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The long-term height-resolved wind trend in China under global warming still needs to be discovered. To fill this gap, in this paper we examined the climatology and long-term (1979–2021) trends of the wintertime wind speed at the near-surface and upper atmosphere in China based on long-term radiosonde measurements. At 700, 500, and 400 hPa, much higher wind speed was found over eastern China, compared with western China. At 300, 200, and 100 hPa, maximum wind speed was observed in the latitude zone of around 25–35°N. Furthermore, westerly winds dominated most parts of China between 20°N and 50°N at altitudes from 700 hPa to 100 hPa. A stilling was revealed for the near-surface wind from 1979–2003. From 2004 onward, the near-surface wind speed reversed from decreasing to increasing. This could be largely due to the joint impact of reduced surface roughness length, aerosol optical depth (AOD), and increased sensible heat flux in the ground surface. The decrease of AOD tended to reduce aerosol radiative forcing, thereby destabilizing the planetary boundary layer (PBL). By comparison, the wintertime wind in the upper atmosphere exhibited a significant monotonic upward trend, albeit with varying magnitude for different altitudes. In the upper troposphere, the wintertime maximum wind was observed along a westerly jet stream, with a pronounced upward trend within the zone approximately bounded by latitudes of 25–50°N, particularly above 500 hPa. This accelerating wind observed in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere could be closely associated with the large planetary-scale meridional temperature trend gradient. Besides, the direction for the wind at the near-surface and lower troposphere (925 and 850 hPa) exhibited a larger variance over the period 1979–2021, which could be associated with the strong turbulence of PBL caused by the heterogeneous land surface. For those pressure levels higher than 850 hPa, large wind directional variance was merely found to the south of 25 °N. The findings from long-term radiosonde measurements in winter over China shed light on the changes in wind speed on the ground and upper atmosphere under global warming from an observational perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress is a central environmental factor that severely limits maize production worldwide. Root architecture plays an important role in drought tolerance and can be targeted in breeding programmes. Here, we conducted phenotyping of root architecture under different water treatments for 373 maize inbred lines, representative germplasm from both China and the United States in different breeding eras. We found that seminal root length in response to drought stress experienced convergent increase during breeding in both countries. Using a genome‐wide association study, we identified a total of 221 associated loci underlying 13 root traits under well‐watered and water‐stressed conditions. These loci harboured many reported root‐ and abiotic stress‐related genes. Furthermore, a total of 75 strong candidate genes were prioritised by integrating candidate genes associated with seminal root length and differentially expressed genes in seminal root. One of high‐confidence candidate genes, ZmCIPK3 was functionally characterised and probably plays a role in enhancing drought tolerance through regulating seminal root growth. This study provides valuable information for genetic improvement of root architecture and drought tolerance in maize. SUMMARY STATEMENT: This study reports the root architecture changes associated with drought stress in maize seedlings, loci and high‐confidence candidates underlying root traits, and overexpression of ZmCIPK3 exhibiting improved drought tolerance through regulating seminal root growth, laying the foundation for genetic improvement of drought tolerance in maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sports apps are third-party applications for smartphones or wearables that can help users record fitness data and guide their exercise behavior. Many Chinese college students are compelled to use sports apps for running exercises to improve their physical health and cultivate extracurricular exercise habits; however, the acceptance and use of sports apps by college students in mandatory situations requires elucidation. We explored the influencing factors of university students' behavioral intention and usage behavior to use sports apps in mandatory situations by combining the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and the Self-Determination Theory. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 249 students of Liaoning University of Technology by using non-probabilistic convenient sampling. Data analysis was performed by employing partial least squares structural equation modeling. The results showed that (1) the research model explained 66% (R2 = 0.66) of the variance in behavioral intention and 30% (R2 = 0.30) of the variance in usage behavior; (2) performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and autonomous motivation significantly positively affected behavioral intention, while controlled motivation negatively affected behavioral intention; and (3) behavioral intention, autonomous motivation, and controlled motivation significantly positively affected usage behavior. The influence of facilitating conditions on usage behavior was non-significant. The results will help technical developers and schools to better understand the influencing factors of college students' use of sports apps in mandatory situations, and formulate corresponding improvement strategies and policies to further promote the role sports apps play in college students' exercise behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an ordinary alteration mineral in the process of fluid–rock interaction, chlorite (most especially its chemical composition) has the potential to become an effective tool to reveal the physicochemical conditions during alteration and help exploration. However, its elemental characteristics during the chloritization process are yet to be clearly understood. The Dehua‐Youxi‐Yongtai (DYY) ore district in south‐east China is one of the potential areas of gold and polymetallic deposits. Lying in the north‐west section of the DYY ore district, the Donghua area is notable for its remarkable metallogenic potential, and porphyry‐epithermal systems might have developed in the area. This study focuses on the elemental characteristics of chlorite in the Donghua area as footprints of the alteration process and mineralization vectoring. According to the geological features and occurrences, the chlorite from Donghua can be divided into two generations: (a) Chlorite I is closely related to chloritization developed in intrusive and volcanic rocks (Permian quartz monzobiorite and Jurassic volcanic rocks of Changlin Formation), and (b) chlorite II is accompanied by superimposed hydrothermal overprinting. The alteration process suggested by overprinting chlorite II can be regarded as almost coeval with the ca. 154–153 Ma magmatic event, and chlorite II is later than chlorite I generation. According to the geothermometry of the chlorite in Donghua, chlorite I might have crystallized on the temperature of 180–240°C with a peak of ~200°C, and the overprinting chlorite II might have experienced two episodes of hydrothermal/epithermal fluid pulsing. The mineral geochemistry of the trace elements in the two generations of the chlorite in Donghua shows different characteristics. The replacement of Mg2+ by Fe2+ plays an important role for ionic substitution in the octahedral position, especially for chlorite II. The other occasion might be Mg and Fe jointly entering the octahedral position as well as Mg‐ and Fe‐AlVI substitution mechanisms. The enrichment of Mg especially in chlorite II suggests low‐grade oxidation and acid conditions, which might be beneficial for the transportation of metallogenic substances. The obvious differences of Co and Ni are remarkable aspects of the trace elements of chlorite in Donghua, resulted by the ion substitution and function of different octahedral site preference energy. The mineral chemistry of chlorite II from Donghua can be helpful for targeting and exploration vectoring in the DYY ore district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On July 20, 2013, a landslide-induced debris flow occurred in Dujiangyan city, China. Eleven houses were destroyed with more than 166 fatalities. Previous literature indicated that the 2008 Ms 8.0 earthquake and a long period of heavy rain contributed to this landslide. The rock slide was initiated and 21% of the rupture mass fell from the cliff. These rocks fragmented when impacting the ground and then entrained the base soil. Subsequently, the volume of rockfall increased by 28%. In an area of flow convergence, a short-lived blockage occurred, and the following outburst triggered a debris flow. Previous field investigations have shown that both topography and bed entrainment affect the landslide-debris flow