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Renowned for their nutritional benefits, citrus fruits are harvested at various stages in China for functional food production. This study introduces an innovative analytical method, DART-MS, enabling direct qualitative analysis of citrus samples without the need for preprocessing. Simultaneously, the combination of chemometrics can be applied to distinguish between three different citrus samples: Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride, and Citri Reticulatae "Chachi". Notably, given the international regulatory concerns surrounding synephrine, a precise quantitative analysis method for synephrine was developed. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 39 ng mL−1 and 156 ng mL−1, respectively. The recovery rates obtained varied from 98.46% to 100.71%. Furthermore, the intra-day and inter-day precision demonstrated robust consistency, with values spanning 5.0–6.1% and 5.03–6.08%, respectively, offering quicker results compared to those from HPLC-MS, promising a safer assessment of herbal and food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a prevalent notion regarding divergence in the extent of ethnocentrism and the intercultural willingness to communicate across cultures. Given this cultural divergence, research is replete with comparative studies of ethnocentrism and the intercultural willingness to communicate between individualistic and collectivistic cultures. However, to our knowledge, a comparison of these crucial cultural tendencies within and their consequences for collectivistic cultures has been overlooked. Thus, this study provides a cross-cultural comparison of ethnocentrism and the intercultural willingness to communicate among university students from two collectivist cultures, i.e., Pakistan and China. The researchers employed a cross-sectional design. A sample of 775 students was collected using a survey technique. The findings show that Pakistani students are more ethnocentric and have a lower intercultural willingness to communicate than Chinese students. Moreover, males were found to be more ethnocentric and less willing to communicate in intercultural settings than females in both countries. These findings validate the notion of ethnocentrism divergence across collectivistic countries and its influence on the intercultural willingness to communicate. Additionally, they demonstrate the role of demographic attributes in evolving ethnocentrism and the intercultural willingness to communicate. Accordingly, these findings also confirm the ecological assumption that contextual factors, such as demographic attributes (e.g., past interactions with foreigners), influence communication schemas. Therefore, concerning its management, these findings suggest that increased people-to-people interactions between the two focal countries can better foster their mutual understanding to reap an increased harvest of the fruits of the Belt and Road Initiative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing cultivation scale of Camellia oleifera in China, the demand for mechanical harvesting machinery is very urgent. Inefficient fruit harvesting has become a bottleneck hindering the development of the C. oleifera industry. In order to achieve high fruit harvesting percentage and low detachment percentage of the flower buds, a canopy shaking mechanism is proposed for massively harvesting C. oleifera fruits which applies the reciprocating linear motion of multiple beating-bar arrays to the tree canopy. The multiple beating-bar arrays driven by the eccentric disk can generate comb-brushing effects on the tree canopy. Three kinds of C. oleifera tree architecture were modelled, and their dynamics were simulated by finite element analysis. Their modal analysis results show that the low-order natural frequencies of the C. oleifera trees with different canopy shapes are very close. According to harmonic response analysis, the low-frequency excitation is used to harvest C. oleifera fruit. The orthogonal experiments were carried out on the canopy shaker prototype with the motor speed, reciprocating stroke, and duration of vibration as the influencing factors, and the fruit harvesting percentage and the detachment percentage of the flower buds as the evaluation indices. The results show that the same optimal parameter combination can be used for three kinds of C. oleifera tree architecture, in which the motor speed is 360 r/min, the reciprocating stroke is 80 mm, and the duration of the vibration is 8 s. The average fruit harvesting percentage is 72.3%, and the average detachment percentage of the flower buds is 13.9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The postharvest quality of pomelo fruit is pivotal in determining its market competitiveness and ensuring consumer satisfaction. However, a unified set of quality control standards for pomelo is lacking. This study analyzed a dataset comprising 1681 fruit samples using 21 indicators (6 appearance characteristics and 15 internal qualities) across the entire pomelo harvest period in southeastern China. The findings indicated that the peak flavor quality was achieved during the mid-harvesting period. In contrast, the best nutritional quality was typically found in the early harvesting period within the same growth season. Correlation analysis highlighted significant associations between appearance