7332 × 10−4). 105/136 (77.2%) of HCV‐1b sequences clustered into 38 networks. The average non‐synonymous HCV‐1b immune epitopes among IDUs were 0.211, higher than non‐IDUs, especially in the HLA‐A*02 molecular recognition region. All of these posed significant challenges for the prevention and treatment of HCV. Heterogeneity and genetic linkages of HCV‐1b suggest that evolutionary surveillance of HCV in cities in east‐central China and among IDUs could not be neglected. Significance Statement: Because of the poor treatment adherence and high prevalence, intravenous drug users (IDUs) have been identified as a priority for hepatitis C virus (HCV) micro‐elimination. Understanding the characteristics of transmission and genome mutation can provide a theoretical basis for precise prevention. We have assimilated all available genetic data on temporal and geographic distribution of HCV genotype 1b among IDUs in mainland, China. We find that the presence of large transmission clusters makes HCV expand rapidly among IDUs. Importantly, we report the significant differences of mutation of NS5B gene regions within HLA‐A*02 restricted CD8+ T‐cell recognition epitopes between IDUs and Non‐IDUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Previous studies have shown that in addition to having impairments in facial emotion recognition, patients with schizophrenia also show a lack of facial expression. Although negative symptoms such as decreased facial activity are common symptoms of schizophrenia, the related factors remain inconclusive. Therefore, this study compared healthy controls to explore the characteristics of facial muscle activity intensity in patients with schizophrenia and its relationship with negative symptoms. Methods: This observational and cross-sectional study conducted in a psychiatric hospital in China included a total of 135 patients with schizophrenia and 134 healthy controls. The negative symptoms of schizophrenia were evaluated using the Brief Negative Symptom Scale. The intensity of facial muscle activity under positive, neutral, and negative emotional stimuli conditions was automatically collected by a computer, including 17 values (F01-F17) that represent different facial muscle activities. Statistical tests were performed to analyze facial muscle activity indexes, to explore an objective and quantitative method to evaluate the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Results: The facial muscle activity intensity of the schizophrenia group at F02 (outer eyebrow), F04 (upper eyelid), F07 (nose), F10 (dimple), F12 (lower jaw 1), F14 (lip 2), and F17 (blink) was lower than that of the healthy controls (p < 0.05). Under positive, neutral, and negative emotional stimuli conditions, the facial muscle activity intensity of F16 (lower jaw 2) was positively correlated with negative symptoms (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our study indicated that patients with schizophrenia show defects in facial muscle activity and that is associated with negative symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doctors' prescribing behaviors impact both medical expenses and health resources. This study aims to identify the significant determinants of prescribing behaviors of doctors, which could potentially provide theoretical evidence on how to improve prescribing decisions. A multistage, stratified, cluster, random sampling method was employed in this survey. Data were collected from Jiangsu and Shanxi provinces in China in 2018. A total of 444 doctors in public hospitals completed the self‐administered questionnaires. A structural equation model based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) was adopted for analysis. On the basis of the TPB, we constructed a model of doctors' prescribing behaviors, which explained the subjective and objective reasons for irrational prescribing behavior. Behavioral attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control could positively influence the actual behaviors, of which subjective norms impact prescribing behaviors the most. Employing the TPB helped in identifying determinants of prescribing behaviors from a new perspective. More significant policy changes and government support are required to help improve appropriate prescribing behaviors and ultimately make better prescribing decisions. This study provided a deeper understanding of this complex issue and will inform the development of a theory and evidence‐based intervention for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Chinese sport policy and practice from 1949 to 1952 through an examination of the role of ideology in nation-building. Drawing on Gramsci's theory of cultural hegemony, this study examines the nature of the ideological domination by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during this period and explores its sports policy and the political implications of this policy. Arguing that sport policy in the early years of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was shaped by ideological requirements, the paper demonstrates that the CCP viewed sport as not only essential for physical wellbeing and discipline but also for the proper functioning and stability of the new regime. Nationalism, Maoism and Sovietization together dominated China's sports policies in this period, though the CCP's dominant ideology included a tendency towards pragmaticism. This mixed ideology, anchored in pragmatism, helped the party-state achieve ideological hegemony in the superstructure of Chinese society in the early years of PRC. Sports policy and its implementation became both a means of achieving this hegemony and a cultural reflection of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Oxidative weathering and evaporative settings favor accumulation of Co-rich sedimentary pyrite in a sulfidic ocean. • Cobalt is released and mobilized during orogenic deformation and metamorphism. • Pyrite recrystallization causes cobalt release and minor S-Fe isotope variations. • Globally, evaporative marine sequences formed at ca. 2.2–2.0 and 0.9–0.7 Ga are the ideal target areas for Co resources, including those hosted in orogenic belts. The origin of sediment-hosted copper-cobalt deposits (SCDs) within metamorphic terranes remains contentious, particularly in regard to the timing of mineralization relative to basin evolution. Here, we link the timing of Cu-Co mineralization in the Zhongtiao Mountains district, central China, to basin closure during development of the Trans-North China Orogen. Metamorphic apatite from meta-evaporite has a U-Pb age (1844 ± 25 Ma) within error of a Re-Os age for molybdenite from Cu- and Co-bearing veins (1819 ± 10 Ma), implying that mineralization and metamorphism were coincident. In situ trace element and Fe-S isotope analyses of deformed sedimentary pyrite (Py I) and younger euhedral metamorphic pyrite (Py II) in pyritic graphite schist indicate that Co was mobilized from Py I via fluid-mediated dissolution and reprecipitation. In the graphite schist, representing a sulfidic shale metamorphosed at upper greenschist facies conditions, relic Py I has high δ34S values (22.9 ± 0.4‰, n = 10) and δ56Fe values (0.90 ± 0.16‰, n = 8). These values are consistent with bacterial sulfate reduction and pyrite formation in a Paleoproterozoic sulfidic sea (i.e., after the first great oxygenation event). In addition, Py I has unusually high Co contents (0.8–3.0 wt.