transformation. However, the dynamic process has not been quantified. In this study, the discrete element method (DEM) considering the dragging and rolling effects was used to perform a back numerical analysis to capture the dynamic processes. The computational results indicate two different entrainment scenarios, plowing and shearing. The former occurred when the rock slide detached from the cliff, and the latter occurred when debris material moved above the colluvium. The landslide transformed into a debris flow during a short-term blockage that occurred in the gradually narrowing channel. During flow convergence, the inertial shearing stress developed due to the inter-particle collision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Integrated optimization model for biomass-based renewable hydrogen production systems is proposed. • We calculate and evaluate the biomass utilization potential of a certain area. • We made predictions through chemical reaction kinetics and thermodynamic models. • Inventory model is embedded in it to decide the optimal production and operation management. • The effectiveness of the model was tested through a mixed biomass project in Sichuan Province, China. In this study, we propose a novel optimization method for designing and operating various types of biomass-based renewable hydrogen production systems. To this end, we considered the coupling of multiple biomass hybrid utilization processes for hydrogen production. First, we calculated and evaluated the biomass utilization potential of a given area. Second, we predicted the biomass gasification products using chemical reaction kinetics and thermodynamic models. Finally, we determined the optimal annual total cost of the hydrogen production supply chain by optimizing the microscopic operation of the biomass gasification plant. Through the proposed method, it is possible to effectively conduct a comprehensive assessment of regional biomass material hydrogen production; moreover, the optimal design of the biomass hydrogen production supply chain can also be determined based on the availability of biomass and hydrogen demand. More precisely, the logistics operations under fluctuating demand conditions were realized, enabling strategic decision-making for planning a biomass hydrogen production system. To validate the model, a case study analysis of biomass hydrogen production, to be launched in Sichuan Province, China, is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocardiogram (ECG) outcomes serve as early manifestations of cardiovascular functional or structural changes. While temperature fluctuation has been demonstrated to be a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, few epidemiological studies have reported its relationship with ECG outcomes. In this study, we employed temperature anomaly (TA) as an innovative indicator of temperature fluctuation to quantify its detrimental impacts on ECG outcomes. A longitudinal study design was conducted using the repeated ECG records of the China National Stroke Screening Survey from 2013 to 2019. Only individuals undergoing at least two ECG tests were included. The daily temperature was assimilated by combining three kinds of data: in situ observations, satellite remote sensing measurements and weather research forecast simulations. We used generalized estimating equations to control for autocorrelation among repeated records and to estimate the association between TA and the risk of ECG abnormalities. We found 6837 events of ECG abnormalities in 47,286 individuals with 102,030 visits. Each unit increment of TA increased the risk of ECG abnormalities [odds ratio (OR) = 1.009, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.001–1.017] and the risk of myocardial ischemia (OR = 1.061, 95% CI: 1.012–1.111). Hierarchic analyses presented a similar association of TA with both ECG abnormalities (OR = 1.017, 95% CI: 1.008–1.026) and myocardial ischemia (OR = 1.061, 95%CI: 1.011–1.114) in Northern China, but not in Southern China. The exposure-response relationship was estimated as a U-shaped curve centered at the TA value of zero. Sudden warming tended to increase the risk of ECG abnormalities and myocardial ischemia, and sudden cooling tended to increase the risk of atrial fibrillation. All these detrimental effects of TA could be modified by specific individual characteristics. In summary, ambient temperature fluctuation increased the risk of ECG abnormalities. This result indicated that regular ECG tests could be an early-warning measure for monitoring the adverse health effects of temperature fluctuations. • Temperature anomaly (TA) is an innovative index reflecting temperature fluctuations. • Each unit increment of TA increases the risk of ECG abnormalities. • The exposure-response curve is U-shaped which centered at the TA value of zero. • ECG tests can be used to monitor the health effects of temperature fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: China has made tremendous progresses in serving the needs of its people living with rare diseases in the past decade, especially over the last 5 years. The Chinese government's systematic approach included a series of coordinated initiatives, amongst these are: forming the Rare Disease Expert Committee (2016), funding the "Rare Diseases Cohort Study" (2016-2020), and publishing its first "Rare Disease Catalog" (2018). Herein, we present the National Rare Diseases Registry System (NRDRS)-China's first national rare diseases registry, and the analysis of cases registered in the first 5 years ending Dec 31, 2020.Results: The total 62,590 cases covered 166 disease/disease types, forming 183 disease cohorts. The data from nearly 22% of them (13,947 cases) is also linked to valuable biological samples. The average age of definitive diagnosis was 30.88 years; 36.07% of cases were under 18 years of age. Regional distribution analysis showed 60% of cases were from the more developed, wealthier East and North China, suggesting the local availability of quality care and patients' financial status were key access factors. Finally, 82.04% of cases were registered from the five clinical departments: Neurology, Endocrine, Hematology, Cardiovascular, and Nephrology, suggesting that either these are most affected by rare diseases, or that there were disease non-specific ascertainment factors.Conclusions: The preliminary analysis of the first 5-year's data provides unique and valuable insight on rare disease distribution in China, and higlights the directions for enhancing equity, scale and utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reductholaspis Emberson is rediagnosed with the description of a new species, Reductholaspis longicorniculussp. nov. Shen & Yi from southwestern China. This is the first report of the genus Reductholaspis from the Oriental Region and the first described male for the genus. Reductholaspis longicorniculussp. nov. is distinguished from R. analis Hyatt & Emberson by the dorsal shield with 28 pairs of setae, posterior margin of the sternal shield with deep hollows lateral to iv2, latigynal sclerites well developed, metasternal plates ovate, all setae on coxae I–IV pilose, tarsus I with proximal pilose setae, and three pairs of lightly sclerotized platelets between the epigynal shield and anal shield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the complex geological processes of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, numerous deposits, especially the large-scale ancient landslide deposits, are characteristic features of the valleys incised in southwestern China. Intense water level fluctuations since 2011 in Maoergai Reservoir, China, registered the reactivation of Xierguazi ancient landslide, and presented a significant risk to neighboring facilities. Based on detailed field survey and drilling exploration, the landslide was divided into Zone A and Zone B, and other characterizations of landslide were studied as well. To precisely measure the extent of landslide displacement during filling and drawdown stage, surface displacement monitoring system was deployed on the landslide. The monitoring analyses data reveal that reservoir fluctuation is the dominant factor influencing landslide displacement, especially during drawdown stage. Moreover, a future sliding is anticipated in Zone A, while a creep had already existed in Zone B. A reservoir regulation was then established using the lead-lag correlation between reservoir fluctuation and landslide displacement and landslide stability analysis. In the end, the follow-up deformation monitoring demonstrates that the reservoir regulation controlled the landslide effectively. Landslide control by reservoir regulation in Maoergai can serve as a case study for other settlements involved in similar construction activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes three new species of genus Cunaxoides, namely, C. reticulatus Chen & Jin sp. nov., C. kanasensis Chen & Jin sp. nov. and C. allokanasensis Chen & Jin sp. nov., which are described and figured from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five