characteristics (color values a*, fruit shape index, and density) and most internal quality indicators. Using a random forest model to predict flavor and nutritional quality based on appearance yielded R2 values from 0.21–0.41 and 0.01–0.18, respectively. These results emphasized the critical role of harvesting time and appearance characteristics in assessing pomelo quality and presenting a nondestructive and cost-effective approach to improving postharvest handling and market competitiveness. Furthermore, the insights derived from this study provide a valuable framework for enhancing the grading and sustainability of large fruit varieties other than the pomelo. [Display omitted] • Analyzed 1681 fruits across 21 indicators encompassing entire pomelo harvesting time. • Peak flavor quality coincided with mid-harvesting time. • Early harvesting time associated with elevated nutritional quality. • Observed strong correlations among fruit color, shape index, density, and internal quality. • Predicted quality based on appearance, resulting in R2 values ranging from 0.01 to 0.41. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Adaptive Zone-fusion Network for waxberry semantic segmentation was proposed. • We have captured and provided a comprehensive and complete dataset. • Improve segmentation accuracy and reduce the impact of various interferences. • Our research promotes the advancement of automated fruit harvesting technology. In China, waxberries are a specialty fruit that require large harvesting efforts each season. To ameliorate these issues, automated fruit-picking equipment has been widely developed within the last decade. However, most image analysis research used for waxberry segmentation contains issues such as incomplete datasets, insufficient segmentation accuracy, and susceptibility to interference. Here, we developed the Adaptive Zone-fusion Network (AZNet) that enables automated fruit harvesting and is designed to precisely segmentate waxberries in an orchard environment. Initially, we collected a diverse range of images to train and evaluate a better model, and found that AZNet demonstrated exceptional performance and achieved a mean Accuracy (mAcc) of 99.83%, mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 96.57%, and mean Dice coefficient (mDice) of 98.20%. To further validate AZNet's effectiveness, we compared several state-of-the-art (SOTA) models, including DeepLab V3, SegNet, PSPNet, U-Net, RefineNet, FCN, DANet, and FastSCNN. Along with these comparisons, we also performed an ablation study to substantiate the individual impact of each module within AZNet. Through these experiments, we found that AZNet exhibits the capability to achieve accurate semantic segmentation of waxberries in complex orchard environments, and is suitable for automated fruit harvesting devices. Ultimately, AZNet improves upon previous models by constructing information fusion modules through spatial attention, channel attention, Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP), and graph convolutional methods, which can be utilized in the future to enhance other fruit-picking software to reduce fruit loss and the investment of human resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has been known as the largest producer of forest and fruit in the world, the same as grain and vegetables. The forestry and fruit industry can gradually dominate the ecological and economic benefits for better living. Therefore, a timely, non-destructive and efficient harvesting of mature fruits has greatly contributed to the subsequent fruit storage, transportation, processing, and sales. Mechanical harvesting has also been one of the most promising operations in the whole process of fruit production. More importantly, fruit mechanical harvesting has been one of the important ways for the forest fruit industry to transform the development mode for cost saving, high efficiency, and competitiveness in the international market. An automatic, intelligent, and unmanned harvesting of forest fruits can be preferred for the better performance of mechanical fruit harvesting, together with the high efficiency and low-loss picking in technical focus. In this review, the research progress was summarized on the mechanical harvesting of forest fruits in recent years, in terms of fruit planting and distribution in China. The planting forms mainly included the small step, steep slope, traditional, gentle slope, high ridge, and wide row dense planting. The reasons were clarified for the bottleneck of mechanical harvesting in the development of the forest fruit industry. The mechanical harvesting of forest fruit was systematically divided into one-time combined fruit picking, and fruit picking after vibration harvesting. Among them, the one-time combined fruit picking was divided into the pneumatic vibration, mechanical vibration (i.e. shaking, and impact type), orchard picking platform, and robot picking, according to the different operation modes of the picking parts. By contrast, the fruit picking after vibration harvesting was divided into the mechanical and pneumatic types, according to the different picking power modes. Then, the research status and development trends were elaborated to combine with the development requirements and application scenarios of the forest fruit industry. Four challenges were reviewed for the mechanical harvesting of forest fruit in