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Introduction: International evidence from high-income countries demonstrates that the availability of tobacco tends to be greater in more urban and more deprived neighborhoods. However, little is known about the socio-spatial disparities in other settings, including megacities in China. This study investigated the patterning of tobacco retailers across Shanghai by types of tobacco retailers, including the relationship with levels of urbanity and neighborhood deprivation.Aims and Methods: Tobacco retailer data (n = 19 413) was extracted from a web-scraped Points-of-Interest database. For all communities (n = 5432) across Shanghai, neighborhood tobacco retail availability was calculated using population-weighted kernel density estimation and grouped by quintiles of neighborhood deprivation and a 3-level urban classification. Associations were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis tests and epsilon squared.Results: Across Shanghai, tobacco retail availability decreased from more urbanized areas to less urbanized areas. There was a statistical difference (p < .001) in the availability of tobacco retail across quintiles of deprivation, with the highest availability in the less deprived neighborhoods, and the lowest availability in the most deprived neighborhoods. However, this trend was reversed in the urban center, where retail availability was greatest in the most deprived areas. Convenience stores were the most common type of tobacco retailer across the city, while tobacco-only outlets were most strongly associated with levels of neighborhood deprivation.Conclusions: The results show an association between tobacco retail availability and neighborhood deprivation, which varied with levels of urbanity and types of tobacco retailers. These findings provide supportive evidence for further interventions that target reducing inequalities in exposure to tobacco retail.Implications: This is the first study to examine the relationship between tobacco retail availability and neighborhood deprivation in the context of Chinese megacities. Using data from Shanghai, China, we found a significant non-linear association between tobacco retail availability and neighborhood deprivation across the city. It is plausible that the socio-spatial disparities in tobacco retail availability at the neighborhood level may be a key factor explaining differences in smoking behaviors between sociodemographic groups. The findings emphasize the need for greater efforts in regulating neighborhood-level tobacco retailing in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of tectonic activities induced by the subduction of the Palaeo‐Asian Ocean (PAO) in the Palaeozoic have been recorded in the North China Craton (NCC). Sedimentary strata provide some precious records to reconstruct the basin evolution in the NCC. In this study, we carried out detrital zircon LA‐ICP‐MS U–Pb dating, sandstone modal analysis, bulk‐rock major, and trace elemental measurements for the Sunjiagou and Liujiagou formations in the eastern Ordos Basin to trace the material source. The results show that the sedimentary rocks were mostly sourced from active continental margins. The detrital zircon ages of the Sunjiagou and Liujiagou formations spread from >3,000 to 250 Ma with peaks of main age populations at 2,508, 1,890, 430, and 270 Ma. Based on the age comparison and the southward palaeocurrents, we consider that the source material of these sedimentary rocks comes from the northern margin of the NCC. This in turn indicates that the amalgamation of the PAO and the NCC should have finished at least by the end of the Late Permian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some evidence from Western high-income countries suggests local tobacco retail availability and neighbourhood deprivation may influence smoking behaviours. However, this assertion has not been considered in China, where 44% of males continue to smoke. Data were analysed from Chinese males (n = 2054) who participated in Waves 3–5 (2009–2015) of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) China Survey by linking information on tobacco retail availability (estimated through population weighted Kernel Density of tobacco retailers in 2019) and neighbourhood deprivation (calculated as a composite score derived from the 2010 Chinese census) across Shanghai. Generalised Estimating Equation models were fitted to examine the impacts of local tobacco availability and neighbourhood deprivation on smoking behaviours (current smoking versus current non-smoking, quitting versus current smoking, longer durations of smoking abstinence versus current smoking) using the longitudinal data. Examining the impacts separately, participants living in neighbourhoods with greater availability and higher levels of deprivation were less likely to maintain longer durations of smoking abstinence in both unadjusted and adjusted models. Neighbourhood deprivation, but not availability, was found to be associated with higher odds of being a current smoker. Examining the impacts jointly, neighbourhood deprivation was still positively associated with current smoking and negatively associated with longer durations of smoking abstinence, but the negative association between availability and longer durations of smoking abstinence disappeared. The findings offer some evidence that greater tobacco retail availability and deprivation are obstacles on prolonged smoking cessation among males in Shanghai, China. Policymakers should consider small-area level place-based restrictions in China, such as reducing the availability of tobacco, as part of a comprehensive tobacco control strategy aimed at addressing the high prevalence of smoking. • This work examines how tobacco retail availability and neighbourhood deprivation affect a series of smoking behaviours in Shanghai, China, using a cohort of male samples. • Neighbourhood deprivation was positively associated with current smoking and negatively associated with smoking cessation. • Examining the impacts of availability