%), suggesting that transition metals, including Co and Ni, were originally concentrated in sedimentary pyrite in an evaporative setting. The evaporitic setting is supported by the presence of sylvite in sulfidic schists and adjacent scapolitic calc-silicates. Younger Co-poor Py II has slightly lower δ34S values (21.4 ± 0.2‰, n = 19) and higher δ56Fe values (1.61 ± 0.15‰, n = 9), supporting the hypothesis that Co was released from sedimentary sulfide during dissolution and reprecipitation. The great variability of δ34S (14.8 to 22.9‰) and δ56Fe (0.13 to 2.30‰) in hydrothermal pyrite (Py III) associated with Cu-Co mineralization suggests that an external Cu-rich oxidizing fluid was involved in the ore-forming process. Copper and Co in this type of deposit are typically both considered to be derived from fertile basement rocks. This study, however, highlights another potential source for the Co, with its enrichment in a sulfidic sea along an evaporative margin and its upgrading through mobilization during orogenesis that leads to formation of a relatively high-temperature group of SCDs. Tectonometamorphic processes causing such Co enrichments took place during the Paleoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic oxygenation events, implying that the most prospective targets for Co resources are concentrated in ca. 2.2–2.0 Ga and 0.9–0.7 Ga deformed passive margin marine sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop yield is limited by water and nitrogen (N) availability. However, in Hexi Corridor of northwestern China, water scarcity and excessive fertilizer N in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production causes serious conflicts between water and N supply and crop demand. A field experiment was conducted from 2016 to 2018 to evaluate whether reducing of irrigation and fertilizer N will reduce grain yield of wheat. There were two irrigation quotas (192 and 240 mm) and three fertilizer N rates (135, 180, and 225 kg N ha−1). The results showed that reducing irrigation to 192 mm and N rate to 180 kg N ha−1 reduced water uptake, water uptake efficiency, and N uptake of spring wheat as compared to local practice (i.e., 240 mm irrigation and 225 kg N ha−1 fertilizer). Whereas, it improved water and N utilization efficiency, and water and N productivity. Consequently, the irrigation and N rate reduced treatment achieved the same quantity of grain yield as local practice. The path analysis showed that interaction effect between irrigation and N fertilization may attributable to the improvement of grain yield with lower irrigation and N rate. The enhanced water and N utilization allows us to conclude that irrigation quota at 192 mm coupled with fertilizer N rate at 180 kg N ha−1 can be used as an efficient practice for wheat production in arid irrigation areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineralogical distribution, textures, electron probe microanalysis of visible gold, laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) trace element analysis of pyrite, and LA-multicollector (MC-)ICP-MS sulfur isotope analysis of sulfide minerals are examined in an ore zone extending obliquely to –4 km depth in the Sanshandao gold deposit Jiaodong, China. We relate these results to the temporal and spatial ore-forming processes in the deposit to further elucidate the controls on the deposition of visible Au and fineness variation. Two generations of Au mineralization are identified. The early generation is represented by beresitization and quartz-pyrite veins in which visible Au grains are associated with pyrite (Py1 and Py2) and are characterized by high fineness [729–961; fineness = 1000×Au/(Au+Ag)]. Py1 and Py2 are both enriched in Co, Ni, and Bi and depleted in As and Au. Texturally, gold and pyrite are pristine crystals, homogeneous in composition. These features are attributed to the sulfidation of the granitic wallrock (fluid/rock interaction) that effectively destabilizes Au in the ore-forming fluids during pyrite deposition. Fineness decreases continuously from 870 at –2650 m depth to 752 at –420 m depth. The Co and Ni contents of Py1 and Py2 decrease significantly from –4000 m to –420 m depth, whereas the As contents increase. The mean δ34S values of Py1 increase from 10.5 to 11.8‰. The spatial variations are interpreted to be related to gradual cooling, decompression, and an enhanced degree of fluid/rock interaction with decreasing depth, which facilitated the initiation of visible gold mineralization at ca. –2700 m depth. The late generation of Au mineralization is represented by quartz-polysulfide veins in which visible Au grains are associated with multiple sulfide minerals (Py3, galena, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, and sphalerite). It is characterized by low fineness (549–719), and heterogeneous textures with Ag-rich parts (218–421). Py3, occurring as the rim of pyrite grain, is interpreted to form by replacement via a dissolution-reprecipitation reaction. Py3 is distinctly enriched in As (median of 10 000 ppm) and Au (2.2 ppm), but depleted in Co, Ni, and Bi. The δ34S values of the polysulfide minerals decrease sharply by 4 to 5‰ at depths from –1909 to –1450 m. These features are interpreted to be generated by significant decompression and phase separation of fluid, where most ore elements (e.g., Au, Ag, As, and base metal elements) are destabilized. Our study suggests that remobilization did not affect the generation of visible Au mineralization at Sanshandao. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was only in the last decade that oral history began to be practised by Chinese scholars of sport history. Only tens of peer-reviewed journal articles and a couple of monographs have been published so far. Most oral sport history projects were concerned with the heirs of endangered traditional martial arts. This limited focus is a result of the fact that studies of the social and cultural aspects of sport history in which oral methods are more heavily relied upon have gained little momentum in China, coupled with a growing emphasis on preserving indigenous Chinese sports as one of the principal tasks of Chinese sport historians under the current State policies of 'Cultural Renaissance'. The application of oral history methods is potentially beneficial for both the historical study and development of the inheritance of Chinese martial arts. However, it has been found that the advantages of using oral testimonies have not been significantly demonstrated when compared to studies using archive sources and that the politicized sporting environment is challenging the authenticity of oral sports history. Nonetheless, oral history is still a useful and promising methodological tool, as is now recognized by a growing number of sport historians, and many domains of sport history in China have the potential to engage with oral history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Comorbid anxiety and depression in people with epilepsy (PWE) are highly prevalent and contribute to low quality of life (QOL) and may even lead to poor outcomes of epilepsy. Among the various factors that affect these negative emotional comorbidities, possible gender differences remain poorly understood and are often neglected. This research aimed to determine whether there are discrepancies in the incidence and influence factors of anxiety and depression between men and women with epilepsy in a hospital in northwest China. Methods: A total of 158 adult PWE (female: N = 65; 41.1%) completed self-report questionnaires, including the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), the Chinese version of the Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 (QOLIE-31) inventory and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI). The comparison between male and female PWE was made by regression analysis. Results: For the prevalence of anxiety and depression in PWE, no gender difference was found in this study. However, the moderating factors of psychiatric comorbidities were significantly different between men and women: male PWE with comorbid anxiety were more likely to be affected by sleep quality, while anxiety symptoms in female PWE were closely associated with the frequency of seizures. Education years and QOL social function were significant indicators of depression in male PWE but not in female PWE. The important and common predictor for anxiety and depressive symptoms in PWE was QOL energy/fatigue, with male patients being more affected. Conclusion: For the PWE included in this study, the incidence of comorbid anxiety and depression in PWE was similar for men and women, but the moderating factors affecting comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders differed between genders: male PWE were more likely to be affected by psychosocial factors, while female PWE were more influenced by epilepsy itself. This exploration suggests that gender-specific health care should be considered in epilepsy therapy to improve the psychiatric condition and QOL of PWE, and different treatments should be conducted for male and female PWE to prevent negative emotional comorbidities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural network studies could give appropriate opportunities to understanding structural/hydrothermal events, transportation of ore-forming fluids and water/rock interaction process. Four structural deformation/hydrothermal events have been identified in the Jiaojia fault zone according to microtexture and deformation of quartz and feldspars. Plagioclase experienced ductile deformation period with bended polysynthetic twin stripes (>450 °C) in the early stage, followed by K-feldspar alteration period with ductile-brittle deformation and subgrain rotation recrystallization of