China, including the complex working environment, the low level of appropriate mechanization, the limited basic research, and the lacking of Research and Development (R&D) talents. Accordingly, some recommendations were proposed for the mechanized harvesting of forest fruit. National support and R&D investment were the first concern to strengthen the cooperation between agricultural machinery and agronomy, thus promoting the mechanization level of the forest fruit industry. A production-university-research technical personnel training system was highly required to conquer the state-of-the-art technologies in the facilities and equipment during harvesting. It is very necessary to promote the deep integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy under the mode of mechanical harvesting of fruits and vegetables. The main focus can be made to explore the new technical mode with the planting agronomy for the mechanical harvesting of fruits and vegetables. Various agricultural requirements can be comprehensively considered to evaluate the reasonable technical system for better mechanical fruit harvesting with high performance, efficiency, and reliability. In a word, the mechanized operation of forest fruit can be widely expected to serve as the most effective way for cost saving, low labor intensity, but high efficiency during [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Akebia trifoliata is a high-value medicinal and edible fruit crop in China, and it has begun to be widely cultivated as a new fruit crop in many areas of China. Its fruits crack longitudinally when fully ripe and should be harvested before fruit cracking. Physicochemical characteristics and nutritional composition of the ripening process are prerequisites to establishing proper harvest maturity windows. In the current study, we have investigated the fruit quality characteristics of two A. trifoliata clonal lines ('Luqing' and 'Luyu') that were harvested at four time points (S1: 120 days after full bloom (DAFB), S2: 134 DAFB, S3: 148 DAFB, S4: 155 DAFB). An increase in fruit size (fruit weight, fruit length, and fruit diameter) was associated with delayed harvest maturity. The firmness of A. trifoliata fruit exhibited a decreasing trend with delaying the harvest stage. In particular, the firmness decreased sharply from S2 to S3 stage. The TSS, fructose, and glucose content in A. trifoliata fruit continuously increased from the S1 to S4 stage and accumulated sharply from S2 to S3 stage. However, the sucrose and starch content showed an increasing trend from the S1 to S2 stage but declined sharply in the S3 or S4 stage. Ascorbic acid progressively increased with the advancement of A. trifoliata maturity stages, while total phenolics and total flavonoids levels declined with fruit ripening. Considering the results of all quality parameters mentioned above, the A. trifoliata fruit harvested at the S3 maturity stage was the ideal harvest maturity for long-distance transportation and higher consumer acceptability before fruit cracking. Our research reveals the dynamic changes in physicochemical characteristics and nutritional composition during fruit ripening of A. trifoliata. Results in this study reflect the importance of maturity stages for fruit quality and provide basic information for optimal harvest management of A. trifoliata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purposes of this research were; 1) to examine the quality of aromatic coconut for exportation to China; 2) to define guidelines of the upgrading quality and standard of aromatic coconut for exportation to China. A qualitative method was adopted in this study and the sampling group consists of agricultural experts, experts in agriculture export services and experts in agricultural production promotion and development, totally 9 participants were selected by purposive sampling and the research instrument for data collection was an in-depth interview form. The research findings revealed that there were 11 aspects of Ratchaburi aromatic coconut' s standard for exportation to China; 1) selecting of aromatic coconut produces before trimming having 3 indicators, 2) selecting of aromatic coconut produce after trimming having 3 indicators, 3) minimum quality of all sizes of trimmed aromatic coconuts having 7 indicators, 4) defects on external surface of the produce that cannot be exported to China having 7 indicators, 5) harvesting fruit age after the full bloom of the spadix having 2 indicators, 6) sizing and weighting per each of the produce having 4 indicators, 7) a quantity of the produce per packaging box having 2 indicators, 8) preservative temperature having 4 indicators, 9) criteria for size tolerances of trimmed produces within the same package having 1 indicator, 10) packing and placing sequence having 7 indicators and 11) container having 4 principal indicators and 7 sub-indicators. After consideration of all aspects, it can be concluded that there are 2 main schemes for implementation of upgrading the aromatic coconut's quality and standard to be exported to China; plantation & harvest measure and selecting & packing the produces measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil-tea camellia tree is an important oil plant in China that has long flexible branches. The most challenging feature for the mechanized harvest of oil-tea fruits is that its flower and fruit grow synchronously. In