and deprivation jointly, the significant association between local tobacco retail availability and smoking cessation was no longer retained. • Regulating tobacco retail availability at the neighbourhood level may have the potential to reduce smoking prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious illness and a matter of public health concern globally. It has a widespread impact in China, where it poses a significant risk to the health of young children. Previous research has discovered that the occurrence and spread of HFMD are closely linked to meteorological factors, but the specifics of these intricate nonlinear relationships and how they interact with the incidence of HFMD are still uncertain. In the present study, we filled this gap in knowledge by first obtaining data on hand, foot, and mouth disease from the National Health Commission of China alongside real-time surveillance data from meteorological stations. We then used Spearman's correlation analysis to identify the variables significantly related to HFMD, investigating the existence of co-curvilinearity among the contributing factors by using the independent effects model in the generalized additive model to analyze both the contribution of individual factors and their combined effects on the incidence of HFMD. The interactions between meteorological factors were then modeled to investigate their influence on HFMD. The results showed that, in descending order of effect size, air temperature (AT), sunshine duration (SD), wind speed (WS), and barometric pressure (BP) had a significant nonlinear impact on the incidence of HFMD, which displayed a fluctuating increase in line with rising temperatures. The interactions of (1) high temperature and low air pressure and (2) low wind speed and poor sunshine had the largest influence on HFMD. In descending order, the strengths of the interaction effects between factors were as follows: AT ∼ SD > AT ∼ WS > AT ∼ BP > WS ∼ BP > WS ∼ SD > BP ∼ SD. Our findings will inform policy initiatives contributing to the Healthy China strategy and assist in the prevention and control of HFMD by enabling the prediction and early warning of disease outbreaks. • The GAM employed in our study represents a novel application in the field of health geography. • We examine nonlinear meteorological effects on HFMD, a topic that has received limited research attention in the past. • The nationwide study data are comprehensive and highly detailed, covering most of mainland China at the city level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the Cancer Genome Atlas and Asian Cancer Research Group propose two new classifications system of gastric cancer by using multi-platforms of molecular analyses. However, these highly complicated and cost technologies have not yet been translated into full clinical utility. In addition, the clinicians are expected to gain more guidance of treatment for different molecular subtypes. In this study, we developed a panel of gastric cancer patients in population from Southern China using commercially accessible TMA and immunohistochemical technology. A cohort of 259 GC patients was classified into 4 subtypes on the basis of expression of mismatch repair proteins (PMS2, MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6), E-cadherin and p21 protein. We observed that the subtypes presented distinct prognosis. dMMR-like subtype was associated with the best prognosis, and E-cadherin-a subtype was associated with the worst prognosis. Patients with p21-High and p21-Ligh subtypes had intermediate overall survival. In multivariate analysis, the dMMR-like subtype remained an independent prediction power for overall survival in the model. We described a molecular classification of gastric cancers using clinically applicable assay. The biological relevance of the four subtypes was illustrated by significant differences in prognosis. Our molecular classification provided an effective and inexpensive screening tool for improving prognostic models. Nevertheless, our study should be considered preliminary and carries a limited predictive value as a single-center retrospective study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Xinlin–Xiguitu suture zone, located in the Great Xing’an Range, NE China, in the eastern segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), represents the boundary between the Erguna and Xing’an micro-continental blocks. The exact location of the Xinlin-Xiguitu suture zone has been debated, especially, the location of the northern extension of the suture zone. In this study, based on a detailed field, geochemical, geochronological and Sr–Nd–Hf isotope study, we focus our work on the Cambrian igneous rocks in the Erguna-Xing’an block. The Xinglong granitoids, mainly include ∼520 Ma diorite, ∼470 Ma monzogranite and ∼480 Ma pyroxene diorite. The granitoids show medium to high-K calc-alkaline series characteristics with post-collision granite affinity. The circa 500 Ma granitoids have low ε Hf ( t ) values (−16.6 to +2.2) and ancient two-stage model ( T DM2 ) ages between 1317 Ma and 2528 Ma. These results indicate the primary magmas of the Xinglong granitoids were probably derived from the partial melting of a dominantly Paleo-Mesoproterozoic “old” crustal source with possible different degrees of addition of juvenile materials, and formed in a post-collision tectonic setting after the amalgamation of the Erguna and Xing’an blocks. Compared with the Xinglong granitoids, the Duobaoshan igneous rocks are consisted of the approximately coeval rhyolitic tuffs (491 ± 5 Ma) and ultramafic intrusions (497 ± 5 Ma) within the Duobaoshan Formation. They are generally enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs; e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti), consistent with the geochemistry of igneous rocks from island arcs or active continental margins. The ultramafic rocks have high positive ε Hf ( t ) values (+1.3 to +15) and ε Nd ( t ) (+1.86 to +2.28), and relatively young two-stage model ( T DM2 ) ages and low initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios (0.70628–0.70853), indicating the partial melting of a depleted mantle source from a subducted slab in the ocean basin between the Erguna-Xing’an and Songliao blocks. The rhyolitic tuffs contain a group of Phanerozoic zircons with ε Hf ( t ) values (−4.6 to +15.0), suggesting that the rhyolitic tuffs were derived from juvenile lower crustal material with some ancient crustal material. Coupled with our previous geochemical and isotopic studies on Early Paleozoic igneous rocks, we proposed that the collision of the Erguna and Xing’an blocks at least took place ca. 500 Ma ago, and that there exist in a westward subduction of an oceanic plate between the Eruguna-Xing’an and Songliao blocks, took place during the Early Ordovician. Up to now, there are more evidences and constraints that the northern extension location of the Xinlin-Xiguitu suture zone is located in the Jifeng–Xinglong areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is tentative evidence suggesting that socioeconomically disadvantaged groups may benefit more from access to neighbourhood greenspace and therefore could be a lever for narrowing socioeconomic inequalities ('equigenesis') in mental health, although studies are equivocal. One potential explanation for this inconsistency is differences in study designs, particularly how greenspace is measured. Most previous studies are from high income countries, and there has been no investigations into equigenic environments in China. Using survey data collected from 26 neighbourhoods in Guangzhou, China, this study examines whether local greenspaces may narrow socioeconomic inequalities in health (i.e. equigenesis) in the Chinese context. The study is the first to explore the contribution of greenspace in reducing socioeconomic inequalities in mental health in the Chinese context. It uses Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Street View Greenness (SVG) and self-reported neighbourhood greenness quality as estimates of residential greenness exposure Results show that SVG-quantity, SVG-quality and self-reported greenspace quality narrow the neighbourhood socioeconomic inequalities in mental health. Our findings demonstrate the importance of improving equity in local green infrastructure for promoting health equity through urban planning and design, including improving access to green spaces, and providing more street trees in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods. • Street view images and machine learning were used to measure Street View Greenness (SVG). • SVG and self-reported greenspace quality narrow the neighbourhood socioeconomic inequalities in mental health. • SVG and self-reported greenspace quality narrow the individual socioeconomic inequalities in mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: As a paradigm of greenhouse climate in Earth's history, the Cretaceous provides significant rock records of global climate changes under conditions of greenhouse climate. The Songliao Basin, among the longest duration (85–90m.y.) of continental sedimentary basins, provides an excellent opportunity to recover a nearly complete Cretaceous terrestrial sedimentary record. Extensive lake deposits, ten-kilometers deep and covering an area of 260,000km2 of the Songliao Basin, provide unique, detailed records that can be tied to the global stratigraphic time scale, thereby improving our understanding of the continental paleoclimate and ecological system. The two coreholes at SKIs and SKIn sites were drilled into this basin and completed with a total length of 2485.89m of recovered core that spanned the complete middle-to-Upper Cretaceous strata in the basin. The unique geological setting of long-term continuous subsidence within the largest Cretaceous landmass in the world — makes the Cretaceous Songliao Basin of northeastern China an ideal place to study Cretaceous climate change on the continent. This paper reviews the literature on the paleogeography and paleoclimate of the northern East Asia and the Songliao Basin during the Cretaceous. Based on the climatologically sensitive deposits, oxygen isotope studies, and paleontology, the climate during the Cretaceous in the Songliao Basin was temperate and humid with relatively abundant rainfall. During the period, significant changes – four cooling, three warming, and three semiarid events – are generally consistent with the oxygen isotope data from East Asia, and the four cooling events, in Berriasian–Valanginian, Aptian–Albian, early Santonian, and Campanian–Maastrichtian, may be related to potential glaciations in Cretaceous. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Continental Scientific Drilling Project at the Cretaceous-age Songliao Basin is a drilling initiative under the framework of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program, to recover a nearly complete Cretaceous terrestrial sedimentary record in the Songliao Basin, northeastern China. The recovered cores will provide unique opportunities for the geosciences community to advance the understanding of climate change in the Cretaceous greenhouse world, and provide a documentation of geological events relevant to the carbon cycle during this time period. This drilling project will address significant geological questions, such as the identification of important stratigraphic boundaries and the marine-terrestrial correlations of stratigraphy, the reasons for the biotic response to the terrestrial environmental changes, the terrestrial response to the Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events, the formation of terrestrial petroleum source rocks, and the mechanisms for the Cretaceous magnetic Normal Superchron (CNS). In the first stage of this drilling project, the SKI drilling, rock cores of 2485.89m in total length were recovered and the recovery ratio reached 96.46%. A series of drilling and coring technologies including regular, confined, directional, and sealed coring, were utilized to ensure a higher recovery ratio for the core, and will be described at the end of this paper. Well loggings were conducted right after coring. Core handling and storage were arranged in such a way that the scientific research was conducted on half of each core, whereas the other half of each core was preserved for long-term storage. The upcoming second stage, the SKII drilling, will combine with data from the existing SKI to provide complete high-resolution climate records of the terrestrial environment for the whole Cretaceous time period. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Erguna Block contains a crystalline basement at least in Paleoproterozoic ages. • The Neoproterozoic intrusive rocks define two stages magmatism. • Two stages magmatism corresponds to the assembly and break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. • The Central Mongolia-Erguna Block has a tectonic affinity to the Tarim Craton. The Central Asian Orogenic Belt is sandwiched between the Siberian, East European (Baltica), Tarim, and North China cratons, which contain several Precambrian micro-continental blocks, such as the Kazakhstan-Yili-Central Tianshan blocks, the Junggar Block and the Amuria Block. The tectonic nature and positions of these micro-continental blocks are unclear and disputed in many supercontinent reconstructions. In particular, the position of the Amuria Block in the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt, which is important for the reconstructions of the Precambrian Rodinia supercontinent, remains unknown because of the lack of late Palaeoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic geological and geochronological data. The Erguna Block, a part of the Amuria Block in NE China, has been considered as a constituent block of the Rodinia supercontinent. However, the late Palaeoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Erguna Block with respect to the assembly and break-up of Rodinia remains poorly understood. Here we present zircon U–Pb–Hf–O isotopic data and whole-rock elemental data of the newly discovered late Palaeoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic records in the northern Erguna Block. The gneissic granites have protolith and metamorphic ages of 1839 ± 24 and 497 ± 6 Ma, respectively, and relatively uniform two-stage Hf model ages (T DM1) of 2.67–1.26 Ga, indicating that the Erguna Block has a Palaeoproterozoic crystalline basement. The zircon U–Pb ages for the Neoproterozoic intrusive rocks define two stages of magmatism in early Neoproterozoic (Stage 1; i.e., ca. 946 Ma) and middle Neoproterozoic (Stage 2; i.e., 833–737 Ma), respectively, implying that the Erguna Block had switched to an intra-continental extensional setting (833–737 Ma) after the early Neoproterozoic (ca. 946 Ma) convergence–accretion. A comparison of data from the Erguna Block and its adjacent units reveals that the Erguna and Central Mongolia blocks were likely in a single crustal entity with the Tarim Craton associated with the Rodinia assembly at ca. 900 Ma. This composite block then detached from the Tarim Craton at ca. 800 Ma following the break-up of Rodinia, and drifted southwards to the vicinity of the Siberia Craton during the Cambrian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: There has been a significant transformation in the model of urbanization in post-reform China, a society dominated by a large rural population but with accelerated industrialization and development. This paper argues that a comprehensive dual-track urbanization approach is more realistic for the study of urbanization in the transitional economy of post-reform China with mixed characters of an old planned economy and an emerging market economy. The dual-track model of urbanization is a significant departure from the Maoist model of Chinese urbanization. This paper discusses the emerging political economy of dual-track urbanization in post-reform China. This is followed by an examination of the development and urbanization in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. The trend of dual-track urbanization and its implications on spatial development in the PRD are analyzed by making use of the population data from 2000 census. A dispersed urbanization process with selective concentration in new growing SEZ cities in the 1980s and 1990s is revealed. But a new trend of concentrated state sponsored urbanization towards major urban centres has emerged in the PRD since the late 1990s. The complicated realities revealed in this analysis challenge the existing theories of city-based or town-based urbanization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: Existing studies indicate that advanced colorectal neoplasms exhibit distinct clinical and biological traits based on anatomical sites. However, in China, especially for advanced colorectal neoplasms, there's limited information available on these traits. Our primary objective is to comprehensively study the characteristics of advanced colorectal neoplasm patients in different anatomical sites in China. Methods: We selected information from the colorectal cancer screening database in Tianjin, China, since 2010 as the study subject. We chose valid information from 3113 patients with comprehensive data and diagnosed advanced colorectal neoplasms (ANs) from a pool of 19,308 individuals to be included in the study. We then conducted further analysis to examine the correlation between these epidemiological data and tumor location. Results: Among the 3113 patients, neoplasms in the left side of the colon accounted for the largest proportion, while neoplasms in the right side of the colon had the smallest proportion, followed by rectal neoplasms. The highest proportion of advanced colorectal neoplasms was found among men. In the age group of 39–49 years old, the proportion of left late‐stage advanced colon neoplasms was equal to that of right late‐stage advanced colon neoplasms, while late‐stage advanced rectal neoplasms increased with age. Smoking, drinking, and a history of colon cancer in first‐degree relatives showed statistically significant associations with the location distribution of advanced colorectal neoplasms. A history of