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The freshwater red algal genus Sheathia is one of the most species‐rich genera in the Batrachospermales, containing species with heterocortication (both bulbous and cylindrical cells covering the main axis) and homocortication (only cylindrical cells). The hidden diversity of homocorticated Sheathia species has gained research momentum. Recent studies have revised these taxa and described many new species. In this study, a new homocorticated Sheathia species is described and illustrated from Yunnan, China, based on phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data. Sheathia yunnanensis sp. nov is morphologically characterized by having homocortication, carpogonium with bent or slightly constricted lanceolate trichogyne, large carposporophyte and carposporangium. However, it is only distinguishable from other homocorticated species by DNA sequence data. Phylogenetic analyses based on rbcL, COI‐5P, psbA and concatenated rbcL + COI‐5P alignment indicated that Sheathia yunnanensis form an independent clade from other homocorticated Sheathia species with high interspecific divergence (rbcL: 3.9–4.9%/37–54 bp, COI‐5P: 6.1–6.6%/36–39 bp and psbA: 2.2–3.9%/18–32 bp). Sheathia yunnanensis, as the first gametophyte of Sheathia species reported in Yunnan, differs from other Sheathia species reported only as 'Chantransia' sporophyte stage. As a result of this study, the number of Sheathia species recognized in China increased to eight, including one heterocorticate and seven homocorticated including three only known from the 'Chantransia' sporophyte stage. The description of this new species expands the diversity of Sheathia in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The freshwater red alga Nemalionopsis shawii Skuja is first reported for mainland China from specimens collected in Guangdong and Yunnan Province. Morphological observations and molecular sequences of rbcL and cox1 genes were used to identify and analyze the phylogenetic position of the samples. Samples from China formed a monophyletic clade with other N. shawii samples from Japan, Indonesia, and Nepal with robust support values. The pairwise genetic distances for N. shawii between the samples from China and other samples were 0.2–1.5% and 1.0–2.4% for rbcL and cox1, respectively. Both male and female reproductive structures were observed in the specimens from Guangdong, but only monosporangia in the specimen from Yunnan. The samples from China increase the diversity of morphological measurements for N. shawii. The discovery of this genus in mainland China results in a new record of a freshwater red alga for this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste treatment (MSWT) system emits a cocktail of microorganisms that jeopardize environmental and public health. However, the dynamics and risks of airborne microbiota associated with MSWT are poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the bacterial community of inhalable air particulates (PM 10 , n = 71) and the potentially exposed on-site workers' throat swabs (n = 30) along with waste treatment chain in Shanghai, the largest city of China. Overall, the airborne bacteria varied largely in composition and abundance during the treatment (P < 0.05), especially in winter. Compared to the air conditions, MSWT-sources that contributed to 15 ∼ 70% of airborne bacteria more heavily influenced the PM 10 -laden bacterial communities (PLS-SEM, β = 0.40, P < 0.05). Moreover, our year-span analysis found PM 10 as an important media spreading pathogens (104 ∼ 108 copies/day) into on-site workers. The machine-learning identified Lactobacillus and Streptococcus as pharynx-niched featured biomarker in summer and Rhodococcus and Capnocytophaga in winter (RandomForest , ntree = 500, mtry = 10, cross = 10, OOB = 0%), which closely related to their airborne counterparts (Procrustes test, P < 0.05), suggesting that MSWT a dynamic hotspot of airborne bacteria with the pronounced inhalable risks to the neighboring communities. [Display omitted] • Airborne bacteria varied largely in composition and abundance during the treatment. • Waste-sources more influenced PM 10 -laden bacterial communities than air conditions. • PM 10 exposure explained 31.10% airway potential pathogens' structural variation. • Pharynx-niched human pathogens closely related to their airborne counterparts. • Inhalable risk of airborne pathogens is significantly higher in summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The spatial-temporal characteristics of carbon emissions are different for each land use type. • Construction land is the main source of carbon. • Carbon emissions in the Yellow River Delta were spatially clustered. • The distribution of carbon emissions is larger in the "east-west" than in the "north-south". Land use is a major source of anthropogenic carbon emissions and a driver of climate change, so it is necessary to explore the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of carbon emissions from different land use types. Based on the land use type data and fossil energy consumption data in the same period, we analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of carbon emissions in the Yellow River Delta from 2000 to 2019 by constructing a carbon emission model, carbon footprint and Moran's I index. The empirical results show that total net carbon emissions in the Yellow River Delta increased from 3.1×1010kg to 1.5×1011kg during 2000–2019. Construction land is the main source of carbon, while forest land and water contribute more to the total carbon sink in the study area. Carbon emissions in the