species of Unionicola Haldeman, 1842 (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Unionicolidae) were collected between 2018 and 2019. Notably, Unionicola (Armatax) armata Walter, 1929, previously unrecorded in China, is now documented for the first time in the country. Additionally, Unionicola newsumi Wiles, 1999 has been reclassified and assigned to the new subgenus Vespicola within the genus Unionicola Haldeman, 1842. These findings also led to the establishment of three new subgenera: Micronodusgen. nov., Vespicolagen. nov., and Lingshuiataxgen. nov. including four species: Unionicola soluplatussp. nov. U. jinisp. nov. U. caudipessp. nov. and U. armatallasp. nov. This marks the first description and documentation of these subgenera and species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species, Gamasodes pachysetis Yao & Jin sp. nov., is described based on deutonymphs and adults from Jiangsu and Taiwan provinces, China. A nominal species, Gamasodes spinigerTrägårdh, 1910, new to China, is redescribed also based on deutonymph and adults from Guizhou Province. A key to Gamasodes species of China is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On July 23, 2019, a large-scale landslide occurred in Jichang town, Shuicheng County, Liupanshui City, Guizhou Province in China. The landslide, which moved along two gullies, resulted in strong punching-shear, induced scarping on vegetation and large destruction of houses, and finally formed a deposit with a volume of 2 × 106 m3. This research aims to understand the effect of topography on landslide kinematics. To achieve this aim, a detailed field investigation was first carried out with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) aerial photography survey, resident interviews, and field sampling. The rainfall analysis indicates the effective rainfall within 7 days before landslides was 70.14 mm which exceeded the rainfall threshold of 54.3 mm in this region, which finally triggered the landslide. Traditional soil mechanic tests were then performed to identify the soil properties of the source material. Combined with numerical simulation using the nonlinear shallow water equation, the whole process of landslides was divided into four stages: instability stage, acceleration stage, transformation stage, and impact and accumulation stage. The simulations results show the landslide block slid with a low velocity of 8 m/s for about 100 m. Then, Froude number of landslide increases from 2 to 3 when passing the high and steep terrain, indicating that landslide change to inertial dominated with potential same Froude behavior of classic debris flow. The rupture mass slid with the peak velocity of 23 m/s and diverged in two gullies and ran out for about 600 m. The maximum velocity is 23 m/s in east gully while only 15 m/s in west gully. Compared with deep and incised valleys in the west, shallow and straight valley in the east decreases the deposit depth and further increases the velocity of landslide material with increased runout distance. This research may provide a fast flow path of back analyzing geo-hazards on complex terrain and serve as a basis for future research on long runout landslides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous advancement of medical technology, the survival rate of high-risk children is increasing year by year, but the developmental problems that have gradually become apparent in the later stages have a serious impact on the quality of life of children. Amplitude-integrated EEG is an EEG monitoring technology developed for clinical use in newborns in recent years. Therefore, to better detect neuromata development in high-risk children, this study explores the validity prediction of amplitude-integrated EEG in early neuromata development in high-risk children. For 100 high-risk children, amplitude-integrated EEG was used for monitoring, and the exercise scale and validity predictors in the Bailey Infant Development Scale were used to assess whether high-risk children had neurobehavioral abnormalities. The experimental results show that the application of amplitude-integrated EEG can make accurate and effective predictions of early neuromata development outcomes in high-risk children. Compared with traditional neurological examination methods, it has higher sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and consistency in predicting the early neuromata development outcomes of high-risk children. It is suitable for application and promotion in China and has a good application value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Lepidocunaxoides (Acariformes: Cunaxidae) is recorded for the first time from China and the generic diagnosis is revised on the basis of both sexes of a new species, Lepidocunaxoides bomiensis Chen & Jin sp. nov.. The new species differs from the known species Lepidocunaxoides robustus Kalúz & Ermilov, 2019 by follows: palpal tibiotarsus claw unbranched apically and tibiotarsus with a proximal bifurcated seta; cheliceral seta and adoral setae absent; propodosomal shield concave anteromedially; tibia II with one bsl. Cunaxoides neopectinatusShiba, 1978 is transferred to Lepidocunaxoides based on the generic concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with two species of Scutascirus. Scutascirus hechiensis Chen & Jin sp. nov. is distinguished from the close species, S. pentascutellusCorpuz-Raros & Garcia, 1996 by the follows: basifemur IV with 2 sts; telofemora III with 4 sts and IV with 3 sts; genu IV with 6 sts; tibia I with 2 bsl and III with 1 bsl; tarsus I with 3 bsl. The male of Scutascirus triangulumLin, Zhang & Ji, 2001 is described for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of Orangescirulinae, Orangescirula lii Chen & Jin sp. nov., is described and illustrated. It is characterized by having 2 claw-like setae, no solenidion and adorsal setae on palpal tibiotarsus, having 5 pairs of hysterogastral setae, 1 bsl and 5 sts on tibia III, 1 asl and 3 bsl on tarsus I. A key to adult females of Orangescirula of the world is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We specify a general model of the dynamic abatement technology adoption process and show how the accumulated experience among them can alter the adoption timing. Learning-by-doing (LBD) effect is considered to describe the reduction of the costly price to the adoption. Moreover, spillovers effect which reflects how accumulated experience can be shared among different technologies, is integrated into the learning process. To ensure the specification convincing, some reasonable assumptions are considered such as one abatement technology must conduct its own experience in order to realize the spillover. Besides, to investigate how the abatement process is influenced by the technology allocation under the spillovers effect, an endogenous emission path is considered to necessitate a meaningful optimization problem. Finally, apart from obtaining some basic properties of the model, we implement an empirical study to verify the effectiveness of the model. Data from the iron industry in China is used to specify the process, which can highlight the spillovers effect among different technologies from a sector angle. In the results, we find that intrinsic mechanism in the model results in the interplay among abatement coefficient, spillover factor and the growing rate of the emission etc. Collaborative relationships between variables are discussed as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The erythraeid species can be assigned with larva or adult only, or both under current Erythraeidae taxonomy. The present study describes two new erythraeid species from Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (Oriental region). Marantelophus neodubifurcatussp. nov. is based on larvae that were off-host when collected, while Erythraeus (Zaracarus) mossesussp. nov. is based on a female adult, which was preying on an ant when collected, and larvae which were her offspring. The genus Marantelophus is divided into two species groups based on the odontus with or without a subterminal tooth, and M. neodubifurcatussp. nov. belongs to the group with the subterminal tooth. The larval members of the subgenus Erythraeus (Zaracarus) are divided into five species groups, and E. (Z.) mossesussp. nov. belongs to the group with the characters such that AL without swelling near bases, and fn BFe = 2-2-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sichuan-Tibet Railway traverses the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China, where giant landslides occur frequently and densely. Accurately assessing the velocity, runout distance, and influenced area of the potential landslides is one of the nonnegligible scientific and technical issues. This study establishes a dynamic model for the landslide runout assessment along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway. The proposed model is based on the shallow water theory and takes into account the mechanism that the friction is weakening with the increase of velocity, the finite difference method is