quartz (380–450 °C). Then, sericitization period occurred extensive ductile-brittle deformation (350–420 °C) and extensive subgrain rotation recrystallization with a little bulging recrystallization in quartz. In the last, gold precipitation-related pyrite-sericite-quartz alteration was dominated by brittle deformation (300–380 °C) and total bulging recrystallization of quartz. From the K-feldspar alteration zone and sericitization zone to pyrite-sericitequartz alteration zone, fractal dimension values of dynamically recrystallized quartz grains increase from 1.07 and 1.24 to 1.32, the calculated paleo strain rate values of dynamically recrystallized quartz range from 10−10.7 (380 °C)−10−96 (450 °C) and 10−9.3 (350 °C)−10−82 (420 °C) to 10−9.5 (300 °C)−10−80 (380 °C), and the paleo differential stress values increase from 36.9 and 39.3, to 121.3 MPa. The increase of fractal dimension values and decrease of grain size from pyrite-sericite-quartz alteration zone and sericitization zone to K-feldspar alteration zone decreased average water/rock ratio values, which could lead to different acidity and redox conditions of ore-forming fluids and mineralization differences. Two kinds of orecontrolling fractures have been distinguished which include the gentle dip types (18°–50°) with NW (315°–355°) and SW (180°–235°) dip hosting No. I orebodies and the steep dip types (74°–90°) with NE (45°–85°) and SE (95°–165°) dip hosting No. III orebodies. These faults/fractures crosscut altered Linglong granite of footwall of the Jiaojia fault zone as rhombohedrons that promoted the connection between fractures in the K-feldspar alteration zone and fluid flow passages near the main fault face. Research results indicate No. I and No. III orebodies should be derived from the same mineralization event and belong to different orebody types in different mineralization sites under the same structural networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Daliuhang gold deposit (> 20 t gold) is located in the central Penglai-Qixia belt of the giant Jiaodong gold province, eastern China. The ore-hosting Guojialing granodiorite and pegmatite were formed at 129.0 ± 0.6 Ma and 126.2 ± 0.6 Ma, respectively. Syn-ore monazite, with a U–Pb age of 120.5 ± 1.7 Ma, represents the timing of gold mineralization. Given at least 5 m.y. between magmatism and mineralization, a genetic relationship to magmatic-hydrothermal activity is negated. Noble gas isotopes of pyrite have crust-mantle-mixed 3He/4He (1.13 to 1.50 Ra) and air-like 40Ar/36Ar (327–574). Together with the broadly positive correlation between 3He and 36Ar, it is inferred that the initial ore-forming fluids were deeply sourced from the sedimentary wedge overlying the subducted plate and overlying mantle during early Cretaceous paleo-Pacific plate subduction. The pre-ore and post-ore pyrites have low δ34S values (3.7–5.6‰ and 5.3–6.4‰, respectively), whereas ore-related pyrites have higher δ34S values, especially in As–Au-rich domains (7.8–8.3‰). These positive δ34S values also suggest that the initial ore fluid and some of the sulfur component were derived via subduction-related devolatilization. The elevated δ34S values of the ore-related pyrite are partly ascribed to mass fractionation and partly to a contribution from sulfur leached from crustal host rocks. This interpretation is also supported by neodymium isotope ratios of monazite (εNd (~ 120 Ma) = − 13.7 to − 11.6), which correlate well with the ore-hosting Guojialing granodiorite. This study highlights the combined roles of deeply derived fluids and intense interaction with upper crustal rocks in the formation of Jiaodong gold deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2018, we conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate azole resistance in environmental Aspergillus fumigatus isolates obtained from different agricultural fields in China. Using 63 soil cores, we cultured for azole-resistant A. fumigatus and characterized isolates by their cyp51A gene type, short tandem repeat genotype, and mating type. Of 206 A. fumigatus isolates, 21 (10.2%) were azole resistant. Nineteen of 21 had mutations in their cyp51A gene (5 TR34/L98H, 8 TR34/L98H/S297T/F495I, 6 TR46/Y121F/T289A). Eighteen were cultured from soil samples acquired from strawberry fields, suggesting this soil type is a potential hotspot for azole resistance selection. Twenty resistant isolates were mating type MAT1-1, suggesting asexual sporulation contributed to their evolution. Prochloraz, difenoconazole, and tebuconazole were the most frequently detected fungicides in soil samples with azole-resistant fungus. Our study results suggest that managing the fungicides used in agriculture will help contain the problem of antifungal drug resistance in clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No‐tillage, plastic mulching, optimal irrigation, nutrient management, and crop rotation are valuable strategies for improving water use efficiency (WUE) in arid regions, but the effect of no‐tillage combined with plastic mulching on WUE has not been tested. In 2016 and 2017, a field experiment was conducted after plastic mulched maize (Zea mays L.) in northwestern China to assess how tillage, irrigation, and nitrogen levels affect soil evaporation (E), evapotranspiration (ET), grain yield (GY), and WUE of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This study evaluated all combinations of two tillage practices (NT, no‐tillage with previous plastic mulching; CT, conventional tillage), two irrigation levels (high: local conventional irrigation amount, 240 mm; and low: local conventional irrigation amount reduced by 20%, 192 mm), and three nitrogen levels (high: local conventional nitrogen amount, 225 kg ha−1; medium: local conventional nitrogen amount reduced by 20%, 180 kg ha−1; and low: local conventional nitrogen amount reduced by 40%, 135 kg ha−1). Across the study years, NT reduced E and E/ET and increased GY and WUE at all irrigation and nitrogen levels compared with CT. No‐tillage with low irrigation and medium nitrogen reduced E, ET, and E/ET by 29%, 4%, and 26%, respectively, and improved GY and WUE by 19% and 24%, respectively, compared with CT with high supplies of irrigation and nitrogen. We concluded that NT into plastic mulched maize with a reduction in irrigation and a moderate level of nitrogen can improve WUE of wheat in arid regions, thereby enhancing the sustainability of cereal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes the Chinese plan for eliminating adult illiteracy in rural areas. Program planning, implementation and evaluation procedures, as well as administrative organization, program funding, and teacher training are discussed. (AM)

[Display omitted] • Triassic syenitic complexes in Songxian were emplaced at 235–210 Ma. • Two types of syenites, alkali-feldspar syenite and aegirine-augite syenite, might originate from two different magma episodes. • The parental magma was formed by mixing of mantle-derived melts and crustal materials. • The subduction of oceanic crust led to back-arc extension and crust-mantle interaction. Alkaline igneous rocks usually provide significant information on the mantle-derived components, magmatic processes and crust–mantle interaction due to their deep source. The Songxian syenite, located in the Xiong'er terrane of the Qinling Orogen, is one of the most typical alkaline intrusions in the Early Mesozoic. Geochemical, geochronological and in situ Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic analyses were conducted on the alkali-feldspar syenite and aegirine-augite syenite samples collected from the Songxian syenite, in order to reveal the magma sources, petrogenesis and possible geodynamic implications. All the rock samples are enriched in alkali (Na 2 O + K 2 O = 11.74 to 15.14 wt%), light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements, and depleted in high field strength elements. Zircon LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating of medium- and fine-grained alkali-feldspar syenites yield emplacement ages of 235.5 ± 0.9 Ma and 232.7 ± 3.3 Ma, respectively. In addition, the aegirine-augite syenite generally developed as dyke or vein cutting through the two types of alkali-feldspar syenite in the field, indicating multiple pulses of magmatism. In-situ Sr-Nd isotopic analyses on magmatic apatite yielded (87Sr/86Sr) i ratios from 0.707959 to 0.710414 and ε Nd (t) from −19.3 to −13.9 for alkali-feldspar syenite, while the analyses for aegirine-augite syenite yielded (87Sr/86Sr) i ratios from 0.717948 to 0.721470 and ε Nd (t) from −25.5 to −24.5. The difference suggests that the Songxian syenite may be generated from multi-stage magmatic episodes. The first magmatic incident mainly originated from the partial melting of the enriched lithospheric mantle, mixed with the lower crust-derived melts. The second mixing magma might involve more proportion of Archean to Paleoproterozoic crust-derived materials. During the Early Mesozoic, the Mian-Lue oceanic slab subducted northward to the asthenosphere mantle and induced asthenosphere upwelling. Under the tectonic setting, the mixture of enriched mantle- and crust-derived melts occurred to form the Songxian syenite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an informative proxy measure for a range of socio-economic variables, satellite-derived night-time light (NTL) data have been widely used to investigate the diverse anthropogenic activities and reveal urbanization development. Due to the rapid increase of Chinese urbanization rate, from 25.3% in 1987 to 58.5% in 2017, and 'crazy expansion' of city space, the sick phenomenon – 'Ghost Town' – has been brought out, generally defined as places with high housing vacancy rate (HVR), which will cause the huge waste of the limited land source in China. To investigate the HVR of urban areas in China, this study attempts to establish a hybrid model combining data derived from National Polar-Orbiting Partnership–Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (NPP-VIIRS) NTL sensors with OpenStreetMap (OSM) data. By distinguishing non-residential areas and introducing detailed residential building information, we proposed a novel HVR estimation model, thus realizing the estimation of HVR in 31 Chinese provincial cities with different development levels (Tier 1–Tier 3). The results showed the average HVR of Tier 2 cities (0.204) was higher than that of Tier 1 cities (0.189) and Tier 3 cities (0.233). The model was proven more accurate (root mean square error of approximation (RMSE) = 0.022) when compared with previous models. To explore the reasons causing different HVRs in these provincial cities, the relationship between HVR and typical socio-economic factors – gross domestic product (GDP), population, and housing price – was also revealed. Through correlation verification and built of a regression model, HVR was found positively correlated with housing price (0.409), however, negatively correlated with population (−0.829) and GDP (−0.356). The research is an indication of the applicability of using data derived from NPP-VIIRS NTL sensors in reflecting HVR and an exploration to distinguish socio-economic factors influencing HVR in different cities. The model we proposed can potentially provide guidance for urban planners to formulate better land-use plan and rental measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intercropping is considered as a promising system for improving crop productivity. In arid environments, it is unknown whether the coordinated interspecific interaction can be improved via optimizing agronomic management measures. In this study, we quantified the competitiveness of the intercrops in response to straw and plastic management during both co‐growth periods, and the compensation effect of each intercrop. A late‐maturing maize (Zea mays L.) was alternately planted in field strips with an early‐maturing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under four straw and plastic management patterns in northwestern China from 2014 to 2016. Intercropped wheat was the dominant species, and the average index of competitiveness of wheat to maize (AWM) was 0.403. Integration of straw and plastic mulching application in wheat–maize intercropping reduced the interspecific competition and improved the compensation effect of intercropped maize. On average, no tillage with straw covering the soil in wheat strip combined with 2‐yr plastic mulching in maize strip (i.e., NTSI2) decreased the AWM by 30.9%, increased the growth rate of the intercropped maize by 23.4%, boosted grain yield of intercropped wheat and maize by 9.7 and 17.6%, and boosted total grain yields by 14.9% compared with the conventional intercropping treatment (i.e., CTI). The grain yields of intercrops are a quadratic regression with AWM, and AWM values of 0.354 to 0.375 are the most beneficial to boost the grain yields of the intercropped components. The NTSI2 treatment provided the greatest benefits for weakening the relative competitiveness of the intercrops while strengthening the compensation effect, and boosting the productivity of a wheat–maize intercropping pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Jiaobei Terrane in the southeastern North China Craton (NCC) witnessed intense magmatic pulses during Mesozoic in response to lithospheric thinning. These include sporadic felsic-porphyritic dikes which preserve important information on the magmatic processes and of its implications on lithospheric thinning. Here we present a detailed investigation of representative felsic-porphyritic dikes based on whole-rock geochemical analysis, zircon LA-ICPMS U-Pb geochronology, trace elements and hafnium isotopic compositions. Our results identify stages of felsic dikes in the Jiaobei Terrane with ages in the range of 131–127 Ma and 123–116 Ma. The early stage felsic dikes (ESFDs) have negative zircon ɛ Hf (t) (−22.4 to −11.1), high zircon Eu N /Eu N * (0.41–0.92) and Ce4+/Ce3+ (62–944), low Ti-in-zircon crystallization temperatures (524–738 °C), and are geochemically comparable to the coexisting Guojialing granodiorite. Abundant inherited zircons and scattered zircon Hf, Yb/Gd, Th/U, and Ce/Sm values suggest that the magmas from which the dikes formed involved crustal contamination. They are interpreted to be the hypabyssal phase of the Guojialing suite sourced from the Paleoproterozoic lower crust of the eastern NCC with input of mantle components, associated with extensive crust-mantle interaction during the peak lithospheric thinning. The late stage felsic dikes (LSFDs) are characterized by variable zircon ɛ Hf (t), Eu N /Eu N * and Ce4+/Ce3+ values (−20.1 to −12.2, 0.38–0.88 and 64–956 for the granodiorite- and quartz-porphyritic dikes; −27.6 to −16.2, 0.17–0.75 and 22–503 for the monzogranite-porphyritic dikes), low Ti-in-zircon crystallization temperatures (562 to 774 °C), and display geochemical similarity with the Aishan granitoids. Systematic variations of zircon Hf, Yb/Gd, Th/U and Ce/Sm suggest that fractional crystallization of hornblende played a significant role in the formation of the late dikes. The LSFDs originated from the Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic lower crust of the NCC with heterogeneous involvement of lesser amounts of mantle materials than the early dikes, consistent with weak crust-mantle interaction during the waning stage of lithospheric thinning. In the LSFDs, the granodiorite and monzogranite porphyries are broadly coeval (123–118 Ma) with large scale gold mineralization in the area as also favored by the high zircon Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios. Our study also provides new insights into the formation of gold deposits. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Two distinct pulses of Cretaceous felsic dike emplacement in the Jiaobei Terrane • Early stage emplaced at 131-127 Ma with magma sourced from Paleoproterozoic lower crust • Late stage formed at 123-116 Ma with magma source from Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic crust • High zircon Ce4+/Ce3+ and EuN/Eu N * ratios reflect oxidized conditions with potential to generate metallic mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to analyse the association between social determinants and the presence of essential hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in one rural county (Jintan) of China. A health survey of Jintan residents was conducted in 2013, applying a cluster sampling method. Three hundred and fifty-seven type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were selected as research subjects. Among the patients selected, essential hypertension prevalence was 45.4% (n = 162). After univariate analyses and logistic regression analyses, an association was observed between the presence of essential hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and marital status, described as 'others (unmarried, divorce, widower, etc.)', and participating in active physical activity. Both of these two significant variables were positively associated with the higher prevalence of essential hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. In conclusion, the patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with essential hypertension often reported an association with more negative social determinants (with the exception of participation in physical activity). Further strengthening the comprehensive multi-disease management to control and reduce the prevalence of essential hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transmission of the liquidity crisis across interbank lending markets has emerged as a primary concern for regulatory agencies. In this paper, we consider the nonlinear dynamic contagion and the regulatory scheme of liquidity crisis in the interbank lending network. We first propose a Susceptible–Infected–Susceptible epidemic network model to describe the dynamics of crisis contagion between banks. We find that complex interbank linkages and the heterogenous contagiousness and resilience of banks determine the equilibrium state of the system and the crisis outbreak trajectory of each group. We prove the positive effect of improving bank liquidity on mitigating the crisis outbreak. Next, we propose concrete intervention policies based on two widely used liquidity regulation approaches — cutting reserve requirements and repo operations. With the financial data of China's banks from 2007 to 2021, we find that the liquidity crisis can be eliminated without intervention in 2021 in China due to nearly a decade of continued decrease in the reserve requirement ratios. We finally show that an unhealthy structure of interbank network can lead to a system where infection outpaces recovery. In this case, the effect of liquidity regulation is weak. The empirical results find that liquidity regulation is generally effective from 2013 to 2017, but weak from 2007 to 2010. • We propose a SIS model to study the interbank liquidity crisis contagion. • We derive heterogeneous parameters of each node based on banks' financial statements. • We implement the model on the Chinese interbank network research. • We design two macroprudential instruments for liquidity regulation — RRR cuts and repos. • We find that liquidity regulation is effective from 2013–2017, but weak from 2007–2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have suggested that DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair is an important protective pathway after damage. The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene plays an important role in the DNA DSB repair pathway. DNA damage is a major cytotoxic effect that can be caused by radiation, and the ability to repair DNA after damage varies among different tissues. Impaired DNA repair pathways are associated with high sensitivity to radiation exposure. Hence, ATM gene polymorphisms are thought to influence the risk of cancer and radiation-induced pneumonitis (RP) risk in cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. However, the results of previous studies are inconsistent. We therefore conducted this comprehensive meta-analysis.Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in the PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI) and Wanfang databases to identify studies that investigated the association between the ATM gene polymorphisms and both lung cancer and RP radiotherapy-treated lung cancer (the last search was conducted on Dec.10, 2015). The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to investigate the strength of these relationships. Funnel plots and Begg's and Egger's tests were conducted to assess the publication bias. All analyses were performed in STATA 13.0 software.Results: Ten eligible case-control studies (4731 cases and 5142 controls) on lung cancer susceptibility and four (192 cases and 772 controls) on RP risk were included. The results of the overall and subgroup analyses indicated that in the ATM gene, the rs189037 (-111G > A, -4519G > A), rs664677 (44831C > T, 49238C > T) and rs664143 (131,717 T > G) polymorphisms were significantly associated with lung cancer susceptibility (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.04-1.39, P = 0.01; OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.06-1.49, P = 0.01; OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.15-1.78, P < 0.01). Additionally, the rs189037 variant was significantly associated with RP risk (OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.02-2.97, P = 0.04). No publication bias was found in the funnel plots, Begg's tests or Egger's tests.Conclusions: The results indicate that the ATM rs189037, rs664677 and rs664143 gene polymorphisms are risk factors for lung cancer, while the ATM rs189037 variant was significantly associated with RP risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Fluorocarbonates and monazites have recorded geochemical evolution of REE-rich magma and fluids. • Fluorocarbonates and monazites has potential as indicators to REE mineralization processes. • Mesoproterozoic REE minerals inherit geochemical features from carbonatite melt. • Mesoproterozoic and Paleozoic hydrothermal REE minerals reveal contamination of crustal materials. Fluorocarbonates and monazite are common economic REE minerals in carbonatite-related REE deposits, such as the largest known REE deposit at Bayan Obo, China. The geochemical evolution of REE minerals is a sensitive and effective indicator of delicate REE mineralization processes. In this study, the fluorocarbonates and monazites were classified into three generations, corresponding to three REE mineralizing stages. The first generation (Gen-1) of bastnäsite and monazite are generally characterized by elevated La/Ce, La/Nd and La/Lu ratios, with right-declining chondrite normalized REE distribution patterns. They have low Th and radiogenic Sr content, with forming age of about 1.3 Ga and εNd(t) around 0, indicating a primary origin and orthomagmatic crystallization from carbonatite melts. The second generation (Gen-2) of REE minerals, formed at 1.25–1.2 Ga, normally constitute banded aggregates with associated hydrothermal gangue minerals (fluorite, aegirine, sodium amphibole etc.). The Gen-2 REE minerals are featured by moderate-low La/Ce, La/Nd, La/Lu ratios but slightly elevated 87Sr/86Sr 0 ratios, indicating a Mesoproterozoic hydrothermal origin related to carbonatitic fluids. Gen-2 bastnäsite and monazite precipitated earlier in low-fluid/rock-ratio environment with right-declining LREE distribution patterns, while the subsequent Gen-2 parisite and huanghoite display convex LREE patterns and higher OH/F ratios, indicative of relative La-depletion and increased ambient fluid/rock ratios during progressive hydrothermal REE mineralization. The third generation (Gen-3) of REE minerals are generally megacrysts in the vein-type ores formed in the early Paleozoic REE mineralization stage (470–420 Ma). The Gen-3 REE minerals are typified by significantly variable REE, Sr and Nd isotopic components, indicating extensive hydrothermal metasomatism and intense contamination of crustal material. Induced by activities of early Paleozoic subduction-related fluids, Gen-3 REE minerals were formed through local REE re-enrichment within the ore-hosting dolomite, rather than by introduction of REE from external sources. In this case study, a comprehensive model of the delicate REE mineralization processes of the giant Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe deposit has been established. This study highlights the great potential of fluorocarbonates and monazites widely distributed in carbonatite-related REE deposits as universal geochemical indicators of late-stage evolution of carbonatite and delicate magmatic-hydrothermal REE mineralization processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ca. 830 Ma alkaline mafic dykes are identified in the southern Yangtze Block. • These dykes are geochemically comparable to intraplate basaltic rocks. • They were likely from a previously metasomatized asthenosphere mantle. • Rifting occurred in the Yangtze Block during ca.830 Ma. The Neoproterozoic alkaline mafic rocks in the Yangtze Block are critical to investigate the magmatic and tectonic evolution of South China. However, these rocks are rarely exposed. We here present a detailed study of ca. 830 Ma alkaline mafic dykes newly identified from a drilled borehole at the Nage area in the southern Yangtze Block. The dykes have SIMS zircon U-Pb ages of 827 ± 8 Ma. They show coherent variations in major and trace elements, characterized by enrichment in LREE and incompatible elements and no significant Nb-Ta and Zr-Hf anomalies, suggesting that their parental magmas have experienced varying degrees of fractionation crystallization with negligible crustal contamination. Modeling calculations based on their ε Nd (T) values (-0.55–3.23), SiO 2 contents (48.38–53.61 wt%) and elemental ratios (e.g., La/Ta and Nb/La) suggest that the Nage mafic dykes were probably generated from an asthenospheric mantle with previously input of a plume-derived enrich component occurred within the source region rather than during ascent. Rocks from the Nage dykes exhibit OIB-like trace element and REE patterns as well as trace elemental compositions, which are different from arc-related igneous rocks but similar to alkaline basalts and mafic dykes formed in mantle plume related rifting systems around the world. In combination with tectonostratigraphic evidences, the Nage dykes in this study are suggested to have been generated in an intraplate rift which was probably induced by a mantle plume beneath the Yangtze Block. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stratabound Cu deposits in the Zhongtiao Mountains district contain good records about the Precambrian tectonic evolution in the central North China Craton. Five stages of metamorphic and metallogenic processes are identified and the P-T conditions are constrained using mineral geothermobarometry and P-T pseudosection. Results revealed a prograde metamorphism (stage M − 1) from 565 to 630 °C, and peak metamorphism of 6.5 ± 0.5 kbar and 610 ± 20 °C (stage M − 2). The post-peak metamorphism consisted of a continued retrogression (stage M − 3) at 545 ± 5 °C and 6.0 ± 0.1 kbar, and Cu mineralizations (stages M − 4 and M − 5). Two distinct mineral assemblages of arsenopyrite-pyrrhotite-pyrite-chalcopyrite and bornite-chalcopyrite-parkerite- wittichenite-bismuth are observed in veinlets. The Cu mineralization occurred from 446 to 341 °C at a pressure of ∼5.0 to 4.4 kbar. We obtained laser ablation ICPMS monazite U-Pb ages of 1881 ± 15 Ma and 1863 ± 17 Ma for staurolite schist and mineralized veins, respectively. A Nano-secondary ion mass spectrometer zircon U-Pb age of 1815 ± 32 Ma for fluid-modified zircon rims from host schist. These ages are interpreted as the timing for the stages M − 2, M − 4 and M − 5, respectively. These results define a clockwise P-T-t path that displays nearly parallel prograde and retrograde trajectory (Franciscan type). The retrograde portion is similar to near-isobaric cooling (IBC) stage, which supports a relatively slow exhumation following a continental collision. It is proposed that the ore materials were mainly derived from the host rocks, which might have been pre-enriched. Cu mineralization formed during the retrograde cooling stage at greenschist facies, and was likely related to a post-orogenic sluggish exhumation at a rate of 0.31–0.05 mm/yr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delayed diagnosis of HIV infection is associated with advanced immunosuppression and increased risk of onward transmission. Little data exists regarding factors associated with diagnostic delays among patients presenting with advanced HIV disease in China. Medical records of patients with HIV/AIDS hospitalized at a 2000-bed tertiary hospital in Beijing, China between 1997 and 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic and clinical data of patients newly diagnosed with HIV at the hospital were abstracted. Patient characteristics, disease parameters, and the time interval between the first medical visit and the visit leading to HIV diagnosis were compared among three periods: 1997–2002, 2003–2008 and 2009–2012. Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis and logistic regression analyses were used as appropriate. A quarter of patients (72/279) were newly diagnosed with HIV at the hospital, consisting of 11, 29 and 32 patients in 1997–2002, 2003–2008 and 2009–2012 respectively. The median time delay between the first medical visit and the visit leading to HIV diagnosis decreased over time from 91 days among patients diagnosed before 2002, to 75 days between 2003 to 2008, and 39 days after 2009 (p = 0.036). However, the median CD4+T cell count at diagnosis was 26 cells/μL [interquartile range 3–132 cells/μL] in 1997–2002, and remained unchanged across time intervals. Forty-one (57%) patients had AIDS-defining conditions and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia was the most common opportunistic infection (31 cases). These results reveal persistent missed opportunities for timely HIV testing among patients with advanced disease. Strategies for promoting early HIV testing in healthcare settings are needed in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The late Palaeoproterozoic to early Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks of southwestern China are characterized by a number of mafic intrusions and dykes. However, the origin and tectonic implications of these mafic intrusions and dykes remain unclear. The Hekou mafic intrusion, intruding into the Hekou Group in the Hekou area, SW China, is the biggest and most representative one. The intrusion is mainly composed of coarse-grained in the central zone (CZ) and medium- to fine-grained gabbroic rocks in the outer zone (OZ). Cameca secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) U–Pb zircon ages, and geochemical and Nd isotopic results for the intrusion are reported in this paper. SIMS U–Pb zircon ages indicate that the gabbroic rocks from the CZ and OZ were emplaced at 1735±6.5 Ma and 1736±4.0 Ma, respectively. This suggests that the Hekou intrusion originated from c. 1.7 Ga mafic magmatism in the southwestern Yangtze Block. The coarse-grained rocks in the CZ of the intrusion show fairly homogeneous major- and trace-element compositions. In contrast, the medium- to fine-grained rocks from the OZ display slightly evolved compositions, with relatively lower Mg nos, MgO, Al2O3, Cr and Ni contents, and higher SiO2, CaO and Zr concentrations than those of the rocks from the CZ. Although the gabbroic rocks of the intrusion have low total rare earth element (REE) contents (REE = 29.3–40.2 ppm) with slightly light REE (LREE)-enriched and heavy REE (HREE)-depleted patterns, they exhibit distinct trace-element and Nd isotopic features. The rocks from the CZ are characterized by slightly LREE-enriched and ‘convex upwards’ incompatible trace-element patterns with significant Th depletion and insignificant Nb and Ta depletion relative to La. However, the rocks from the OZ have relatively flatter REE patterns than those of the rocks from the CZ. In addition, the rocks from the OZ are slightly enriched in Th and depleted in Nb and Ta relative to La. The εNd(T) values of the CZ and the OZ rocks are +0.70 to +2.3 and −0.30 to +0.24, respectively. The parental magma for the Hekou gabbroic intrusion exhibits affinity with a subalkaline basaltic magma, which was possibly generated by relatively high degrees of partial melting of a slightly depleted asthenospheric mantle source. Their geochemical and isotopic variations were due to slight crystal fractionation with varying degrees of crustal contamination. The Hekou intrusion was therefore supposed to form in an anorogenic extensional environment. It is further suggested that c. 1.7 Ga is an important onset timing of widespread anorogenic magmatism in the southwestern Yangtze Block. We interpret the late Palaeoproterozoic gabbroic intrusion to represent anorogenic mafic magmatism, which was most likely related to the break-up of the Columbia supercontinent. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Sanshandao deposit, located in the western end of the Jiaodong Peninsula, is a typical altered-rock type gold deposit. The hydrothermal alteration in the deposit commences from potassic alteration with mineral assemblage mainly composed of K-feldspar and quartz, with minor sericite. The potassic alteration is followed by silicification that is always weakly developed in this district with minor sericite and gold-absent pyrite. As sericite content increases, the silicification alteration is gradually giving its way to sericitization. Fine sulfide crystals occur in this zone scattering in sericite and quartz matrix, which turns to be sulfidation as hydrothermal alteration proceeding. Gold mineralization is mainly associated with the sulfidation, predominantly hosted by pyrite. The latest hydrothermal alteration and veins consist of quartz-calcite-siderite(-ankerite) crosscutting the former alteration zones. Some auriferous sulfide-quartz veins fill the fractures in the alteration zones, but its gold reserve is limited. Geochemical modeling is applied to examine the hydrothermal alteration and gold precipitation processes in the Sanshandao deposit. Modeling shows that a gold-bearing fluid is potential to form an economic gold deposit via various paths, including fluid cooling, water-rock interaction, and fluid mixing with groundwater. The simulation results indicate that the auriferous quartz veins located in the alteration zones are probably generated by fluid cooling and mixing, whereas gold mineralization in the sulfide-sericite alteration stage is primarily caused by water-rock reaction that also produces the hydrothermal alteration following the potassic alteration. To evaluate the roles of water-rock interaction in gold mineralization at different temperatures, we execute simulations at T = 400 °C and 300 °C at pressure of 2 kbar. Gold precipitation at >400 °C is driven by strong water-rock reaction with low water/rock ratio, during which the gold precipitation is associated with pyrrhotite rather than pyrite, and thus the pyrite at this temperature scale is always gold-absent; at low temperature (∼300 °C), the water-rock interaction is effective to precipitate gold from the fluids, and gold mineralization links to pyrite precipitation. The comparison between these two simulations with different temperatures indicates that water-rock interaction at moderate temperature is prior to precipitate gold from hydrothermal fluid, which can be invoked to interpret the fact that gold mineralization is always intense in shallow level and host majority of gold reserve in this deposit. The modeling suggests that pyrrhotite should be paid more attention in future deep exploration since its ability to host certain gold budget at relatively high temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hujiayu Cu deposit, located in the Zhongtiao Mountains district of southern North China Craton, is hosted by graphite schist and dolomitic marble with disseminated to veinlet (stage I) and thick vein (stage II) mineralization. Stage I mineralization, characterized by stratabound, disseminated pyrite and chalcopyrite within the graphite schist host rock, formed at the syn-metamorphic stage. Graphite geothermometry showed that the host rock was subjected to an upper-greenschist to lower amphibolite metamorphism at a temperature range of 486 to 596 °C, averaging of 546 ± 35 °C (1 σ, n = 19). Stage II mineralization, consisting of brecciated dolomitic thick veins cemented by quartz-sulfide assemblages, was a product of metamorphic hydrothermal activity. This thick vein was subdivided into an early hydrothermal dolomitic alteration composing of dolomitic breccia with some cobaltiferous pyrite (stage IIa) and a late siliceous-copper mineralization consisting of quartz-sulfide assemblages (stage IIb). A clausthalite–siegenite–sphalerite–chalcopyrite mineral assemblage was observed in stage IIb, constraining the sulfur fugacity and selenium fugacity within − 18.7 to − 11.7 and − 21.7 to − 14.7, respectively. It was inferred stage IIb was marked by a drop in sulfur fugacity and a substantial increase in selenium fugacity after the major chalcopyrite precipitation. Calculations based on the compositions of cobaliterous pyrite and sphalerite reveal that the mineral assemblage at stage IIa formed at an approximately temperature range of 400 to 300 °C, whereas the minerals in stage IIb occurred at temperature of 256 ± 9 °C (1 σ, n = 7). Sulfides from stage I have δ 34 S value ranging from 10.1 to 22.2‰ with an average value of 16.9 ± 3.4‰ (1 σ, n = 27), supporting the model that sulfides precipitated through thermochemical reduction of sulfate at sedimentary stage followed by metamorphic homogenization of δ 34 S isotopic signatures. Sulfides from the stage II have δ 34 S values in highly variable ranging from 3.4 to 19.2‰, indicating a rather complex source. Four chalcopyrite samples yielded a weighted model age of 1952 ± 39 Ma (1 σ, MSWD = 1.5), suggesting that the copper mineralization formed synchronously with regional metamorphism (1970–1850 Ma) and hence a Paleoproterozoic metamorphogenic copper mineralization is implicated. Therefore, we envisaged disseminated-veinlet mineralization formed during a metamorphic peak and the major hydrothermal copper mineralization occurred during the retrograde cooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hornblendite complexes hosted in the Guyang granite-greenstone terrane form part of the Neoarchean basement in the Western Block of the North China Craton. In this study, we focus on the largest one from this block, previously named the Guyang komatiite, and present results from lithological, geochronological and geochemical studies. The dominant lithology in the Guyang hornblendite complex is greenschist facies hornblendite, and can be divided into clinopyroxene hornblendite (∼75%) and olivine-orthopyroxene hornblendite (∼25%). The oldest calculated Re depletion model ages ( T RD ) of these hornblendites is of 2454 Ma, and the zircon U-Pb age of the wallrock is 2480 Ma, with single-stage depleted mantle Nd model ages T DM1 (Nd) varying from 2.61 to 2.88 Ga. These data suggest that the Guyang hornblendite complexes formed during Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic time. The hornblendites show low SiO 2 , high MgO contents and are enriched in Cr, Ni, and LREE with negative Ce anomalies and depleted in Ti, Nb and Ta. Their 187 Os/ 188 Os ratios range from 0.11145 to 0.11279, with γOs (2.5Ga) varying from −3.9 to +1.4. Geochemically, the olivine-orthopyroxene hornblendite shows little variation with typical cumulate feature. In contrast, the clinopyroxene hornblendite shows a large range of chemical variation. In the CaO vs. MgO and CaO/Al 2 O 3 vs. MgO diagrams, the clinopyroxene hornblendite shows Opx fractionation trend. Combined with lithological information, we infer that the hornblendite magma was emplaced as a crystal mush, with orthopyroxene as cumulus phase. The Os and Nd isotope composition, negative Nb, Ta, Ce anomalies, and the relationships in Th/Yb–Nb/Yb diagram suggest that the Guyang hornblendites formed from a source mantle that was modified by subduction-related melts/fluids derived from a seawater-altered basaltic slab. Compared with typical Archean komatiites, the rocks of present study show significant differences in lithological and geochemical characteristics, and thus it cannot be named as komatiite. To explain these characteristics, we propose a geodynamic model involving ridge subduction and slab window mechanism to account for the formation of the Guyang hornblendite complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Zhongtiao Mountain region is endowed with some of the largest Cu deposits in northern China, among which the Tongkuangyu Cu deposit contains 70% of the total reserves of copper. The orebodies in this deposit are confined to metamorphosed volcanic tuff and monzogranitic porphyry which are enclosed within metasediments. Metamorphism and deformation resulted in intense modification of the deposit, leading to debates surrounding its genesis. In this study, we investigate the lithology, hydrothermal alteration, and mineralization in the deposit. Secondary ion mass spectrometer and laser ablation ICPMS zircon U–Pb dating show that the meta-monzogranitic porphyry was emplaced contemporaneous with the surrounding lithologies at 2180–2190 Ma as a sill, and that the basic volcanic rocks erupted slightly earlier at ~2220 Ma. The Re–Os geochronological data on molybdenite from the deposit constrain the timing of copper mineralization to 2122 ± 12 Ma. Together with published information from previous studies on this region, we infer that during ~2100–2200 Ma the Zhongtiao Mountain region experienced continental or back-arc rifting. We exclude a porphyry copper model for the deposit and favour sediment-hosted stratiform explanation for this deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