appendicitis, appendectomy, cholecystitis, or cholecystectomy did not significantly affect the location distribution of advanced colorectal neoplasms. However, among patients with such histories, there was a statistically significant relationship between advanced colon neoplasms on the right and those on the left and in the rectum. Similar results were observed for BMI. Conclusion: Our research findings demonstrate that advanced colorectal neoplasms display unique epidemiological characteristics depending on their anatomical locations, and these distinctions deviate from those observed in Western populations. These insights contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the topic and offer valuable guidance for future research in China. We advocate for further investigations centered on the anatomical location of colorectal neoplasms to enhance the precision of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typical ophiolitic rock assemblages such as siliciclastic rocks, basalts and gabbros, together with the subduction-related intermediate-acidic intrusive rocks, are newly discovered in the Tongjiang-Fuyuan area of the Heilongjiang Provence, NE China. To determine the formation age and genesis of the mafic rocks (basalts and gabbros) and intermediate-acidic intrusive rocks (granodiorites) in the area, as well as their geodynamic settings, the whole-rock geochemical analysis and zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating were carried out. Zircon U-Pb results suggest that the granodiorites are 93–95 Ma and gabbro is 95 Ma, respectively. Geochemical results show that the gabbros and basalts exhibit characteristics of ocean island basalt (OIB) affinity and are typically related to having originated from mantle plumes. While the granodiorites show the nature of the island-arc magmatic rocks and may originate from the lower crust. Based on the coeval igneous rock associations and regional tectonic evolution, we conclude that the late Cretaceous magmatic rocks in the Tongjiang-Fuyuan area are the product of continuous subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific plate and reflect the subduction rollback process of the Palaeo-Pacific plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northeast China occupies the majority of the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt, which mainly consists of continental blocks and accretionary terranes. The Devonian was a tectonic quiet period in the NE China region due to a lack of tectono-magmatism, but the tectonic background of this period has been unclear, especially for the Hegenshan-Heihe Suture between Xing'an and Songliao accretionary terranes, which represents the Paleozoic Nenjiang Ocean (a branch ocean of the eastern Paleo-Asian Ocean). Here we report granitic rocks from the Woluohe area, Northern Great Xing'an Range, NE China, to constrain the tectonic process of the transition from the Devonian quiet period to the Early Carboniferous active tectonic period. Three granitic rock samples produce zircon U-Pb ages of 389 Ma, 368 Ma, and 351 Ma, belonging to the Middle and Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous, respectively. They have high Si, Al, K, and Na contents, but with low Mg, Fe, and Ti contents, together with positive Hf isotopic features and low molar Al2O3/(MgO+FeOT) ratios, we suggest that they were derived from partial melting of lower crustal igneous rocks. Meanwhile, the narrow major element variation at odd with the fractionation process and their negative Nb and Ta anomalies imply the obvious contribution of crustal. Comprehensive tectonic setting analysis shows all samples are in calc-alkali magmatic series with rightward fractionated REE and trace element patterns that are enriched in LREE and LILE and depleted in HREE and HFS, indicating a subduction-related magmatic arc setting. Considering the regional tectonic setting and the small scale of the Devonian plutons, we suggest a limited subduction tectonic setting during the quiet period of the northern Great Xing'an Range, which might indicate the beginning of an initial northwestward subduction of the Nenjiang Oceanic lithosphere beneath the Xing'an Accretionary Terrane in the Middle Devonian, accelerated subduction in the Late Devonian, and bidirectional subduction in the Early Carboniferous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Songliao Basin is the largest oil-bearing basin in China. In the absence of sufficient evidence, the possibility of seawater incursion(s) into the Songliao Basin remains controversial. Recently, we discovered relatively abundant foraminifera fossils from units 1 and 2 of the Nenjiang Formation of borehole SK-1. Benthic foraminifera (Gavlinella sp., Anomalinoides sp., Pullenia sp., Haplophragmoides sp., Karrorulina hokkaidoana, Clavulinoides sp.), as well as planktonic foraminifera (Archaeoglobigerina blowi, Archaeoglobigerina cretacea and Hedbergella flandrini), were identified. These fossils were widely distributed in the marine Cretaceous. According to the global distribution of the above-mentioned planktonic foraminifera, the age of these fossil bearing strata appears to be Late Coniacian to Santonian. More importantly, these foraminifera provide direct evidence for marine water incursions into the Songliao Basin during deposition of the Lower Nenjiang Formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Village clinic doctors (VCDs) are part of the health service force in rural China. VCDs' job satisfaction (JS) is important to the stability of the three-tiered health service system. Since 2009, the Chinese government launched a new health care system reform (NHCSR) which affected VCDs significantly. This study aimed to analysing the effect of NHCSR on JS among VCDs.Methods: All the data came from three surveys in Shandong Province conducted in 2012, 2015 and 2018. In 2012, an originally designed questionnaire was used to conduct a baseline survey of 405 VCDs from 27 townships in nine counties. In 2015 and 2018, 519 and 223 VCDs in the same counties were surveyed with the same