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Highlights • Afforestation is an important land use option decision for arid and semi-arid regions. • The effect of stand type and stand age on soil carbon storage (SC) was investigated. • The SC for the apricot stand with 40 yrs and 16 yrs was 88.36 Mg ha−1, and 56.16 Mg ha−1, respectively. • The SC for the poplar stand with 40 yrs was 79.07 Mg ha−1. • For afforestations in arid and semi-arid regions, a tradeoff between SC and soil water is required. Abstract Afforestation implemented on available lands that have a poor fertility with a low primary productivity is considered to be a significant land use change issue globally, especially in the current phase of increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. However, different stand types and stand ages, where afforestation is initiated, may have a different effect on soil carbon storage. Two stand types, including the apricot and poplar stand, both with 40 years, and two stand ages, including the apricot stand with 40 years and apricot stand with 16 years were sampled on the Loess Plateau, to explore the differences in soil carbon storage between both of them, respectively. The results showed that the total soil carbon storage up to the 1.0 m soil depth for the poplar stand was 79.07 Mg ha−1, and for the apricot stand with 40 years was 88.36 Mg ha−1, while for the apricot stand with 16 years, it was 56.16 Mg ha−1. About 50% the soil carbon was stored in the 0-0.4 m soil layer for all these forested lands. This ascertains that the soil carbon was very sensitive to climate change and anthropogenic disturbances. Based on these results, if we are interested in combating global warming issue, the apricot trees can be a preferred option for future plantations. However, these plants are likely to consume more water than any other vegetation types. Since water is a limited resource both in arid and semi-arid regions, a tradeoff between soil carbon and soil water should also be considered in future afforestation policy options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Wantou (S. China) is ideal candidate for Early-Middle Triassic boundary stratotype. • Integrated magnetostratigraphy, U–Pb dating, ammonoids, conodonts, stable isotopes. • Preferred level is first Chiosella timorensis conodont near brief polarity chron MT1n. • High-resolution magnetic polarity and δ 13 C correlations to Europe/China sections. • Cooling of 4 °C as δ 13 C rose 4‰ across boundary interval suggests CO 2 drawdown. The Wantou and Youping sections of Guangxi, South China provide a detailed high-resolution integrated calibration of the Early-Middle Triassic boundary succession for lithostratigraphy, volcanic episodes, conodont first occurrences (FOs), ammonoid biostratigraphy, geomagnetic polarity, inorganic carbon isotopes, sea-surface temperatures derived from conodont-apatite oxygen-isotopes, and ID-TIMS U–Pb radiometric dating. The upper Spathian (late Early Triassic) magnetostratigraphy is characterized by normal polarity (magnetozone LT9n) that encompasses the FOs of the typical Spathian conodonts Triassospathodus homeri and Gladigondolella carinata , the late Spathian Neopopanoceras haugi ammonoid zone and the beginning of a progressive positive shift in inorganic carbon isotopes. The overlying reversed polarity interval (LT9r) contains two brief normal-polarity subzones (MT1n and MT2n) that can be recognized in several other marine and terrestrial sections. The FO of conodont Chiosella timorensis sensu stricto , a proposed base-Anisian global marker, is near MT1n and near the end of the positive δ 13 C carb excursion. Sea-surface temperatures were reported to have cooled by 4 °C during this rise in δ 13 C carb , suggesting a sequestration of carbon dioxide. The lowermost Anisian at Wantou and Youping is dominated by normal polarity (MT3n, with the presence of one major reversed-polarity subzone MT3n.1r), contains the FO of typical Anisian conodonts (Gladigondolella tethydis / Magnigondolella alexanderi), and has the onset of a plateau in inorganic carbon isotopes values (stabilizing around +4‰). The combination of the FO of conodont Chiosella timorensis s.s., the brief normal polarity zone (MT1n) and the last portion of the rising carbon-isotope trend are suitable for primary proxies for global correlation of the Early-Middle Triassic boundary (base of Anisian) to other marine and non-marine settings. Radiometric dates at the Wantou and at the Guandao sections, coupled with a composite cyclostratigraphy for Early Triassic through Anisian, indicate that the FO of the conodont Chiosella timorensis s.s. is at approximately 246.7 Ma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing body of research indicates that immunotherapy has demonstrated substantial effectiveness in the realm of metastatic colorectal cancer(mCRC), especially among patients with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) or microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) (dMMR/MSI-H mCRC). This study constitutes the inaugural bibliometric and visual analysis of immunotherapy related to mCRC during the last decade. Between 2013 and the conclusion of 2022, we screened 306 articles from Web of Science and subjected them to analysis using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. The United States stood out as the primary contributor in this area, representing 33.33% of the publications, with China following closely at 24.51%. The most prolific institution has the lowest average citation rate. Sorbonne University were the most highly cited institutions. Notably, Frontiers In Oncology published the largest quantity of articles. Andre, Thierry, and Overman, Michael J. were prominent authors known for their prolific output and the high citation rates of their work. The focus areas in this field encompass "tumor microenvironment," "liver metastasis," "tumor-associated macrophages," "combination therapy" and "gut microbiota." Some keywords offer promise as potential biomarkers for evaluating the effectiveness of immunotherapeutic interventions.