Yellow River Delta were spatially clustered, characterized by a larger distribution of carbon emissions in the "east-west" direction than in the "north-south" direction. The results of the study are conducive to a comprehensive understanding of the spatial distribution pattern of land use carbon sources/sinks in the Yellow River Delta, and provide a certain reference basis for the formulation of low-carbon economic policies in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive and inadequate intake of fluoride may cause adverse effects in children, such as dental caries and dental fluorosis. This study reports the results of monitoring fluoride concentrations in drinking water from an endemic fluorosis region during the ten-year period (2008 through 2017). The fluoride concentration had a range of 0.03–9.42 mg L−1 (mean = 0.55 ± 0.01 mg L−1). Approximately 10%, 1.3% and 0.06% children are at risk for dental decay, dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis, respectively. Probabilistic risks for children were assessed and the fluoride endemic areas were marked by GIS mapping system. On several water consumption points, the hazard quotient (HQ) values for children were higher than 1, indicating potential non-cancer health risks due to fluoride exposure. The results of this study will help governmental agencies to develop better policies for protecting children from exposure to fluoride. Image 1 • Fluoride concentrations were 0.55 mg L−1 in 3427 water consumption points in Shanxi Province. • Health risks were assessed for children consumers regarding fluoride exposure. • Approximately 10%, 1.3% and 0.06% children are at risk for dental decay, dental and skeletal fluorosis, respectively. • The fluoride concentrations were being decreased significantly from 2008 to 2017. • The fluoride endemic areas were marked by GIS mapping system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the helping relationships from significant others (HRSO) scale assists patients, such as those with chronic kidney disease (CKD), in adopting a healthy lifestyle to decelerate disease progression, complications, and mortality. To study the efficacy of the scale, we recruited a convenience sample ( n = 250) of patients with CKD from a nephrology clinic in southern Taiwan. Principal axis factor analysis and a promax rotation revealed a 15-item, three-factor explanation of 68.44 % of the total variance. The confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit. The Composite reliability was .91, .89, and .92 in the same factors. Cronbach's alpha was .90 for the 15-item scale, with the 3 subscales ranging from .86 to .91. The split reliability was .73. The HRSO is a valid and reliable scale to measure significant others' support of patients with CKD in maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

Odor pollution is one of the most critical issues in food waste (FW) recycling and has significant implications for human health. However, knowledge of their occurrence and spatiotemporally dynamic in urban FW streams is limited, making it not conducive to implement targeted odor management. This work followed the occurrence of 81 odor compounds (OCs) in nine FW-air environments along the Shanghai's FW streams for one year. Results showed that NH 3 , acetic acid, acetaldehyde, acetone, 2-butanone, and methylene chloride were consistently the predominant OCs, despite the distinct differences in OCs profiles across seasons and treatment sites. Ridge regression and principal coordinate analysis demonstrated that seasons might play a non-negligible role in shaping odor profiles, and ambient temperature and humidity could account for the seasonal variation in OCs levels. Based on the modified fuzzy synthetic evaluation system, the screened priority pollutants in different FW-air environments were found broadly similar and the regulated air pollutants released via FW should be expanded to aldehyde and ketone compounds, especially for acetaldehyde. To our knowledge, this study is the first to track the spatiotemporal footprints of OCs within urban FW streams, and provides new insights into the control policy on FW-derived odor issues for megacities., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

There is a concern about the increasing prevalence of health problems related to the ingestion of fluoride (F - ) in the developing world. Drinking water is one important source of F - , and the concentration of F - needs to be known to ensure the safety of drinking water. In this study, F - levels in drinking water were investigated across Taiyuan in Shanxi Province, China. Spatial-temporal distribution characteristics and potential associated health risks were analyzed using GIS. We collected 485 samples from shallow wells without any defluoridation treatments between 2008 and 2016. After analyzing the samples of F - content we found that mean F - levels of urban areas (0.61 ± 0.39 mg L -1 ), suburban areas (0.70 ± 0.87 mg L -1 ) and for all of Taiyuan city (0.63 ± 0.56 mg L -1 ) were in optimum range based on the recommendation by USEPA. However, individual locations within industrial areas (e.g. Gujiao District) had higher F - levels (1.06 mg L -1 ). A concerning result showed that 12.37% of tested locations had F - concentrations larger than 1.0 mg L -1 . We calculated F - Health Risk Indices (HRIs F ) and found that highest were associated with suburban areas, especially in the year 2009 and 2010. However, from 2008 to 2016, overall F - levels and HRIs F of the sampled groundwater in Taiyuan City showed a decreasing trend. HRIs F in suburban areas was higher than urban areas, possible due to the heavily prevalent coal mining industry in those areas. Specific policies should be formulated to address HRIs F ., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To analyze the measles immunity level of persistent population in Beijing., Methods: A total of 2125 objects from 10 age groups, who had been living in Beijing for over 6 months, were selected from urban and rural areas in Beijing in 2012. Demographic characteristics, history of measles and vaccine immunization were investigated by questionnaire. 