questionnaire. Descriptive analysis and ANOVA were used to analyse the level and changes in VCDs' JS.Results: The mean scores of VCDs' total JS were 2.664 ± 1.069, 3.121 ± 0.931 and 2.676 ± 1.044 in 2012, 2015 and 2018, respectively, with a significant difference (F = 28.732, P < 0.001). The mean scores of the medical practice environment and the job itself showed a continuous downward trend. The trends of the mean scores for job reward, internal work environment and organizational management were consistent with the trend for total JS.Conclusion: The NHCSR had a partly negative impact on VCDs' JS. Policy-makers should pay more attention to VCDs' job reward and medical practice environment. With the implementation of new reform policies, VCDs' JS should be the subject of more systematic and detailed research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the Chinese pattern of urbanisation since 1978 is distinguished by dual-track urbanisation – state-sponsored urbanisation and spontaneous urbanisation, and that both tracks contribute significantly to the transformation of the spatial pattern of urbanisation. The Pearl River Delta region is chosen for a detailed analysis of the dual-track urbanisation in post-reform China. It is found that special economic zone (SEZ) cities are leading both state-sponsored and spontaneous urbanisation in the region, which is different from either large city or small town-based urbanisation advocated in the literature. Multivariate statistical analysis shows that factors affecting the two tracks of urbanisation are different and have changed over time. The level of economic development has an important impact on the level of the state-sponsored urbanisation, but is not significant to spontaneous urbanisation. Areas with fewer state owned enterprises (SOEs) have a higher level of spontaneous urbanisation. The non-state sector also became more important in the state-sponsored urbanisation of the 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exposure to natural outdoor environments (NOE) has been shown to be beneficial to older adults' health and functioning, yet this assertion has rarely been tested in China. We investigated the relationships between exposure to NOE and older adults' self-rated health in Shanghai, China and examined whether these relationships varied by sex, age, education and hukou status. Method: This cross-sectional study used micro-data sample of the 2010 Shanghai population census, including 7962 older adults nested within 3345 neighbourhoods. Self-rated health was the outcome variable. Four NOE exposure indicators were calculated for each neighbourhood: the amount of surrounding greenness/blueness and proximity to large green/blue spaces. Multilevel logistic regression was employed to explore the association between natural outdoor environment exposure and self-rated health, adjusting for individual-level and neighbourhood-level covariates. Stratified analyses were used to examine variations by sex, age, education and hukou status. Results: Older adults living in neighbourhoods with higher surrounding greenness and higher proximity to both green spaces and blue spaces were more likely to report good health. Residential surrounding blueness was not significantly related to self-rated health. Females, those aged 60–69 years, those who had elementary school or junior high school education and those with non-local hukou benefit more from residential surrounding greenness, and those aged 70–79 years and who had elementary school or junior high school education benefit more from residential proximity to blue spaces. Conclusions: Higher residential greenness and proximity to both green spaces and blue spaces were associated with better self-rated health, particularly for females, younger older adults, the low educated and non-local hukou holders. Our findings suggest that urban green spaces and urban blue spaces have different effects on health among Chinese older adults and that the assessment of exposure matters to the investigation of NOE-health relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a controversy regarding the amalgamation of Xing'an and Songnen Blocks along the Hegenshan‐Heihe Suture (HHS) in the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). To solve this problem, we performed detailed study on the granites from the Zhangdaqi area, adjacent to the north of the HHS in the northern part of the Great Xing'an Range, NE China. Geochemically, the granites in the study area are metaluminous‐weak peraluminous and high‐K calc‐alkaline series. Trace elements of the granites show that LREEs are relatively enriched, while HREEs are relatively deficient and obvious REE fractionation. The granites are characterized by obvious negative Eu anomalies, meanwhile, they are relatively enriched in Rb, K, Th and depleted in Ba, Nb, Sr, P, Ti. All the geochemical features suggest that the granites in the Zhangdaqi area are aluminum A‐type granites. The zircon LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb ages of these granites are 294–298 Ma, indicating that they formed in the Early Permian. These granites also have positive εHf (t) values (8.4–14.2) and a relatively young two‐stage model age between 449 Ma and 977 Ma, implying that the magma was derived from the re‐melting of the Early Paleozoic‐Neoproterozoic juvenile crust. Combined with geochemical characteristics (Nb/Ta ratios of 9.0–22.2, and Zr/Hf ratios of 52.3–152.0), we believe that the magmatic source area is a mixture of partial melting of the lower crust and depleted mantle. A‐type granites and bimodal volcanic rocks along the Hegenshan‐Heihe Suture formed during the Late Carboniferous‐Early Permian, indicating that the HHS between Xing'an and Songnen Blocks closed in the late Early‐Carboniferous. Subsequently, the Zhangdaqi area was in a post‐orogenic extensional environment from Late Carboniferous to Early Permian and resulted in the formation of the A‐type granites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Late Palaeozoic Solonker‐Xar Moron‐Changchun‐Yanji Suture (SXCYS) is