used to solve the governing equations, and the ideal one-dimensional dam break experiment was used to verify the shock-capturing capacity of the numerical methods. The Lagang ancient landslide, only 500 m away from the Jiacha Station of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway, represents the typical environment and development pattern of landslides in this region. Therefore, the proposed model is applied to discuss its effects on the landslide dynamic process and deposit patterns. Besides, 75 sets of numerical experiments were further carried out to explore the sensibility of the three parameters including peak friction coefficient μ p , steady friction coefficient μ s , and critical velocity V c in this model. The results indicate that μ s determine the lower limit of the friction coefficient, which significantly impacts the landslide runout distance; μ p is mainly acting at the initial and final stage and has less influence on the landslide dynamic. By contrast, V c is the most significant. When the V c is small, the landslide can quickly reach the threshold velocity after the initial, and the dynamic process has a small correlation with the μ p ; when the V c is large, the landslide is difficult to reach the threshold, and the mobility will be limited. It should be noted that the materials, lithology, strength, and micro-cracks of landslides mass formed under the special geological, geomorphic, and climatic conditions in this region may affect the input values when using the friction weakening model on landslides risk assessment. • Established a numerical method for landslide risk assessment in the Sichuan-Tibet railway area • The parameters sensitivity of the resistance weakening model was discussed based numerical tests • Provides a calibration basis and range for the parameters required to apply the model [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is a key negative emission technology in response to climate change. The industrial chain of BECCS is composed of multi-agent participants: farmers, middlemen, enterprises. This paper fills a gap in BECCS research by establishing a tripartite evolutionary game model and conducting system dynamics simulation to analyze the participants' interaction and strategy choices on system equilibrium in supply chain of BECCS under vertical integration operation model, and further discussing the influence of policy incentives on BECCS. The results show that the willingness of both enterprises and middlemen participate in the cooperation is very low under current scenario. Therefore, appropriate incentives must be taken to promote commercial deployment of BECCS. From sensitivity analysis, the following useful references for practical applications of BECCS in the future are obtained: Compared with other factors, costs of carbon storage have a more significant impact on the evolutionary trajectories and are highly sensitive to evolutionary equilibrium. The government should subsidize carbon utilization and electricity tariffs, but could not provide an initial investment subsidy for BECCS retrofit. Vigorously developing middlemen and promoting the improvement of carbon trading market and carbon tax policies are also of great significance to implementation of BECCS. • We analyze Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage in vertical integration model. • The industrial chain of BECCS is composed of farmers, middlemen, enterprises. • A tripartite evolutionary game model is built to analyze multi-agent interaction. • Willingness of players participate in cooperation is low under current scenario. • Appropriate incentives must be taken to promote the deployment of BECCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary driver of magmatism, crustal deformation and metallogeny of the North China Craton in the Jurassic remains actively debated, either attributed to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific (i.e., Izanagi) plate in the east or to the closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean in the north. This issue is addressed here by examining temporal and spatial variation of the contemporary volcanic rocks (i.e., Tiaojishan Formation) of the Yanshan belt in the northern part of the craton. These rocks are mainly calc-alkaline and intermediate-felsic in composition and show a highly coherent geochemical composition and unradiogenic zircon Hf isotope, indicating that they have similar origins and formed in a subduction-related setting. The eruption age of the Jurassic volcanic rocks decreases westward (i.e., inland-ward) from Western Liaoning (166–153 Ma), through Pingquan-Chengde-Luanping (162–153 Ma) and Jingxi-Xuanhua (158–149 Ma), to Yuxian (157–142 Ma). This temporal and spatial variation is consistent with the motion of the subducted Paleo-Pacific plate over that time. In addition to the westward migration, the earliest volcanic rocks in the Yanshan belt formed earlier than those in the adjacent southern Great Xing'an Range in the north. These observations suggest that the southward subduction and closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk plate played a limited role in generation of these volcanic rocks. Two episodes of Middle-Late Jurassic volcanism (166–153 Ma and 150–139 Ma) are observed in the northern Great Xing'an Range. They are interpreted as results of closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean and subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate, respectively. Temporal-spatial variation of volcanic activity in the northern North China Craton and adjacent region demonstrates that the Paleo-Pacific subduction was the principal cause of the evolution of Eastern China during the late Mesozoic, whereas the Mongol-Okhotsk tectonic regime is largely confined to the northern Great Xing'an Range and the area north to it. • Age of Tiaojishan volcanic rocks decreases inlandward from east to west. • Subduction of Izanagi plate controlled Jurassic magmatism of Eastern China. • Mongol-Okhotsk tectonic regime is confined to northern GXAR in the Jurassic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the slaughter, carcass, and meat quality characteristics of grazing Oula ram lambs slaughtered at different weights. Eight single-born ram lambs were slaughtered at each of five weights of 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 kg. Dressing percentages and carcass compactness indices increased with greater slaughter weight. The proportions of individual cuts varied with slaughter weight; skin ( P < 0.01), head ( P < 0.05) and testicle ( P < 0.01) percentages increased; whereas, lung ( P < 0.05), liver ( P < 0.05), spleen ( P < 0.01) and kidney ( P < 0.05) percentages decreased. GR, eye muscle area, tenderness, water-holding capacity, meat color, marbling, suet, attar and protein content did not vary significantly among the slaughter weight groups, although lambs slaughtered at 25 and 30 kg displayed the greatest postmortem decrease in pH in the semimembranosus muscule ( P < 0.05). Analyses of fatty acid content were carried out on the longissimus muscle of the 13th rib. Total unsaturated fatty acids content and n6/n3 ratio increased; whereas, cooking loss, saturated fatty acid content and pH fall in musculus longissimus dorsi decreased with greater slaughter weights ( P < 0.05). The atherogenic index and thrombogenic index showed a decreasing trend with increasing slaughter weight, but these trends were not statistically significant. These results provide a basic understanding of slaughter, carcass and meat quality characteristics of grazing Oula sheep production using an indigenous sheep breed in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature and precipitation are considered to be the most important indicators affecting the green-up date. Sensitivity of the green-up date to temperature and precipitation is considered to be one of the key indicators to characterize the response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change. We selected the main grassland types for analysis, including temperate steppe, temperate meadow steppe, upland meadow, and lowland meadow. This study investigates the variation in key meteorological indicators (daily maximum temperature (Tmax), daily minimum temperature (Tmin), and precipitation) between 2001 and 2018. We then examined the partial correlation and sensitivity of green-up date (GUD) to Tmax, Tmin, and precipitation. Our analysis indicated that the average GUD across the whole area was DOY 113. The mean GUD trend was −3.1 days/decade and the 25% region advanced significantly. Tmax and Tmin mainly showed a decreasing trend in winter (p > 0.05). In spring, Tmax mainly showed an increasing trend (p > 0.05) and Tmin a decreasing trend (p > 0.05). Precipitation showed no significant (p > 0.05) change trend and the trend range was ±10 mm/decade. For temperate steppe, the increase in Tmin in March promotes green-up (27.3%, the proportion of significant pixels), with a sensitivity of −0.17 days/°C. In addition, precipitation in April also promotes green-up (21.7%), with a sensitivity