[Display omitted] • The unique Mo-rich carbonatite was caused by country rock contamination. • The post-carbonatite fluids were remobilized and enriched REEs at ∼ 127 Ma. • The metasomatism of secondary uranium-fluorine rich oxidizing fluid is crucial to form the economic REE budget. The Huangshui'an carbonatite (∼210 Ma) in the Qinling orogenic belt (central China) is known for its unique enrichment of heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) and molybdenum (Mo). However, the origin of Mo in carbonatite veins and the contribution of post-carbonatite fluids to REE enrichment remain enigmatic. In this study, new data of U-Pb dating on zircon and bastnaesite, trace elements and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of calcite and apatite are obtained to clarify both puzzles. Xenocrystic zircon U-Pb age dating for multiple carbonatite samples yields a concordia age of 2317.0 ± 7.2 Ma (MSWD = 1.2) and a 207Pb/206Pb weighted average age of 2305.2 ± 4.5 Ma (MSWD = 1.0), which are consistent with the age of the Taihua Group granitic gneisses and demonstrate that Mo enrichment in the carbonatite veins is caused by the contamination and assimilation of the wallrocks of the Mo-rich Taihua Group during the carbonatite magma ascending. Hand specimens and microtextural relationships show that magmatic calcite (∑REE: 180–1511 ppm) were extensively metasomatized by the late fluids, accompanied by abundant hydrothermal calcite, bastnaesite and allanite. Compared with magmatic calcite, hydrothermal calcite is significantly depleted in LREEs, Ba, Sr, Mn, Na and Mg, and shows elevated fractionation between LREE and HREE, which probably reflects the crystallization of cogenetic REE-bearing minerals and phases of barite-celestine series. Regardless of the different REE concentrations, similarities in elemental patterns and Y/Ho ratio of both calcites indicate that hydrothermal alteration remobilized REEs from magmatic calcite. The U-Pb dating of bastnaesite (127.5 ± 2.6 Ma) from the hydrothermal veins yields the same age as the early Cretaceous granitic intrusions and related molybdenum deposits (126–130 Ma) around the Huangshui'an deposit. The Sr-Nd isotopic values of the hydrothermal apatite [(87Sr/86Sr) i : 0.70607–0.70717; ε Nd (t): –23.6 ∼ −14.3] are between the range of those reported for the Qinling carbonatites [(87Sr/86Sr) i : 0.70373–0.70624; ε Nd (t): −14.7 ∼ -3.0] and the early Cretaceous granites [(87Sr/86Sr) i : 0.70700–0.71090; ε Nd (t): −28.7 ∼ -9.0]. These results suggest that the fluids involved in REE remobilization are exogenous and may be related to the late Mesozoic granitic intrusions in the Qinling orogenic belt, and that the metasomatism of the early carbonatite veins by the post-carbonatite hydrothermal fluids facilitates the re-enrichment of REEs with economic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Six types of pyrite formed in two overprinting gold-mineralizing events. • Monazite U-Pb dating constrains the age of early mineralization to ca. 429 Ma. • Distinct δ34S values suggest early metasedimentary and late magmatic origin of sulfur. The Tanjianshan goldfield is the most important gold producer in the North Qaidam, NW China. Genesis of gold deposits in Tanjianshan is enigmatic, primarily because of uncertainties as to timing, mineralization processes and fluid sources. We investigate these uncertainties through a comprehensive study of the texture and geochemistry (LA-MC-ICPMS trace elements and sulfur isotopes) of pyrite and in-situ U-Pb dating of monazite from the Qinglonggou gold deposit. Six types of pyrite with distinct textures, trace element contents and sulfur isotopes have been identified, and provide constraints on two overprinting gold-related hydrothermal events. Stage I consists of Py1, occurring as veinlets parallel to S1 deformation in a schist, is characterized by extremely low Co/Ni ratios with high contents of Ni, and high δ34S values (+14.9 ‰ to +16.1 ‰), and were likely derived from metamorphism of the sedimentary strata in the Tanjianshan and Wandonggou Group. In stage II, Py2 occurs in the pyrite-quartz veins that cut Py1 veinlets. They have similar δ34S (+13.1 ‰ to +17.8 ‰) to Py1, indicating that sulfur was likely derived from the dissolution of Py1. The stage I and II veins formed during an early gold pre-concentration event, which is constrained at 429.1 ± 5.9 Ma by in-situ U-Pb dating of monazite that coexists with Py1. Stage III includes Py3 and Py4 which occur in the altered carbonaceous schist and accompanying quartz veins. Trace metals are highest in Py3 (Ag, Au, Sb, and Bi) which represent the most economic ore stage in the deposit, whereas the following Py4 shows low concentrations of most trace elements due to abundant Py3 precipitation. In contrast, trace elements contents increase in Py5 to similar levels as those seen in Py3, suggesting a new pulse of fluid in stage IV. Minor Py6 grains precipitated in the youngest quartz-calcite veins associated with stage V, and contain low concentrations of trace elements. The δ34S values of Py3 (+5.2 ‰ to +6.0 ‰) and Py4 (+4.2 ‰ to +6.1 ‰) are within the range of magmatic sulfur, suggesting a dominantly magmatic source. The δ34S values increase from Py3-4 to Py5 (+6.3 ‰ to +7.4 ‰), and to Py6 (+8.7 ‰ to +9.6 ‰), probably due to increasing contribution from the host rocks, as well as decreasing f O 2 , through incremental fluid-rock interaction. Stages III and IV represent a late gold-mineralizing event during Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic, while stage V is post-mineralization. The overprinting gold pre-concentration and mineralization events in the Tanjianshan goldfield correspond to orogenic evolution of the Proto-Tethys Ocean and Paleo-Tethys Ocean, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread mafic to intermediate dykes in the northern Sulu orogen provide important constrains on mantle source characteristics and geodynamic setting. Here we present LA-ICPMS zircon U–Pb ages which indicate that the dykes were emplaced during Early Cretaceous (~ 113–108 Ma). The rocks show SiO 2 in the range of 46.2 to 59.5 wt.% and alkalic and shoshonitic affinity with high concentrations of MgO (up to 7.6 wt.%), Cr (up to 422 ppm) and Ni (up to 307 ppm). They are enriched in light rare earth elements LREE (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm and Eu) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE, Rb, Sr, Ba, U and Th) and show strong depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE, Nb, Ta, Ti and P). The dykes possess uniformly high ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) i (0.70824–0.70983), low ε Nd ( t ) (− 14.0 to − 17.4) and ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb) i (16.66–17.02) and negative ε Hf ( t ) (− 23.5 to − 13.7). Our results suggest that the source magma did not undergo any significant crustal contamination during ascent. The systematic variation trends between MgO and major and trace elements suggest fractionation of olivine and clinopyroxene. The highly enriched mantle source for these rocks might have involved melts derived from the subducted lower crust of Yangtze Craton that metasomatized the ancient lithospheric mantle of the North China Craton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tongshi intrusive complex from the southeastern margin of the North China Craton is composed of syenite and monzonite, and was emplaced at ca. 180 Ma. Apatite from the syenite and monzonite were analyzed to better understand the petrogenesis of the complex and its mineralization potential. The cathodoluminescence images of some apatites from the monzonite exhibit core–rim texture, whereas the apatites from the syenite display uniform inner texture. The core and rim domains of the apatites exhibit distinct Sr isotopes and major–trace element compositions, whereas only little variation is displayed by the oxygen isotopes. The core portions of the apatites were inferred to be inherited from the protolith of the monzonite during remelting process. The calculated δ 18 O values of the syenite range from 3.5‰ to 4.1‰ with an average of 3.8‰ (SE = 0.21), which is significantly lower than that of the monzonite sample (with a range of 6.4–6.9‰, and mean at 6.7‰). In conjunction with the heterogeneity of Nd isotopic compositions (with normalized 143 Nd/ 144 Nd ratios varying from 0.51151 to 0.51236, and ε Nd ( t = 180 Ma) values from −20.3 to −4.8) of the apatites from the syenite, it is proposed that the syenite melts may have been contaminated by crustal components which were earlier hydrothermally altered at high temperature. Based on element diffusion theory, we calculate the temperature of this crustal contamination to be higher than 637 °C, the closure temperature of Sm–Nd isotopic diffusion in apatite, and estimate that the duration of this process is probably shorter than 0.13 Ma. The oxygen fugacity of the syenite and monzonite calculated by apatite Mn content indicate that high oxidization state of the syenite magma can enhance the metallic mineralization potential. In contrast, the lower oxygen fugacity of the monzonite melt was unfavorable for metal enrichment, thus leading to insignificant mineralization. Our study recommends more focus for gold exploration in the rocks with syenitic affinities in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]