considered to mark the location of the final closure of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean, which separated the North China Craton to the south and the amalgamated blocks to the north in Northeast China. There has always been controversy about its eastern extension in Northeast China and the final closure time of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean. To explore this issue, we collected gabbro and quartz‐diorite samples in the Hunchun area for the genesis of mafic magma and age dating, and five groups of Permian to Triassic sandstones belonging to both sides of the potential suture locations in the middle and east Jilin Province for the provenance analysis to discuss the final closure time of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean and the possible positions of the eastward termination of the SXCYS. The gabbro reveals a Middle Permian concordia average age of 266.9 ± 5.2 Ma, and the quartz diorite reveals a Late Permian Concordia average age of 258.8 ± 4.8 Ma. Lithological and geochemical analysis reveal the two rock samples belong to low‐K arc tholeiites from the oceanic island and calk‐alkaline volcanics from the active continental margin, respectively, which implies that during the middle to late Permian, the SW margin of the Jiamusi–Khanka Block (JB) continuously experienced the subduction process from the Paleo‐Asian Ocean Plate. The final closure time of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean should be later than the Late Permian. Meanwhile, four groups of sandstone from the east Jilin reveal typically Jiamusi–Mongolia Block (JMB) provenance features, with age components of ~500 Ma, ~0.9–1.5 Ga implying that the Wangqing, Hunchun, Kaishantun area belongs to the northern part of the SXCYS from late Early Permian to Middle Triassic, with youngest age components of 288.2 ± 2.8, 275.5 ± 1.8, 250 ± 1.7, and 244.9 ± 1.7 Ma, respectively. The late Early Permian sandstone from the middle Jilin reveals the youngest age component of 273.8 ± 3.4 Ma and the age component of 487 ± 3 Ma also revealing JMB feature. Comparing to previous studies, we propose that the Paleo‐Asian Ocean finally closed during Middle to Late Triassic. A possible ENE fault separates the eastern extension of SXCYS into two parts, which means the possible position of the eastward extension of the SXCYS should go along the Wangqing‐Kaishantun with NNW direction in the west, Hunchun‐Laoheishan with NW direction in the east. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In order to define the provenance change across the nonconformable boundary between the second and the third members of the Upper Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation (Campanian) in the north-central area of the Songliao Basin, two sandstone samples above (sample a-1 from the fourth member of the Nenjiang) and below (sample z-1 from the first member of the Yaojia Formation) the nonconformity were collected from core holes. U–Pb dating was performed on detrital zircons separated from the three sandstone samples. Detrital zircons from sample a-1 have dominant age populations of 100–110Ma, 190–220Ma, and ~1800Ma, and sample z-1 has dominant ages of 130–150Ma and ~350Ma. This paper demonstrates that the provenance of the fourth member of the Nenjiang Formation is significantly different from the first member of the Coniacian Yaojia Formation. The provenance above the nonconformity became much more complex and the eastern source increased significantly, while the western source sharply declined. The main source areas of the fourth member of the Nenjiang Formation are mainly the Zhangguangcai Range, the eastern Lesser Xiang'an Range and the southeast of Songliao Basin. The dominant provenance of the first member of the Yaojia Formation is the northern, the central and the southern Great Xing'an Range. According to the depositional ages and combining the latest seismic stratigraphic profiles in the Songliao Basin, the tectonic inversion of the eastern Songliao Basin began between 73Ma and 87Ma, which differs from the previous age of 73Ma. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is the largest accretionary orogen in the world with considerable Phanerozoic juvenile crustal growth. The eastern segment of the CAOB is occupied by NE China and its adjacent areas, which locates in a triangle area surrounded by Siberian Craton to the northwest, North China Craton (NCC) to the south and Pacific oceanic plate to the east. Therefore, the NE China is a key area to study the geological evolution of multiple tectonic systems and overprinting, which has become a hot research topic. In the past five decades, especially the last two decades, there have been many detailed geological investigations carried out and a lot of new data reported in NE China. A progress has been achieved in tectonic evolution, however, there are still many open questions and arguments dealing with the tectonic models, correlation of tectonic units, amalgamation of different blocks and their tectonic affinity. In this study, we did a detailed review of the tectonic evolution of NE China and regional comparison and correlation of the different tectonic units in the eastern segment of CAOB. We re-subdivided NE China into two old blocks of Erguna block (EB) and Jiamusi block (JB) with Precambrian basement and three accretionary terranes of Xing'an accretionary terrane (XAT), Songliao accretionary terrane (SAT) and Zhangguangcai accretionary terrane (ZGCAT), which are separated from each other by the Xinlin-Xiguitu suture (XXS), Hegenshan-Heihe suture (HHS), Longfengshan suture (LFS) and Mudanjiang-Yilan suture (MYS), respectively. The ZGCAT is dominantly composed of early Paleozoic magmatic arc materials and minor late Paleozoic igneous rocks with an old Yichun mini-block, while the SAT consists dominantly of the late Paleozoic magmatic rocks with two small old blocks of the Xilinhot and Longjiang mini-blocks. According to the tectonic correlation and comparation of different tectonic units, we established a new orocline tectonic