of −0.32 days/mm. The GUDs of temperate meadow steppe (73.9%), lowland meadow (65.9%), and upland meadow (22.1%) were mainly affected by Tmin in March, with sensitivities of −0.15 days/°C, −0.13 days/°C, and −0.14 days/°C, respectively. The results of this study reveal the response of vegetation to climate warming and contribute to improving the prediction of ecological changes as temperatures increase in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this work, sixteen U.S. EPA priority PAH compounds in the dated sediment cores were detected from five lakes in western China. In most lakes, the concentrations of the total PAHs (ΣPAHs) increased from the deep layers to the surface sediments. Two source categories, i.e. vehicular emission and biomass & domestic coal combustion were identified by Unmix, a factor analysis receptor model to explore the source contributions of PAHs in the dated sediments. The source apportionment results showed that biomass & domestic coal combustion contributed larger proportion of PAHs in the five lakes. The toxicities of PAHs in the dated sediments, assessed by BaP equivalent (BaPE) values showed that the BaPE increased gradually from the deep layers to the surface sediments in most lakes. For the first effort, the contribution of each source to BaPE was apportioned by Unmix–BaPE method, and the result indicated that the vehicular emission posed the highest toxic risk. The percentage contribution of vehicular emission for PAHs and BaPE also increased from the deep layers to the surface sediments, while biomass & domestic coal combustion exhibited the opposite tendency. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A new species of genus Pseudoscirus Wurlitzer & Rocha, 2021, P. menglaensis Chen & Jin sp. nov. is described, which represents a newly recorded genus Pseudoscirus to China. And a key to species (adult females) of Pseudoscirus is given in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined reading performance of 102 Chinese Mandarin-speaking 4th graders in their second language (L2, English) as a function of performance in their first language (L1, Chinese). The results revealed that for Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) and Rapid Alternating Stimulus (RAS) measures, the mean naming time decreased monotonically in high-achieving, average, and low-achieving readers. RAN and RAS differentiated poor readers from good and average readers but failed to differentiate between good and average readers. RAN deficits occurred in poor readers in both languages. Comparison of memory profiles revealed that patterns varied depending on the mode of stimulus presentation or response. Low-achieving readers performed poorly on a subtest involving visual components only and did relatively better on a subtest involving verbal components only. Poor readers in Chinese also encountered difficulties in learning English as a L2. RAN-character accounted for unique variance in two Chinese reading measures. RAN-letter explained unique variance in English mid-term reading grade. The unique variance captured by the Color Span Subtest 1 (visual-visual) was found in Chinese reading comprehension but not in English reading comprehension. Reading performance in L1 was predictive of reading performance in L2 and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance:: Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. var. manihot is one of the most commonly used Chinese medicines and has played an important role in treating chronic glomerulonephritis and diabetic nephropathy. Aim of the study:: Metabolites identification of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a complex and time-consuming process due to the complicity of TCM and subsequent large number of detected ions. In this paper, UPLC–MS combined with pattern recognition analysis approach were used to simplify and quicken the identification of the metabolites of Abelmoschus Manihot. Materials and methods:: Rat urine samples were collected before (as control sample) and after Abelmoschus Manihot administration. Pattern recognition analysis method was used to differentiate components between Abelmoschus Manihot-treated group and its controlled comparison. These components could be considered as Abelmoschus Manihot-related metabolites in vivo. Results:: LC–MS based metabolomics could be an advanced tool to help us find metabolites with regards to its capacity of processing large datasets, differentiating and classifying of sample groups, as well as its indiscriminative nature of biomarker and metabolite identification. Using this method, seven metabolites were identified, which are flavonoid aglycone glucuronidation, sulfatation, and methylation metabolites. Conclusion:: Our results showed that UPLC–MS based- pattern recognition analysis approach can be used to quickly identify Abelmoschus Manihot related metabolites in biological fluids. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the potential application of combining the UPLC–MS approach with the metabolomics approach in identifying the metabolites of TCM. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Four typical freshwater fish species in Lake Taihu (TH), China, were collected and analyzed for the residue levels of DDT and its metabolites DDD and DDE (sum of o,p′- and p,p′-DDT, DDD, and DDE is designated as DDTs). The DDTs concentrations ranged from 3.24 to 37.1ng/g, and p,p′-DDE was the dominant isomer, followed by p,p′-DDD and o,p′-DDT. Source identification indicated that DDTs in TH was mostly stemmed from the historical usage of technical DDT mixture, but a new source of DDT, i.e., dicofol-type DDT, also occurred. The results from the present work, together with previously published data, clearly indicate that dicofol-type DDT was widespread and was an important continual source of DDTs in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze, an invasive plant, poses a serious threat to the structure and function of the native ecosystem in Hebei Provience, China. However, little is known about the allelopathic activity of the residues of this plant species. In this study, the impact of the phytotoxicity of unburnt (UR) and burnt (BR) residues of the exotic invasive weed on the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivvm L.) was assessed. Extracts prepared from both UR and BR reduced the shoot length, root length and dry weight of wheat significantly compared with the control, thereby indicating the presence of some water-soluble allelochemicals in F. bidentis residues. Growth studies conducted in soil amended with UR and BR extracts or residues also revealed phytotoxic effects towards wheat. A significant amount of phenolics was detected in the residue extracts and in residue-incorporated soil. The phenolic content rose with increasing residue concentration, thereby showing their direct involvement in the observed growth inhibition. The inhibition of wheat growth by the burnt residue and its water extracts was similar to that of unburnt residue, so burning it is not a good way to eliminate the allelopathic effects of the residue of F. bidentis on native plants. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: This paper analyzes TOMS AOD at 500 nm (1980–2001), along with MODIS data (2000–2008) at 550 nm to investigate variations at one-degree grid over eight typical regions in China and the trends in AODs, temporally and spatially. In contrast to recently reported global decrease in AOD over global ocean beginning around 1990, we find there virtually exists no apparent AOD transition in China for that: firstly no notable upward tendencies in AOD during 1980–1992 for the relative low value (+0.001/decade), then during 1996–2001 a discernible ascending tendency with larger magnitude at 0.01/decade, and finally, since 2000, a weak upward trend with +0.004/decade. The large increases during 1996–2001 are presumably consequences of large increases in industrial activities and bear a strong resemblance to the long-term decreasing observations of incident solar radiation and cloud cover in China. Specifically, in late 1990’s, only in Taklimakan Desert a negative trend with a maximum magnitude of −0.04/decade is detected. However, over regions such as Jingjinji and Pearl River Delta influenced by industrial activities, positive tendencies at +0.01/decade are observed. Seasonal patterns in the AOD regional long-term trend are evident. AODs exhibit generally similar seasonality and the summer dominates higher AOD value than the autumn. In particular, during the period 1980–2001, all the eight regions except Taklimakan Desert witness the maximum aerosols in winter while there is not such seasonality during the period 2000–2008. Geographically, we also document spatial patterns of AOD variations over China. Results reveal that no apparent upward trends in AOD (about 15% per decade) are observed in 1980’s, while beginning 1990 till 2008, both data (TOMS and MODIS) are indicative of a significant AOD increase across China, especially in 1990’s it is indeed the case, roughly in accordance with the overall trends at regional scale. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Since insects are ectothermic, they are highly vulnerable to the sudden increase of temperature. Indeed, it has been hypothesized that the survival, development, fecundity, and even population expansion of insects are all affected significantly by extremely high temperature. We studied the effect of short-term high temperature stress on the survival and development of different stages, adult longevity and fecundity of Ophraella communa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent of the invasive plant, the common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Asterales: Asteraceae) in the laboratory. The results showed that egg, larval, pupal and adult survival rates were significantly affected after 2 hour-short-stress at high temperatures (35 to 47°C) when compared to the 28°C control. With the exceptions of the control and 35°C stress, survival rate of females was significantly higher than that of males after short-stress at any high temperature. Short-term high temperature stress also significantly impacted longevity and fecundity of adult beetles. Except for control, female longevity was significantly longer than male's after short-stress at any high temperature. The survival rates of different stages, and adult longevity and fecundity of the beetle decreased significantly with the increase of short-term stress temperature. Based on the results of the present study, we conclude that the development and population expansion of O. communa may be significantly affected when they are exposed to a high temperature stage in a summer day in the areas invaded by common ragweed, in southern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. SS is an autoimmune disease characterized by salivary and lacrimal gland dysfunction leading to dry mouth (xerostomia) and dry eyes (xerophthalmia). Anti-muscarinic acetylcholine type-3 receptor (anti-M3R) autoantibodies have been shown to be a good serum marker in primary SS (pSS). The aim of this study was to assess the clinical correlations of anti-M3R-derived peptide antibodies in patients with pSS.Methods. Sequences of the first to fourth cycle-M3R (c1M3R–c4M3R)-derived peptide was synthesized by a solid-phase technique on an Applied Biosytems Peptide Synthesizer. Synthesized cM3R peptide (cM3RP) was used as substrate in an ELISA to detect IgG anti-cM3RP antibodies in serum samples of patients and controls. The clinical and biological parameters of the diseases were also evaluated. The EULAR SS disease activity index (ESSDAI) score was used to measure disease activity in patients with primary SS.Results. (i) Anti-c2M3RP antibodies were highly prevalent in pSS patients, and the titre is much higher than anti-c1,3,4M3RP antibodies. (ii) The prevalence of anti-c2M3RP antibodies in pSS, SLE, RA and healthy controls was 62.2, 7.1, 5.3 and 1.6%, respectively. The prevalence of anti-linear-2-M3RP antibodies in pSS, SLE and RA patients and healthy controls were 56.1, 20.0, 14.7 and 9.4%. (iii) The specificity of anti-c2M3RP antibodies was 95.1%, much higher than that of linear polypeptide (84.7%) for pSS diagnosis. (iv) In pSS patients, anti-c2M3RP positivity had significantly increased frequency in patients who were RF or ANA positive, and had several haematological abnormalities, such as leucopenia, anaemia and thrombocytopenia. Furthermore, the ESSDAI score was significantly higher in anti-c2M3RP-positive pSS patients (P < 0.05).Conclusion. Anti-c2M3RP antibody was highly specific for patients with pSS. The presence of anti-c2M3RP antibody in pSS indicates that c2M3RP may act as an autoantigen that may play a role in the pathogenesis of pSS. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Using one year of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Terra satellite and particular matter (PM) contents measured at eleven sites located mostly in the eastern China in 2007, the relationship between columnar AOD and hourly and daily average (DA) PM were established. The peak AOD observed from MODIS was generally consistent with the surface PM measurements in eastern China, where Zhengzhou had the maximum annual mean PM10 of 182.1 μg m−3, while Longfengshan had the minimum annual mean of 38.1 μg m−3. Ground level observations indicated that PM concentration varies widely across different regions, which was mainly due to the difference in weather conditions and anthropogenic emissions. The coarse particles accounted for the main air pollution in Zhengzhou and Benxi whiles the fine particles, however, were the main constituents in other sites. Results showed that MODIS AOD (averaged over the box of 5 × 5 and 3 × 3 pixels) had a better positive correlation with the coincident hourly average (HA) PM concentration than with DA due to diurnal variation in PM mass measurements. After correcting AOD for relative humidity (RH), the correlation did not improve significantly, suggesting that the RH was not the main factor affecting the correlation of PM with AOD. The statistical regression analysis between MODIS AOD and PM mass suggested that the satellite-derived AOD is a useful tool for mapping PM distribution over large spatial domains. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Four sets of remote sensing images from 1987, 1994, 2000, and 2006, 50 years of meteorological and soil moisture data corresponding to different desertified lands were combined with populations and livestock data to analyze the process and cause of desertification in a portion of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP). It showed that surface soil temperature in the region has increased at an average rate of 0.6 °C per decade between 1980 and 2005, the thawing days on the surface have increased by 60 days from 1983 to 2001, and the depth of the seasonal thawing layer has increased by 54 cm, 102 cm and 77 cm in April, May and June, respectively, from 1983 to 2003. As a result, the upper soil layer has become drier due to the thickening active layer and soil water infiltration. These changes, in turn, have inhibited the growth of alpine meadow vegetation that has shallow root systems. It is concluded that climate warming and permafrost thawing have caused desertification in grazing regions of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Discusses a study on the geochemical features of the two Early Paleozoic ophiolite zones in the central-southern Tianshan region in China and the central Tianshan igneous rock belt between them. Relics distributed along the Aqqikkudug-Weiya zone; Units in which the Tianshan belt can be divided; Composition of ophiolite sequence.

This paper reports two new species of genus Neoscirula, namely, N. bambus Chen & Jin sp. nov. from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and N. pananensis Chen & Jin sp. nov. from Zhejiang province, which are described and illustrated. A key to adult females of Neoscirula species of the China is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of heat and moderate precipitation are the primary factors that are used by grasslands to trigger a green-up date. The accumulated growing degree-days (AGDD) requirement over the preseason is an important indicator of the response of grassland spring phenology to climate change. This study adopted the Normalized Difference Phenology Index (NDPI), which derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), to extract annual green-up dates in the Hulun Buir grassland in China between 2001–2015. Our analysis indicated that the range (standard deviation) and trend for the green-up date were DOY (day of year) 104 to DOY 144 (10.6 days) and −2.0 days per decade. Nine point two percent of the study area had significant (p < 0.05) changes in AGDD requirements. The partial correlations between the AGDD requirements and chilling days (67.04%, pixels proportion) were negative and significant (p < 0.05). The partial correlations between the AGDD requirement and precipitation (28.87%) were positive and significant (p < 0.05). Finally, the partial correlation between the AGDD requirement and insolation (97.65%) were positive and significant (p < 0.05). The results of this study could reveal the response of vegetation to climate warming and contribute to improving the phenological mechanism model of different grassland types in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryospheric responses to climate warming include glacier retreat, altitude‐dependent thermal instability, and abundant meltwater, which increase the frequency of catastrophic glacier hazard chain (CGHC) events. Here we investigated the formation mechanism of a special CGHC event in 2018, in the Sedongpu Glacier, Eastern Himalayas, China. Based on the multi‐source remote sensing, seismic signal analysis, and numerical simulation, we conducted long‐term retrospective analysis and co‐event process reconstruction. The results show that the event could be divided into two phases. First, the hanging glacier with a volume of 8.5 × 106 m3 collapsed onto the downstream trunk glacier. Next, ∼1.17 × 108 