order to improve the harvesting efficiency and avoid damaging the flower bud, a hand-held fruit harvesting machine with a variable spacing comb brush was proposed. The harvesting machine can generate three kinds of actuation to detach fruit when it runs. The main actuation results from the brushing of multiple comb fingers. The other two kinds of actuation result from the beating of comb fingers on the fruits and the branches. The finger spacing of the comb brush can be adjusted consequently through moving the spacing adjusting crossbar. Hence, when the finger spacing is smaller than the diameter of the oil-tea fruit, the fruit is brushed off, but the flower bud and leaf pass through the finger gap. When the finger spacing is bigger than the fruit diameter, the fruit stuck between the fingers is loosened to ensure the continuous operation of the machine. Nylon was used as the material of the brush finger to avoid damage, which can also reduce the overall weight. The dynamic simulation of the harvesting machine was carried out with ADAMS, and the acceleration of the front end of the comb finger and the variation of the finger spacing were analyzed. The prototype of the harvesting machine was built and tested in the field. Field experiment results showed that when the speed of the comb finger drive shaft was 480 r/min, the average harvesting percentage of oil-tea fruit was 80%, and the flower bud was seldom detached, which met the working requirements of oil-tea fruit harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penicillium digitatum, the causal agent of citrus green mold, is responsible for 90% of post-harvest losses. Chemical fungicides are responsible for damage to human health and the environment. The exploitation of green algae as a source of pigments and carbohydrate polymers deserves a special attention. In this study, we evaluated the ability of Ulva lactuca extracts collected from Lebanon and China, to develop products for the biocontrol of post-harvest citrus green mold. Seaweed aqueous extracts (SAE), organic extracts (SOE) and chlorophylls and Ulvans fractions of Ulva lactuca are analyzed by chromatography and spectroscopy methods. The chemical compositions in functional molecules (pigments, organic acids, and monosaccharides) from extracts are compared for the samples. It was found that Lebanese Ulva lactuca is particularly rich in ulvans and other polysaccharides, while Food grade Ulva lactuca has the highest content in lipophilic molecules. Four approaches were used to evaluate their antifungal properties: inhibition of the conidia germination of P. digitatum, fungus viability, adhesion of spores to epidermal orange cells, and the disk diffusion method. For the different seaweed liquid extracts (SLEs), inhibitions of spore germination were observed between 70 and 87%. Moreover, the samples exhibited inhibitory activities towards the adhesion of P. digitatum spores. More particularly, SOE showed inhibitions of spore multiplication between 85 and 97%. According zone diamaters, Ulvan fractions showed maximum growth spore inhibitions. These findings are interesting to select extracts for safe and effective formulations dedicated to citrus fruit post harvesting protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Agricultural robots, or agrobots, have been increasingly adopted in every aspect of farming from surveillance to fruit harvesting in order to improve the overall productivity over the last few decades. Motivated by the compelling growth of the agricultural robots in modern farms, in this work, an autonomous quality inspection over rice farms is proposed by employing quadcopters. Real-time control of these vehicles, however, is still challenging as they exhibit a highly nonlinear behavior especially for agile maneuvers. What is more, these vehicles have to operate under uncertain working conditions such as wind and gust disturbances as well as positioning errors caused by inertial measurement units and global positioning system. To handle these difficulties, as a model-free and learning control algorithm, type-2 fuzzy neural networks (T2-FNNs) are designed for the control of a quadcopter. The novel particle swarm optimization-sliding mode control (PSO-SMC) theory-based hybrid algorithm is proposed for the training of the T2-FNNs. In particular, the continuous version of PSO is adopted for the identification of the antecedent part of the T2-FNNs while the SMC-based update rules are utilized for the online learning of the consequent part during control. In the virtual environment, the quadcopter is expected to perform an autonomous flight including agile maneuvers such as steep turning and sudden altitude changes over a rice terrace farm in Longsheng, China. The simulation results for the T2-FNNs are compared with the outcome of conventional proportional-derivative (PD) controllers for different case studies. The results show that our method decreases the trajectory tracking integral squared error by %26 over PD controllers in the ideal case, while this ratio goes up to %95 under uncertain working conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of chitosan-based coatings on the postharvest performance Chinese cherry during a twenty days storage period were investigated. The chitosan-based coatings effectively delayed postharvest ripening parameters including weight loss, decay rate, firmness, soluble