model for the eastern CAOB: 1) the XAT and ZGCAT accreted to the southern (present position) margin of Ereendavaa-Erguna-Mamyn block (EEMB) and Bureya-Jiamusi-Khanka block (BJKB) with the closure of Xinlin-Xiguitu-Heilongjiang ocean during the early Paleozoic; 2) Subsequently, the SAT accreted to the southern (present position) margin of integrated XAT-ZGCAT terrane with the closure of Hegenshan-Nenjiang-Longfengshan ocean during the late Paleozoic. These initially W-E linear shaped accretionary orogenic belts were ultimately bent southward through Paleozoic time and constituted a huge Paleozoic orocline, NE China Orocline, which collided with NCC by a scissor-like style closure of Paleo-Asian Ocean (PAO) from west to east along the Solonker-Xar Moron-Changchun-Yanji suture (SXCYS) during the late Permian-middle Triassic. The NE China Orocline, together with Tuva-Mongol Orocline and Kazakhstan Orocline in the western CAOB, constituted a huge multiple orocline tectonic system in the CAOB during the Paleozoic era. Our study will contribute to the understanding on tectonic evolutions of CAOB and the NE Asian, and suggests that the orocline should be a common tectonic model for accretionary orogeny. • NE China consists of two Precambrian blocks and three Paleozoic accreted terranes. • A new orocline tectonic model is established for first time in NE China. • Blocks in NE China had been integrated in later Early Carboniferous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The provision of climate services for assessing and governing environmental problems such as poor air quality requires interactions between scientists and decision-makers. Air quality information services in China mainly focus on the coming days to weeks. However, users may benefit from air quality information on climate time-scales—from months to decades; hereafter air quality climate services. We focused on key decision-makers and stakeholders that are users of air quality climate services and conducted five workshops with these identified users to ascertain their priorities for air quality climate services, and the reasoning behind these priorities. We also conducted a choice-based conjoint experiment via an online survey distributed amongst regional and local Climate Centres and Environmental Monitoring Centres to assess quantitatively the decision-makers' needs. The results from the workshops and the survey showed that the needs for air quality climate services by users in China mainly relate to seasonal forecasting of winter haze events (PM 2.5 levels and/or the meteorological conditions conducive to the dispersion of the air pollution); there is also some interest in long-term projections of haze under climate change and a growing interest in ozone pollution in summer. Spatial relevance is perceived to be important to regional and city-level stakeholders who prefer information on the city-level, whilst national-wide information is important for national government agencies. A high level of reliability of forecasts was needed for uptake. The findings on the needs for air quality climate services by potential users can support researchers and policy-makers in developing the scientific capacity and providing tailored and effective air quality climate services in China. • To understand decision-maker needs on air quality climate services, qualitative and quantitative methods were conducted, and the results were compared and combined. • Decision-makers and stakeholders expressed a strong interest for seasonal forecasting for winter haze. • They also expressed a moderate interest for seasonal forecasting for summer ozone pollution, and a modest interest for long-term projections of haze under climate change. • A high level of reliability of forecasts was needed for uptake while multiple sources of uncertainties were recognised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The Gongpoquan porphyry Cu deposit is located in the Beishan Orogen, NW China. • Muscovite 40Ar/39Ar dating yielded Early Devonian (404.0 ± 2.2 Ma) mineralization age. • Ore fluid was magmatic-sourced with more meteoric water input toward late stage. • Fluid mixing and boiling were likely effective mechanism for Cu ore precipitation. • The Devonian mineralization was likely related to Paleo-Tianshan Ocean sbuduction. The Gongpoquan is a representative porphyry Cu deposit in the Beishan Orogen, which is located between the Tarim–North China Craton and South Mongolia. The mineralization is associated with dacite porphyry and granodiorite porphyry, and occurs as veins/veinlets, and disseminations. The mineralization can be divided into three stages: (I) quartz–sericite/muscovite–K-feldspar ± chalcopyrite/bornite veins associated with phyllic alteration, (II) quartz–K-feldspar–chalcopyrite/bornite/pyrite veins/veinlets associated with propylitic alteration, and (III) quartz–calcite ± pyrite ± epidote veins. The mineralizing fluids are characterized by intermediate-low temperatures (peak at 210 to 220 °C), intermediate-low salinities (peak at 1.5 to 5.5 wt% NaCl eqv.), and belong to a H 2 O–NaCl–CO 2 ± CH 4 ± N 2 system. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope data indicate that stage I and II fluids were dominantly magmatic-sourced, with increasing meteoric water input toward stage III. Stage I and IIa-b chalcopyrite, bornite, and sphalerite have in situ δ34S values of −9.0 to −2.4‰, indicating a magmatic sulfur origin. The chalcopyrite has largely similar contents of Ti, Ge, As, Sn, Sb, and Se across stage I to III, and the contents are higher than those of bornite and sphalerite. This indicates that sulfide formation are controlled by intermediate-low temperatures with no mineral textural modification or chemical remobilization throughout the mineralization. Muscovite 40Ar/39Ar dating of stage I vein in the granodiorite porphyry ore host yielded an Early Devonian age of 404.0 ± 2.2 Ma (MSWD = 0.40), indicative of the close temporal with the Gongpoquan arc granitoids formed during the Paleo-Tianshan Ocean subduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]