m3 eroded materials from the impacted glacier transformed into debris flow and traveled downstream 8 km. During the cascading process, ice‐rock avalanche momentum and glacier velocity are key factors in determining CGHC formation and eventual volume. Our study helps better understand the domino effects of the CGHC disaster. Plain Language Summary: Glacier instability in cryosphere is significantly influenced by global warming. The glacial lake outburst floods are the most widely studied and catastrophic events resulting from this instability, but they are not the only ones. In recent years, increasing catastrophic glacier hazard chain (CGHC) events have reminded us of disasters during climate warming, especially in the Himalayas region. Here, we report a typical CGHC event in the Eastern Himalayas, where the retreated glaciers are widely distributed. Based on our observations and simulations, we completed the retrospective analysis of CGHC through its formation conditions, evolution process, and specific kinematic process. These analyses help us understand the driving mechanism, the volume‐increasing effect, and the super‐fluidity of CGHC. Our findings help improve such hazard chain identification and mitigation in the Eastern Himalayas and glacierized environments elsewhere in the world. Key Points: New insights of Ice‐rock avalanche hazard chain on retreated hanging glacier in Eastern HimalayaErosion process on the trunk glacier led to a volume‐increasing and super‐fluidity of catastrophic glacier hazard chain (CGHC)The pre‐evolution and formation of CGHC were closely related to climate warming [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diplogyniopsis fluctuosumsp. nov. associated with passalid beetles is described based on females from China on undermined passalid beetles, as well as on females and males from Thailand on Aceraius helferi (Coleoptera: Passalidae). The species represents the second known species of Diplogyniopsis Trägårdh, prompting us to redefine the genus diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The health effects of urbanization are controversial. The association between urbanization and reversible subclinical risks of cardiovascular diseases (e.g., electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities) has rarely been studied. This study aimed to assess the association between urbanization and ECG abnormalities in China based on the China National Stroke Screening Survey (CNSSS). We used changes in the satellite-measured impervious surfaces rate and nighttime light data to assess the level of urbanization. Every interquartile increment in the impervious surfaces rate or nighttime light was related to a decreased risk of ECG abnormalities, with odds ratios of 0.894 (95% CI, 0.869–0.920) or 0.809 (95% CI, 0.772–0.847), respectively. And we observed a U-shaped nonlinear exposure–response relationship curve between the impervious surfaces rate and ECG abnormalities. In conclusion, the current average level of urbanization among the studied Chinese adults remains a beneficial factor for reducing cardiovascular risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A known species, Scirula papilataLin, 1997 based on samples collected from Hubei Province, China, is redescribed with the detailed illustration and the first description of males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Co-inoculation of Z. rouxii and T. candida could inhibit BAs formation. • Inoculation of S. piscifermentans could further reduce BAs production. • Volatile compounds were enhanced after inoculation of S. piscifermentans. • Inoculation of S. piscifermentans altered the microflora in the soy sauce mash. With the increasing popularity of soy sauce containing high amounts of amino acid nitrogen (AAN) in China and the positive correlation of biogenic amines (BAs) with AAN, reducing BAs formation during soy sauce fermentation has become an urgent task. In this work, the effect of salt-tolerant yeasts and Staphylococcus piscifermentans on BAs formation was extensively studied. Combined inoculation for different osmotolerant yeast strains indicated that Z. rouxii CICC 1417 and T. candida CICC 1019 co-inoculation produced the lowest amount of BAs (89.43 mg/L). Furthermore, co-inoculation of soy sauce mash with S. piscifermentans and salt-tolerant yeasts reduced the BAs production by 31.51% under laboratory-scale experiments. Only 133.40 g/L BAs were produced after S. piscifermentans inoculation in 50-T fermentator, and this value was 63.25% lower than that of the control. Most of the alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, and esters were increased, whereas bacteria, such as Pediococcus , Weissella , and Streptococcus , were inhibited and thus reduced BAs formation. The increased abundance in Zygosaccharomyces and Pichia may contribute to the improvement in volatile compound production. These findings reveal the high potential of the co-inoculation of S. piscifermentans and salt-tolerant yeasts for soy sauce production with limited BAs formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, energy use from passenger vehicles is increasing rapidly due to urbanization and income growth, but the contributions of transport service structure shift and energy efficiency improvement, especially future energy-saving directions are controversial and unclear because of the differences in the choices of traffic modes, which may greatly affect the analysis results and their interpretations. This study investigates the growth sources of energy use in the passenger transport sector during 1979–2017 and future energy-saving potentials by 2030 by re-examining statistical data. Results show that the transport service increase and transport structure shift led to the increase in energy use by 665.25% and 337.22%, but approximately 14% of the increased energy use was offset by energy efficiency improvements, and its effect is limited in public transportation sector, compared with private passenger vehicle sector. In public passenger transport sector, adjusting the service or volume structure may be a desirable option while in private passenger vehicle sector the policy focus is more on improving fuel efficiency and reducing average annual kilometers traveled per capita. Overall, there is still at least 28.3% of energy reduction potential by energy efficiency improvement before 2030 compared to 2017 baseline level. Potential evaluation showed that the current potential of transport service structure adjustment based on industrial planning is limited, which highlights the necessity of reform, involving promoting the sharing transportation, railway, subway and buses. • Energy growth sources of passenger transport energy use are completely examined. • Transport structure shift caused energy consumption to increase by 337.22%. • Impact of energy efficiency improvement is limited in public transport sector. • There are distinct policy directions for public and private transport sectors. • There are huge energy-saving potentials in Chinese passenger transport sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We propose a new CCS project investment model, which helps to design the CCS development roadmap for achieving the next 2050. • Reductions in the cost of technologies as a result of learning-by-doing is considered to enrich the model. • We transform the original continuous problem into a nonlinear integer programming problem. • We are trying to answer questions about when to adopt CCS technology and what are their cost. • Flexible installation levels can be considered to improve efficiency and reduce costs. In the medium to long term, China must conduct deep emission reduction actions to transform the country's economy and meet the conditions of the Paris Agreement. As an advanced emission reduction technology, carbon capture and storage (CCS) is undoubtedly an important means of achieving this goal. China must consider how to retrofit existing thermal power plants to install CCS technology. Thus, the expected future roadmap for power plants with CO 2 capture is of significant interest. To achieve this aim, we propose a new CCS project investment model, which helps design the CCS development roadmap for achieving the emission targets for 2050. Reductions in the cost of technologies as a result of learning-by-doing is considered to enrich the model to describe the reality more sensibly. Through some mathematical skills, we transform the original continuous problem into a nonlinear integer programming problem. By solving the model, we are trying to answer questions about when to adopt CCS technology and the cost. The results reveal that early large-scale CCS demonstrations are not necessary. The peak investment period of CCS is around 2035. Operating costs account for 80% of the overall cost of CCS, and thus, policymakers must fully motivate the development and investment of operating technologies, especially capture technologies. The results also show that when the scale of CCS technology is promoted, flexible installation levels can be considered to improve efficiency