solid content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA). The most effective treatment was a combined chitosan and nano-SiOx coating, which led to 51% less weight loss, 32% less decay rate, 57% more firmness, and less SSC and TA content changes than the control group. This combined coating also maintained a higher content of sodium carbonate-soluble pectin (SSP), and inhibited pectin chain degradation. Qualitative and quantitative analysis revealed that the firmness of fruit was closely related to nanostructural morphologies and SSP chain width. In addition, modifications of SSP were correlated with fruit softening, especially SSP polymers and branched chains. These results demonstrate the effect of chitosan and nano-SiOx coating on extending the shelf life of Chinese cherries during postharvest storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and rapid perception of fruit bunch posture is necessary for the cherry tomato harvesting robot to successfully achieve the bunch's holding and separating. According to the postural relationship of the fruit bunch, bunch pedicel, and plant' main-stem, the robotic end-effector's holding region and approach path could be determined, which were important for successful picking operation. The main goal of this research was to propose a multitask-aware network (MTA-YOLACT), which simultaneously performed region detection on fruit bunch, and region segmentation on pedicel and main-stem. The MTA-YOLACT extended from the pre-trained YOLACT model, included two detector branch networks for detection and instance segment, which shared the same backbone network, and the loss function with weighting coefficients of the two branches was adopted to balance the multi-task learning, according to multi-task's homoscedastic uncertainty during the model training. Furthermore, in order to cluster the fruit bunch, pedicel and main-stem from the same bunch target, a classification and regression tree (CART) model was built, based on the region's positional relationship from the MTA-YOLACT output. An image dataset of cherry tomato plants in China greenhouse was built to training and test the model. The results indicated a promising performance of the proposed network, with an F1-score of 95.4% on detecting fruit bunches and the mean Average Precision of 38.7% and 51.9% on the instance segmentation of pedicel and main-stem, which was 1.1% and 3.5% more than original YOLACT. Beyond that, our approach performed a real-time detection and instance segmentation of 13.3 frames per second (FPS). The whole bunch could be identified by the CART model with an average accuracy of 99.83% and the time cost of 9.53 ms. These results demonstrated the research could be a viable support to the harvesting robot's vision unit development and the end-effector's motion planning in the future research. • A Multi-task Awareness Network (MTA-YOLACT) improved fruit bunch identification. • MTA-YOLACT detected and segmented regions on the fruit bunch at the same time. • Analysis of features satisfying subordination constraints in multi-fruit bunches. • A decision model clustered the fruit bunch, pedicel and main-stem from same bunch. • Experiments show maintain excellent at the real-time and accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. is a promising industrial crop with fruits rich in essential oils. The chemical composition of essential oils of L. cubeba (EOLC) were determined for fruits harvested from eight regions in China. The overall essential oil content, obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), ranged from 3.04% to 4.56%. In total, 59 compounds were identified, the dominant components being monoterpenes (94.4-98.4%), represented mainly by neral and geranial (78.7-87.4%). D-Limonene was unexpectedly a lesser constituent (0.7-5.3%) in fruits, which differed from previous reports (6.0-14.6%). Several components were only detected in certain regions and compounds such as o-cymene and eremophilene have never before been reported in EOLC. These results demonstrate significant regional variation in the chemical composition of EOLC. This investigation provides important information with regard to the bioactivity, breeding work and industrial applications of L. cubeba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanized harvesting of lily fruit in Southern China is affected by a high damage rate of lily fruit and low rate of soil breakage. The existing fruit–soil separation device is not suitable for heavy soil in Southern China. This study aimed to design a flexible fruit–soil separation device that can effectively reduce the damage rate of lily and improve the crushing rate of the soil. Thus, it would meet the requirements of southern lily fruit harvesting. In this study, the soil breaking rate and lily damage rate in the fruit–soil separation were taken as the assessment indexes, and the linear speed of the front conveyor belt, the inclination angle and the rotating speed of the fruit–soil separation device were recognized as the test factors. By performing the Box–Behnken test, three-factor and three-level experimental research on the fruit–soil separation device of the lily harvester was conducted. On this basis, a multiple regression model of the assessment indexes to the respective was built, the effect of various factors on the operation quality was analyzed and optimal operation parameters were