5 ml blood sample of each subject was collected, and the Measles IgG antibody was measured by ELISA assay., Results: Positive rate of measles antibody was 84.71% (1800/2125) and standardized positive rate was 88.07% . Median of antibody was 960.46 IU/L. Positive rate and median of measles antibody were significantly different between population from different age groups (χ(2) = 341.60, P < 0.01; H = 216.27, P < 0.01). Antibody positive rate and median were lowest in the <1 year age group, which were separately 43.06% (90/209) and 185.80 IU/L; and highest in the 1-4 (97.31% (181/186) and 2448.81 IU/L) and 5-9 years age group (96.46% (218/226) and 1910.72 IU/L). The range of antibody positive rate and median in adults of ≥ 15 years were 81.98%-90.14% and 744.38-1474.84 IU/L. Antibody positive rate and median in persistent population, which were separately 82.45% (883/1071) and 899.82 IU/L, were lower than those in migrant population, which were 87.00% (917/1054) and 166.19 IU/L, respectively (χ(2) = 8.51, P < 0.01;U = 538 704.00, P < 0.01). Antibody positive rate and median in population with vaccination history, which were separately 91.95% (891/969) and 1443.11 IU/L, were higher than those population without vaccination history and people whose history unknown (32.95% (57/173) , 127.33 IU/L; 86.67% (852/983) , 923.73 IU/L). The difference showed statistical significance (χ(2) = 399.92, P < 0.01; H = 202.11, P < 0.01)., Conclusion: Among the persistent population in China, measles antibody level among the children aging 1-9 years old was high enough to prevent outbreak and epidemic of measles. However, we should try our best to strengthen the measles antibody level among the babies younger than 1 year old and the migrant population aging between 15 and 40 years old.

Objective: To evaluate the association between total fluid intake and the time of urination per day and the risk of bladder cancer., Methods: A population-based case-control study was conducted in urban Shanghai, China, during January 1996 to December 1998. The study included 608 incident cases of bladder cancer and 607 age- and sex-matched controls. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) for bladder cancer associated with frequency of urination, after adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, history of occupation with high risk, history of bladder infections, body mass index and other confounding factors. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05 (two-sided)., Results: No significant trend was observed for the association between total fluid intake, time of nighttime urination and the risk of bladder cancer. Increasing time of urination during daytime was associated with decreased risk of bladder cancer (P for trend = 0.014). ORs (95%CIs) for subjects who voided 4 times, 5 times and 6 or more times per day [0.72 (0.49 - 1.05), 0.60 (0.41 - 0.87) and 0.62 (0.43 - 0.90), respectively], when compared with those with less than 4 times per day after adjustment of confounding factors. Data showed that smokers and nonsmokers who voided at least 6 times per day had the ORs of 0.72 (95%CI: 0.45 - 1.15) and 0.46 (95%CI: 0.25 - 0.87) when compared to their counterparts who voided 3 times or less per day during the daytime. Subjects who urinated at least 6 times per day and consumed more than 1500 ml of total fluid per day experienced a significant 57% reduction in risk compared to subjects who urinated 3 times or less and consumed less than 750 ml of total daily fluid intake., Conclusion: Increased urination frequency and total fluid intake, especially among those who never smoked might be associated with a reduced risk of bladder cancer.

Background & Objective: Few studies on trend analysis in cancer incidence of the elderly people in China. The purpose of this study was to analyze time trends in urologic cancer incidence of the elderly people during the period 1973-1999 in Shanghai., Methods: The registered cancer cases were coded according to the 3-digit rubrics of the ninth revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9). Population estimates were based on periodic censuses, with age- and sex-specific annual estimates derived by linear inter- and extrapolation for the remaining years. The age-standardized rates adjusted to the world population were calculated for nine 3-year periods. Annual percent changes in incidence were estimated by means of a linear regression of the respective rates on the mid-point of calendar years, weighted by the number of cases., Results: During the 27-year period, cancers of prostate, bladder, and kidney have risen substantially among elderly male residents in Shanghai. The annual percent changes were 6.60%, 1.15%, and 5.30%, respectively. Among the elderly women, the rate of kidney cancer increased rapidly, with the annual percent change of 4.87%. The 75 years and older age group in women had substantial increases in incidence rates of bladder cancer., Conclusion: From 1973 to 1999, the incidence rates of the commonly urologic cancers increased substantially among the elderly residents in Shanghai, except for female bladder cancer.