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China's Chang'e‐5 (CE‐5) mission successfully returned a total of 1.731 kg of lunar material from the north‐eastern Oceanus Procellarum region. Young (∼2.0 Ga) ages were reported from the CE‐5 basalts. However, there are controversies on whether they are low‐Ti or high‐Ti mare basalt type. Here, we report the results of a comprehensive petrographic, elemental, and Pb isotopic investigation on a 17.6 mg CE‐5 basalt clast (CE5C0000YJYX048). By combining high‐resolution X‐ray tomography of the clast and microbeam (scanning electron microscope SEM, electron probe microanalyzer EPMA) analyses of mineral grains peeled off the clast surface, we derived the bulk clast chemical composition with a very small sample consumption (i.e., <3 mg). The poikilitic clast has a bulk TiO2 content of 3.78 ± 1.01 wt%, which is representative of a low‐Ti basalt end‐member in the lunar mare basalts samples. Furthermore, the pyroxene in the studied clast is dominantly pigeonite, in contrast to other reported CE‐5 samples where augite is the dominant pyroxene mineralogy. Despite these compositional peculiarities, in situ secondary ion mass spectrometer dating yielded a Pb‐Pb age of 2,040 ± 22 Ma for the fragment, which is consistent with ages reported from other CE‐5. Based on the chemical and age data analyzed in this study, it can be concluded that the lunar basalts obtained from the CE‐5 mission originated from a low‐Ti mare basalt‐type source. The mineral composition of the mare basalt clast studied, which is dominated by pigeonite, fayalite, and anorthite, likely resulted from late‐stage magmatic crystallization when the magma was enriched in Fe. Plain Language Summary: Studying lunar meteorites and samples returned from missions are key ways to conduct scientific research and increase our knowledge of the moon. These methods allow us to move beyond simple observations and make direct measurements of lunar materials. After 45 years from the Apollo and Luna missions, in December 2020, Chang'E‐5 (CE‐5), China's first lunar mission, returned with a total of 1.731 kg of lunar soil. The basalt clasts in the soil are dated at ∼2 billion years ago, which represents the youngest lunar basalt ever studied. The origin of the CE‐5 basalts is still debated because it is composed of heterogeneous materials. The CE‐5 basaltic clast studied here has a unique mineral composition compared to previous data of other CE‐5 basaltic clasts and Apollo basalt samples. This discrepancy is ascribed to the different stages of magma formation in which the occurrence of different minerals subtracted elements and changed the magma's composition. As a result, the heterogeneity of the CE‐5 returned lunar basalts relates to different stages of magma evolution. The present project adds new knowledge to understanding the formation of the lunar basalts around the CE‐5 landing site. Key Points: A new processing method of lunar rock clast is given to characterize the composition and age at milligram‐level sample consumptionAn independent high‐precision in situ secondary ion mass spectrometer Pb‐Pb age of 2,040 ± 22 Ma is determined for a basaltic clast from the Chang'e‐5 lunar missionThe basaltic clasts returned by Chang'e‐5 mission have remarkable compositional variability and are likely composed of low‐Ti mare basalt [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timely sowing and harvesting play important roles in agricultural production. The appropriate management decisions are necessary to cope with climate change and ensure high and stable crop yields. This study analyzed the effects of sowing date on the growth process of winter wheat and quantified the effects of climate resources and photothermal potential yield on theoretical yield at different stages of winter wheat. The analysis was based on the data from winter wheat interval sowing experiments conducted at the Hebei Gucheng Agricultural Meteorology National Observation and Research Station (Gucheng station) in north China (115°40′ E, 39°08′ N) during 2017–2019. The results showed that: (1) with the delay in sowing date, the growth process of winter wheat significantly advanced, the proportion of vegetative growth period significantly reduced (0.19% for per day delay), the proportion of reproductive growth period (RGP) significantly increased (0.12% for per day delay), and the prewintering light and temperature resources significantly reduced (12.2 °C·d accumulated temperature and 19.0 MJ·m−2 solar radiation for per day delay); (2) the theoretical yield of winter wheat showed a significant exponential relationship with the photothermal potential yield of the whole growth period: the minimum photothermal potential for yield formation was 26.6 t·ha−1, and the maximum theoretical yield was 12.6 t·ha−1; and (3) the wheat yield and yield stability were highest when the RGP photothermal potential yield was 16.0 t·ha−1 and the prewintering active accumulated temperature was 400 °C·d. This study also proposed a method to estimate the suitable sowing and harvesting dates to achieve high and stable yield of winter wheat, showing that the suitable sowing dates of winter wheat at Gucheng station from 1997 to 2021 ranged from 1 to 15 October, with no significant interannual variation; the suitable harvesting period ranged from 5 June to 10 July and showed a trend of gradual advance with the delay of the year. The results of the study provide a reference for sowing date adjustment of crops to adapt to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Various therapeutic strategies are available for the first-line treatment of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (aHCC). But which approach is the most cost-effective remains uncertain. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of first-line strategies in aHCC patients from the perspective of Chinese and US payers. Design: A network meta-analysis (NMA) and cost-effectiveness study. Data sources and methods: A NMA was conducted to collect all first-line strategies with aHCC from 1 October 1 2018 until 1 January 2022. The relevant randomized controlled trial literature in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library for the last 3 years were searched. The abstracts of meetings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, European Society of Medical Oncology, and American Association for Cancer Research were also reviewed. A Markov model that included three states was developed. One-way sensitivity and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were performed to investigate the uncertainty of the economic evaluation. Scenario analysis was conducted to explore the economic benefits of treatment strategies in low-income populations. Results: Base-case analysis in China included 1712 patients showed that atezolizumab combined with bevacizumab, sintilimab combined with bevacizumab, lenvatinib (LEVA), and sorafenib (SORA) added 0.46, 1.25, 0.77, and −1.08 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), respectively, compared with donafenib, resulting in an incremental cost-effective ratio of $85607.88, $12109.27, and $1651.47 per QALY at a willingness-to-pay (WTP) of $11101.70/QALY. In the United States, only the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of SORA was higher that were lower than the WTP threshold ($69375/QALY), and LEVA was the most cost-effective strategy with the ICERs were 25022.13/QALY. Conclusion: The NMA and cost-effectiveness analysis revealed that LEVA is the favorite choice in the first-line treatment of Chinese aHCC patients and US payers' perspective when the WTP was $11101.70/QALY in China and $69375.0/QALY in the United States. Registration: This study has been registered on the PROSPERO database with the registration number CRD42021286575. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is aimed at improving student's learning ability and constructing an intelligent, all-around, and three-dimensional innovative classroom by using intelligent technology. Middle school C is taken as the research object. First, the current situation of music teaching in middle school C is analyzed, and an intelligent music teaching mode suitable for middle school C is designed. Second, the intelligent music teaching mode is applied in the actual teaching process, and students' feelings for intelligent music classrooms are explored by a questionnaire survey. Finally, the teaching effect is analyzed. The results show that 96.7% of the students hold a positive attitude towards the new teaching mode, indicating that contemporary students have relatively high adaptation to and recognition with the development of artificial intelligence (AI). 84% of the students are not particularly skilled in the operation of the intelligent network platform, and 9.3% of the students believe that the operation of the platform is relatively difficult. Therefore, teachers should teach students how to use tablets. 95% of the students hold that teachers can quickly find teaching resources related to the course content on the tablet and introduce them to students in the teaching process, indicating that teachers are familiar with the usage of new teaching equipment. On the whole, students have a good experience of the new teaching mode. This new teaching mode based on AI is a response to the new course concept proposed in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was developed as a feasible and reliable treatment for gastrointestinal mucosal or submucosal lesions. Bacteremia may occur after ESD. Currently, the use of prophylactic antibiotics after gastric ESD is controversial. This study was designed to explore the value of prophylactic antibiotics in the treatment of gastric mucosal and submucosal lesions after ESD.Methods: In this prospective study, in total, 103 patients who underwent gastric ESD were included, and the frequency of bacteremia and changes in inflammation-related indicators before and after the procedure were investigated. The patients did not receive prophylactic antibiotics.Results: The body temperature (T), white blood cell count (WBC), and procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels did not significantly differ between the perforation group (N = 40) and nonperforation group before gastric ESD (N = 63) (all P > 0.05). The T, WBC, and CRP levels (all P < 0.05) in the patients with perforation were significantly higher than those in the patients without perforation 24 h after gastric ESD. The incidence of bacteremia did not significantly differ between the two groups (all P > 0.05). In total, 6 of 309 blood cultures were cultured with bacteria. The total frequency of bacteremia in the perforation and nonperforation groups was 2.5% and 3.2%, respectively. No sepsis occurred in any patients.Conclusion: Regardless of whether perforation occurred after gastric ESD, the incidence of bacteremia was transient and low. Therefore, based on our single-center study in China, prophylactic antibiotics may not be necessary in patients with intraoperative perforation during gastric ESD.Trial Registration: A single-center prospective study at chictr.org.cn (ChiCTR1800019668). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1990s blood-borne HIV epidemic in China cost tens of thousands of lives. This article traces the political origins of and early responses to this catastrophe, drawing on published documents, especially government publications. Government-business collusion, which has been emphasized in the literature, cannot alone account for the catastrophe nor for the government's reaction. In the 1980s, the Chinese government promoted the domestic blood-product industry to keep AIDS, which was considered a foreign disease, out of the country and adopted the broadly accepted and efficient technology of plasmapheresis. However, it neglected the early warning signs of hepatitis cross-infection, thus failing to prevent the spread of HIV. This article also reveals that, complementary to the conventional focus on delayed reactions in Henan, health officials in Hebei initially reported the outbreak of HIV to their superiors in February 1995 and, in response, the central government in fact intervened. Nevertheless, infected victims—let alone the public—were not alerted to this communicable disease, which resulted in a second wave of transmission. This study implies that preemptively the Chinese government did not deem it necessary to act when risks were (mis)identified as noncritical, and reactively it withheld information from the public while coping with the emergency. As a result, the governance of health and safety was compromised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's blood-borne HIV catastrophe in the 1990s prompted the government to adopt a blood-collection system that combines voluntary donations with the state's monopoly on blood services. Juxtaposing fieldwork and survey data, this study examines how the intricate interplay between government manoeuvres and citizen reactions has led to blood shortages that are serious yet manageable. This article reveals that even though voluntary blood donations are adversely affected by a public distrust of state-run collection agencies, owing to political concerns healthcare officials shirk from engaging with citizens to overcome the distrust. It also finds that the blood shortages are nevertheless largely manageable because the authorities have the capacity to recruit captive donors through work units, with the caveat that such captive practices are used sparingly. Overall, this study argues that the lack of state–society synergy in voluntary donations, while exacerbated by government involvement, is also partially remedied by the government's mobilization of captive donors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zircon oxygen isotope compositions can provide potential constraints on the origin of granitic magmas. In this work, we report new data of zircon U Pb dating, trace elements and Hf O isotopes for two types of mid-Cretaceous high-silica granites from Zhoushan archipelago in Zhejiang Province, SE China. The in-situ zircon data are carefully screened for radiation damage and post-magmatic alteration. The analyzed magmatic zircon grains indicate that the Zhoushan calc-alkaline granites (ZCAG; 101–92 Ma) have mantle-like δ18O values of 5.29–5.88 ‰, in contrast to the Zhoushan peralkaline granites (ZPAG; 91–89 Ma) with relatively low δ18O of 4.42–4.6 ‰. The slight decreases in δ18O and ε Hf (t) from zircon center to periphery of both groups suggest that they may have consistent oxygen isotopic compositions in their parental magma sources and have gone through assimilations to hydrothermally altered wall rocks in the shallow crust. The mantle-like δ18O values in zircon are widespread in the Cretaceous felsic rocks in the present coastal area of SE China, which, in combination Hf isotopes, indicates the possible existence of a buried unweathered Proterozoic basement in the eastern part of the Cathaysia Block. This work highlights the role of deep crustal magma sources, assimilation and post-magmatic radioactive damage on the formation of mantle-like to low δ18O signals in zircons, and has fundamental implications for understanding the formation of widespread mid-Cretaceous felsic rocks along the present coastal area of SE China. [Display omitted] • We report zircon δ18O difference in Zhoushan calc-alkaline and peralkaline rocks. • Lower zircon δ18O in both rocks may be caused by post-magmatic radioactive damage. • Both magmas originally have mantle-like δ18O sources and experienced assimilations. • There is an unweathered Proterozoic basement source in eastern Cathaysia Block. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Job burnout among nurses has been a challenging problem in recent years globally and in China. Work-related stress, work-life interference and mental health have been shown to be associated with nurse job burnout. However, the underlying mechanisms remain not fully understood. This study aims to examine the complex relationships linking work-related stress to nurse burnout among Chinese nurses. Study data were collected from female nurses (n = 2172) in cities of Wuhan, Shiyan and Jingzhou, Hubei Province of China. Job burnout was used as outcome variable, work-related stress was the predictor, work-life interference and anxiety symptoms were mediators. Mediation and chained mediation modeling analysis were used for data analysis. The association between work-related stress and job burnout was significantly mediated by work-family conflict (indirect effect[95%CI] = 0.05[0.05,0.06]) and anxiety symptoms (indirect effect = 0.42[0.36,0.49]), respectively. Further, a chained mediation mechanism was observed with work-family conflict and anxiety symptoms consecutively mediated the relationship between work-related stress and job burnout (indirect effect = 0.02[0.01,0.02]). The data were collected in one province in central China, so it needs caution when generalizing the study findings to other regions within or outside of China. Work-related stress exerts effects on job burnout through work-family conflict and anxiety symptoms among female nurses in China. Work-related stress-based burnout prevention must consider both work-family conflict and mental health problems. • Chinese nurses experience a moderate level of job burnout. • Work-related stress increases the level of nurse burnout. • Work-family conflict and anxiety symptoms mediate the relationship between work-related stress and burnout. • Intervention about the interpersonal and marital relationship should be emphasized when developing burnout prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mid-Neoproterozoic phengite-bearing orthogneisses were discovered in western Yangtze. • The low-T/P metamorphism was accompanied by external melt infiltration. • The metamorphism occurred on the forearc side and via underthrusting. • Western Yangtze underwent prolonged (ca. 970–750 Ma) oceanic subduction. • Rodinia's peripheral orogenesis features alternated trench advance and retreat. Identifying long-lived subduction at the periphery of supercontinents provides insights into the processes of block assembly and dispersal within the supercontinent cycle. The Yangtze Block of South China stands as a key component during the transition from Rodinia to Gondwana, characterized by active tectono-magmatic processes throughout the early to middle Neoproterozoic. However, the lack of metamorphic records associated with accretionary orogenesis results in ambiguity about the tectonic regime and its evolution in Rodinia during this period. Here, we present evidence of low-temperature/pressure ratio (low- T/P) metamorphism in phengite-bearing orthogneisses from the western margin of the Yangtze Block (WYB). Through petrographic investigations and zircon U–Pb–Hf–O isotopic analysis in core and rim domains, we identify two distinct metamorphic rock types, with protolith ages of 1419 ± 19 Ma and 831 ± 9 Ma. Both rock types record metamorphism at ca. 830–820 Ma, accompanied by infiltration of externally-derived melts with high-δ18O and unradiogenic Hf isotopes. Our phase equilibria modeling, combined with mineral thermometry and Si -in-phengite content, shows peak metamorphic conditions of ∼550 °C and ∼8.2–8.6 kbar, corresponding to a cold geothermal gradient (19.0–20.5 °C/km). The low- T/P metamorphism is interpreted to occur either in a subduction zone accretionary wedge or in an overriding forearc continental crust, providing robust evidence for Neoproterozoic orogenesis of the WYB within a subduction framework. Based on petrological, isotopic, and paleomagnetic data, we conclude that the WYB represents part of a long-lived subduction girdle (at least ca. 970–750 Ma) at the periphery of Rodinia. Since the early stage of Rodinia breakup, this girdle was involved in alternating advance and retreat accretionary orogenesis as the Yangtze Block continuously drifted away from a mantle upwelling toward the degree-2 girdle of mantle downwelling. Our study provides a snapshot of the evolution of a complete long-lived circum-Rodinian subduction girdle during the transition from Rodinia to Gondwana. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Tectonic mélange consists of mafic granulite and amphibolite lenses intercalated within the metapelite. • The HP mafic granulite records clock P − T paths including ITD and subsequent IBC segments. • Diverse peak P − T conditions further signify the tectonic mélange formed in the tectonic exhumation. • The Paleoproterozoic orogenesis resembles the modern plate tectonics. Amphibolite- to granulite-facies rocks are widely distributed in the Hengshan Complex, middle Trans-North China Orogen, and the high-pressure (HP) mafic granulite has been recently identified in the southern Hengshan area. The HP mafic granulite and amphibolite occur as rootless tectonic boudins/lenses within the TTG (tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite) gneiss/metapelite, indicative of typical "block-in-matrix" texture of metamorphic-tectonic mélange. Three to four generations of metamorphic mineral assemblages that correspond to the prograde (M1), peak (M2), and retrograde (M3-M4) stages, are recognized in these rocks. Conventional geothermobarometry and phase equilibrium modeling yield peak P–T conditions of 10.8–13.8 kbar/754–799 °C for the HP mafic granulite and 7.3–9.0 kbar/690–725 °C for the supracrustal rocks, respectively. A clockwise P–T path with near-isothermal decompression (ITD) and subsequent near-isobaric cooling (IBC) segments is reconstructed for the HP mafic granulite, indicating a dynamic subduction–collision–exhumation process that unfolded during an orogenic event. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) U-Pb dating of zircon yields metamorphic ages of ca. 1.91–1.83 Ga, representing the long-lived tectono-metamorphic event caused by collision between the Eastern and Western Blocks along the Trans-North China Orogen. It is hypothesized that the tectono-metamorphic mélange in the area originated from the tectonically juxtaposition of metamorphic rocks that had diverse protoliths, different peak P–T conditions and discrepant metamorphic ages. This complexity may be a hallmark of Paleoproterozoic orogens, drawing intriguing parallels with the intricate characteristics observed in Phanerozoic orogenic belts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The δ34S value of ore stage pyrite in the "Golden Triangle" area varies significantly from −7.5 to +20‰. • The Co/Ni ratios of ore stage pyrite in the "Golden Triangle" area are mostly <2. • The ore-forming fluid in the "Golden Triangle" area could possibly be sourced from metamorphism of sedimentary rocks >500 Ma in this area. The Dian-Qian-Gui "Golden Triangle" area of Southwest China hosts a large number of Au deposits. However, the sources of the ore-forming fluids are still controversial, hampering the formulation of a sound genetic model and effective ore prospecting. Here we investigate the sources of ore-forming fluids by an integrated study of in-situ sulfur isotope analyses and available trace element (e.g., Co and Ni) data for the pyrite in the "Golden Triangle" area. We find that the ore stage pyrites are featured by low Co/Ni ratios (mostly < 2), which is distinct from pyrite formed in magmatic-hydrothermal systems but resemble typical sedimentary pyrite. In addition, the significant variation (from −7.5 to +20.0‰) in sulfur isotopes (δ 34S) of the ore stage pyrite in these deposits also support a sedimentary origin of the ore-forming fluids. Considering the difference in sulfur isotopic compositions of ore-stage pyrite and the sedimentary host rocks, we suggest the metasedimentary basement rocks (>500 Ma) in the area may have supplied most of the sulfur and gold for the ore-forming fluids during the Triassic orogenesis in the Dian-Qian-Gui "Golden Triangle" area of Southwest China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) related symptoms among healthcare workers (HWs) who were in the fighting against COVID-19 in Nanjing of China, and further to examine the association between working place and FGIDs-related symptoms among HWs during the period of COVID-19 epidemic., Methods: An online anonymous survey was conducted among those HWs without history of FGIDs, who took part in the fighting against the COVID-19 epidemic between July and September of 2021 in Nanjing, China. All the 15 FGIDs-related symptoms included in the Rome IV diagnostic questionnaire for adults were investigated in this study. The outcome variable was the presence of FGIDs-related symptoms ("Yes" or "No"), while the independent measure was participants' working place ("in-ward" or "out-ward"). Logistics regression models were applied to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the association of working place with FGIDs-related symptoms among those healthcare workers., Results: Totally, 336 eligible participants completed the survey. The prevalence of FGIDs-related symptoms was 48.8% (95%CI = 43.4%, 54.3%) among overall participants, with 40.7% (95%CI = 33.14%, 48.71%) and 56.3% (95%CI = 48.59%, 63.73%) for in-ward and out-ward HWs, respectively. Compared to their in-ward counterparts, those out-ward HWs were at a 1.88-fold likelihood (95%CI = 1.22, 2.89) to experience FGIDs-related symptoms during the period of fighting against the COVID-19 epidemic. After adjustment for potential confounders, such a positive association attenuated but still remained significant., Conclusions: A high prevalence of FGIDs-related symptoms was observed among those HWs who were without history of FGIDs during the fighting against COVID-19, and out-ward HWs were at a significantly higher risk to experience FGIDs-related symptoms relative to their in-ward counterparts in regional China. It has important implications that particular attention shall be paid to functional gastrointestinal issues for healthcare workers, especially those who are at uncertain risks of infectious diseases, when they participate in response to public health emergencies in future., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Zhang, Guan, Shen, Qiao, Yuan and Xu.)

Background: The study was conducted in order to analyze the incidence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis syndrome (HITTS) in 240 patients from the Department of Vascular Surgery in China, to evaluate the current laboratory detection technique, and to explore the feasibility for the technique to be developed in China., Methods: 240 patients receiving unfractionated heparin (UFH) were studied in one center. Before and after the UFH treatment, platelet count, HIT-antibody ELISA test, and heparin-induced platelet aggregation (HIPA) were tested., Results: Among 240 patients, HIT was diagnosed in 36 cases. The incidence was 15%. HITTS occurred in 6 cases (2.5%). The median time of thrombocytopenia was the 8th day. Platelet counts recovered to normal level in 3 - 6 days after heparin withdrawal, Conclusions: The incidence of HIT is higher; however, the incidence of HITTS is lower. Monitoring platelet count, which is simple and easy to do and available in hospitals at different levels (township hospital included), is a reliable method to diagnose HIT early. The HIT-antibody ELISA test could be introduced in specific hospitals to prescreen HIT. In view of the higher sensitivity and specificity of HIPA, it can be used in larger diagnostic centers in all the big cities of China.