and reduce costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Two kinds of magnetite are identified at porphyry-related deposits in the Zhongdian region. • Some magnetite grains had undergone dissolution-reprecipitation processes. • The compositions of magnetite are affected by temperature, oxygen fugacity and hydrothermal alteration. The Zhongdian region in northwestern Yunnan (SW China) hosts a number of important porphyry and skarn deposits. In this study, we integrate petrographic observations, SEM-EDS elemental mapping, EPMA and LA-ICP-MS geochemical analyses on magnetite from several key deposits in the region. Magnetite grains from the Pulang porphyry Cu-Au, Lannitang porphyry Au-Cu, Langdu Cu skarn, Disuga porphyry, and andesite of Tumugou Formation were analyzed to unravel the magnetite formation mechanism, and the relative oxygen fugacity of the porphyry/skarn ore-related hydrothermal fluids in this region. Two types of magnetites (Magnetite I and II) have been identified. Magnetite I is commonly distributed in the chlorite and/or sericite alteration zone(s). Magnetite I grains are characterized by being textually inhomogeneous. The Magnetite I core (with local ilmenite exsolution lamellae) is Ti-Cr rich, indicative of a dominantly igneous origin. The Magnetite I core and its surrounding primary igneous minerals (biotite, amphibole and plagioclase) underwent late alteration. Magnetite I grains are characterized by core-rim texture, sharp core-rim contact, and irregular grain boundaries. These textural features indicate that Magnetite I may have undergone dissolution-reprecipitation processes, during which the Magnetite I core was chemically purified via losing Ti and gaining Fe. Magnetite II (in potassic and sericite alteration zones) is textually homogeneous with relatively low contents of Ti, Mg, Al, V, Ni, and Mn. We suggest that Magnetite II was formed by hydrothermal alteration. Compared to Magnetite II grains from the Pulang and Langdu deposits, those from the Lannitang deposit have lower Mn and V but higher Sn contents, indicative of higher oxygen fugacity of the hydrothermal fluids. We propose that binary plots such as Ti vs. Sc, V vs. Sn and Ga vs. Sn can distinguish the different origins of magnetites. From an exploration perspective, Magnetite II from the altered Disuga porphyries has similar texture and composition to its counterpart from the potassic-altered Pulang porphyries. This, together with the presence of Cu-sulfide inclusions in the Disuga Magnetite I, suggests significant mineralization potential in these porphyries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To assess the differences in accommodation and binocular vision in children with myopic anisometropia and determine the correlation with anisometropia. Method. A total of 110 patients with myopia aged 8–15 years were recruited from June 2021 to February 2022 from the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University. Based on the interocular differences of spherical equivalent refraction, patients were divided into the isometropia (35 children), low anisometropia (LA group, 42 children), and high anisometropia (HA group, 33 children). The variables assessed were refraction, heterophoria, amplitude of accommodation (AMP), accommodative response (AR), gradient AC/A, positive and negative relative accommodation (PRA/NRA), and near stereopsis in the three groups. Pearson's correlation coefficient tests were used to investigate the possible association between each parameter and interocular differences (IODs). Results. Among 110 subjects, there were 49 males and 61 females with a mean age of 11.39 ± 2.28 years. Compared with those in the isometropia group, AMP was lower and near stereopsis was higher in the LA group, and the distance and near heterophoria, PRA, AR, and near stereopsis were higher, and PRA, AMP, and gradient AC/A were lower in the HA group (all P < 0.05). Compared with those in the LA group, the near stereopsis, AR, and the near stereopsis were higher in the HA group, and the gradient AC/A was lower (all P < 0.05). However, no significant differences existed in the negative relative accommodation (P > 0.05). The distance and near heterophoria, AR, AMP, and near stereopsis were observed to be correlated with IODs, respectively (r = −0.259, p = 0.006 ; r = −0.201, p = 0.036 ; r = 0.306, p = 0.001 ; r = −0.315, p = 0.001 ; r = 0.535, p < 0.001). Conclusion. Our results suggested that with the increase of anisometropia, distance and near heterophoria, AR, AMP, and near stereopsis had a tendency to get worse in children with myopic anisometropia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the effects of short-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) with different particle sizes on first-ever stroke risk in the middle-aged and elderly Chinese population. Health information was collected from the China National Stroke Screening Survey (CNSSS) from March 1, 2013, to April 10, 2015. Ambient exposures to PM 1 , PM 2.5 , and PM 10 were obtained from ChinaHighAirPollutants (CHAP) Grid data. Case-crossover design was used to estimate the increase of first-ever stroke risk per 10 μg/m3 increase in ambient exposures to different size particles. We used distributed lag linear model (DLM) to estimate the hysteresis effects of particle exposures. In addition, in order to assess the effect modification of long-term exposure, we did a stratified analysis using median exposure as the dividing line. We included 1326 first-ever stroke events from 242 communities in the present study. We found that effects on first-ever stroke risk increased with the decrease in particle size. The percent increases of first-ever stroke risk increased by 6.6% (95% CI: 1.4, 12.0), 3.3% (95% CI: 0.5, 6.1), and 0.6% (95% CI: -1.2, 2.6) per 10 g/m3 increases in PM 1 , PM 2.5 , and PM 10 exposures in lag 0–2 days, respectively. Furthermore, the cumulative effect of PM on first-ever stroke reached its peak at distinct time points under different layers of long-term PM exposure. In areas with low PM exposure, the cumulative effects of the three kinds of particles on stroke reached their peak in lag1 day, while the cumulative effect peaked in lag3 day in areas with high PM exposure. This study found that smaller particles had a stronger short-term effect on first-ever stroke. We also found that people in areas with long-term exposures to lower levels were more sensitive to short-term exposures. These results have public health significance for stroke prevention and air pollution reduction. [Display omitted] • The effects of PM on first-ever stroke in a large area were evaluated. • The impacts of PM increase with decreasing particle size. • The short-term effects of PM were larger in areas with lower long-term exposure levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The malaria elimination plan of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) is jeopardized by the increasing number of Plasmodium vivax infections and emergence of parasite strains with reduced susceptibility to the frontline drug treatment chloroquine/primaquine. This study aimed to determine the evolution of the P. vivax multidrug resistance 1 (Pvmdr1) gene in P. vivax parasites isolated from the China–Myanmar border area during the major phase of elimination. Methods: Clinical isolates were collected from 275 P. vivax patients in 2008, 2012–2013 and 2015 in the China–Myanmar border area and from 55 patients in central China. Comparison was made with parasites from three border regions of Thailand. Results: Overall, genetic diversity of the Pvmdr1 was relatively high in all border regions, and over the seven years in the China–Myanmar border, though slight temporal fluctuation was observed. Single nucleotide polymorphisms previously implicated in reduced chloroquine sensitivity were detected. In particular, M908L approached fixation in the China–Myanmar border area. The Y976F mutation sharply decreased from 18.5% in 2008 to 1.5% in 2012–2013 and disappeared in 2015, whereas F1076L steadily increased from 33.3% in 2008 to 77.8% in 2015. While neutrality tests suggested the action of purifying selection on the pvmdr1 gene, several likelihood-based algorithms detected positive as well as purifying selections operating on specific amino acids including M908L, T958M and F1076L. Fixation and selection of the nonsynonymous mutations are differently distributed across the three border regions and central China. Comparison with the global P. vivax populations clearly indicated clustering of haplotypes according to geographic locations. It is noteworthy that the temperate-zone parasites from central China were completely separated from the parasites from other parts of the GMS. Conclusions: This study showed that P. vivax populations in the China–Myanmar border has experienced major changes in the Pvmdr1 residues proposed to be associated with chloroquine resistance, suggesting that drug selection may play an important role in the evolution of this gene in the parasite populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]