determined. When the optimal parameter was adopted in the test (e.g., the linear speed of the front conveyor belt, the inclination angle and the speed of the fruit–soil separation device reaching 1.2 m·s−1, 36° and 98 r·min−1, respectively), the soil crushing rate was 92.8% and the lily damage rate reached 8.9%, and the fruit–soil separation effect satisfied the requirements of lily fruit harvest. The results could be referenced for other subsoil fruit harvesters and fruit–soil separation devices under heavy clay soil in Southern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive fertilization is a major factor of soil acidification worldwide and especially in China, where farmland soil pH has been declined significantly and resulted in soil deterioration. However, the status of fruit orchard systems is currently unclear. Therefore, we choose pomelo as a case study to analyze the current status, characteristics and improvement of soil acidification in orchards according to element and charge balances. The survey results showed that the soil pH in pomelo orchards continued to decrease from 2010 to 2018 and caused yields to decrease when the soil pH was lower than 4.5. In this period, the total soil acidification rate of pomelo orchards increased significantly from 29.6 to 39.6 keq H+ ha−1 yr−1. In addition, 67.0, 21.8 and 25.3% of soil acidification was caused by chemical fertilization, fruit harvest and pruning, respectively, and 19.8% of that was buffered by manure application. Reducing the inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus and increasing their nutrient use efficiencies can significantly reduce the soil acidification rate and product acid footprint (soil acidification rate per unit product) and increase the economic income/cost ratio. By using a structural equation model, the effects of nutrient use efficiency and the acid footprint on the income/cost ratio were 0.111–0.136 and −0.341 to −0.354, respectively. Scenario analysis further showed that the trade-off between soil acidification and economic benefits can be best circumvented in orchards while reducing greenhouse gas emissions based on the 'balanced fertilization +50% nitrogen substituted by manure +100% return of pruned parts' strategy. [Display omitted] • Severe soil acidification occurs in typical Chinese pomelo production systems. • 65.1–68.9% of the soil acidification is caused by chemical fertilization. • Manure application can buffer 11.4–28.1% of the soil acidification rate. • Improved nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiencies can reduce the acid footprint. • The trade-off between soil acidification and economic benefits can be circumvented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The best condition for in vitro cherry embryo rescue. • The maternal and paternity plant for cherry cross breeding. • The best conditions for rooting of hybrid seedlings. • Mid-February was the best period for the in vitro transplant. Hybrid cherry seedlings are very hard to obtain as the embryos easily abort during development and loose germination ability, especially some interspecific hybrids. An in vitro technique of embryo rescue has been developed for intra- and interspecific hybrids with the embryos by crossing 4 sweet cherry genotypes as maternal, and these have been planted in South China where the climate is not ideal for planting sweet cherry due to its hot and humid climate in summer and warm climate in winter. The success of embryo rescue approach is affected by several factors, in which the genotypes are one of the main factors for embryo germination and significant differences were found with the same genotypes that were used differently either as maternal or paternal in cross breeding. 'Chaoyang-1' ('CY-1') as mother performed the best, and 'Zijing' ('ZJ-1') and 'CY-1' were the best parents as fathers in cross breeding. The embryo development stage, breaking dormancy method and in vitro culture condition significantly affected the efficiency of seedlings production. When the development of their embryos reached to 0.5 to 0.7, then the young fruit was harvested and stored at 4 °C for 35 days were found to be the best initiating materials for culturing, and the embryo germination rates after removal of the embryo coat reached up to 69.84 ± 2.75 %, and their shoots were robustly and fastly grown. The medium when combined with different concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) were tested, the optimal medium for immature embryo culturing was found to be 1/2 MS supplemented with 2 mg L−1 BA and 1.8 mg L−1 IAA, the multiplication of shoots culture media was MS +0.3 mg L−1 BA +0.4 mg L−1 IAA or MS +0.7 mg L−1 BA +0.1 mg L−1 IAA, the 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 0.3 mg L−1 IBA and 1.1 mg L−1 IAA showed the best for the rooting of shoots. Taken together, this system by integrating the genotypes, embryo development and in vitro culture condition with pre-treatments together significantly improved the rates of production of hybrid cherry seedlings. This is the first study to systematically explore all these factors on cherry embryo rescue in order to produce hybrid seedlings to breed new cultivars for the subtropical monsoon climatic areas like South China and provide new insights to keep the micropropagation of hybrid shoots with different PGRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]