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Background: Skin microbiota are involved in the skin physiological functions and are also affected by the skin physiological characteristics. Objective: To better understand the skin microbial characteristics of facial cheek skin and the relationship with skin physiological characteristics. Methods: By bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the authors studied the facial cheek skin microbial characteristics of 85 cases of young women aged 18‐25 years. Results: Healthy young woman's cheek skin bacterial composition was relatively stable. Dry skin has high bacterial diversity and richness, and oily skin has low bacterial diversity and richness. Cutibacterium was significantly enriched in oily skin and was significantly negatively correlated with other genera such as Streptococcus (r > 0.5). There were significant positive correlations among other genera of enrichment in dry and neutral skin such as Streptococcus and Rothia (r > 0.8). Skin sebum level was significantly negatively correlated with bacterial alpha diversity index. The combined abundance of Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis was significantly positively correlated with sebum secretion (r > 0.5). Conclusions: The skin sebum secretion and bacterial interaction were the important factors driving the young females' cheek skin bacterial community structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, recurrent skin condition with recently increased incidence in younger children. AD development has been correlated with the skin microbiome, and Staphylococcus aureus enrichment causes significant increases in skin lesions.Objective: Our objectives were to compare the microbial diversity of the cheek skin of children with or without AD aged 0-1 years in China, and to determine whether 4 types of skin-isolated bacteria could inhibit S. aureus in vitro.Methods: The skin microbial samples of cheek skin of children were sequenced by 16S rRNA V1-V2 region. Four skin isolated bacterial fermentation supernatants were tested for effects on S. aureus growth, membrane formation, and induction of cytokine secretion from HaCaT cells.Results: Bacterial diversity decreased significantly in skin with severe AD compared to healthy skin (p < 0.01). Seven phyla had content >1%, 4 of which differed in AD (p < 0.05). 38 genera had content >1%, 15 differed (p < 0.05). Differences in 8 species were observed (p < 0.05). In vitro antibacterial and cellular experiments showed that S. aureus growth, biofilm formation, and induction of interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-6 secretion from HaCaT cells were significantly inhibited by Klebsiella oxytoca, Kocuria rhizophila, and Staphylococcus epidermidis culture supernatants (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Skin microbiome changes in children varied with age and with AD. There were complex interactions between skin isolated bacteria and S. aureus which could inhibit S. aureus growth and biofilm formation in vitro, suggesting that these microorganisms could be used in AD treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The microbiological basis of diaper dermatitis has not been clearly elucidated; however, a better understanding of microbial colonization may be vital for developing appropriate therapies. Methods: Using 16S‐rRNA gene sequencing technology, we characterized and compared the bacterial communities obtained from the buttock skin sites of children with diaper dermatitis and from healthy controls. Bacterial diversity in the buttock lesion area and subsequent recovery after emollient treatment have been discussed herein. Results: In buttock skin of children with or without diaper dermatitis, Staphylococcus and Anaerococcus were predominant in the total skin microbiome. Compared with the healthy group, the overall skin bacterial richness and diversity were higher in children with diaper dermatitis, with the abundance of Proteobacteria being significantly higher. In the diaper dermatitis group, the richness of Enterococcus, Erwinia and Pseudomonas was significantly higher, and the levels of Clostridium and Actinomyces were significantly lower than those in healthy children. Richness of Staphylococcus aureus was significantly higher in the diaper dermatitis group, whereas that of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bifidobacterium longum was lower. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus, the dominant species found in buttock skin, were observed to recover earlier after the disease had improved through emollient treatment. Conclusion: Staphylococcus epidermidis, as skin probiotic bacterium, and B longum, Clostridium butyricum and Lactobacillus ruminis, which are intestinal probiotic bacteria, are significantly decreased in diaper dermatitis lesions. These changes in the buttock skin microflora indicate an imbalance in the microflora and suggest that the intestinal microflora may be undergoing dynamic changes. The results of this study suggest that probiotic bacterial supplementation may be useful in the treatment and prevention of diaper dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Healthy skin harbors numerous microbes known to maintain its health and prevent attacks from external pathogens. The influence of chemical preservatives commonly used in cosmetic products on facial resident flora remains poorly characterized. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of five such preservatives on in vitro cultivated skin‐resident bacteria. Methods: Both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria were isolated on blood agar, tryptic soy agar, and nutrient agar; Gram‐negative bacteria were then selected on Hank's balanced salt solution containing antibiotics and Reasoner's 2A. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of methylisothiazolinone (MTI), iodopropynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC), ethylhexylglycerin (EHG), methylparaben (MP), and phenoxyethanol (PE) were estimated for nine facial resident bacteria, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus using serial broth dilution in vitro. Results: The maximum test concentrations coincided with the upper limits set by the "Cosmetic Safety and Technical Specification" (2015 edition, China). Nine facial resident bacteria were isolated from 14 healthy adults: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus capitis, Kocuria, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas parafulva, Pseudomonas oleovorans, and Roseomonas cervicalis. MTI and IPBC displayed the strongest effect on all tested strains (MICs ≤0.01%), followed by EHG and MP (MICs ≤0.3%), and finally PE with the weakest effect (MIC ≤1%). Conclusion: The five chemical preservatives assayed inhibited survival of the nine facial resident bacteria isolates, when tested at the maximum allowed limit. The corresponding MICs will provide a reference for the effective utilization of these compounds in product formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epimedium rhizomatosum is a rare endemic plant species inhabited in some high-elevation mountain area in the Sichuan province of China. In this study, we assembled the complete chloroplast genome of E. rhizomatosum from Illumina short-read sequencing data. The chloroplast genome of E. rhizomatosum was 159,151 bp in length, which comprises of a large single copy (LSC) region of 86,604 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 17,071 bp and two inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb) of 27,737 bp for each. The total GC content of E. rhizomatosum chloroplast genome was 38.8%, while the corresponding values of LSC, SSC, and IR regions were 37.3%, 32.8%, and 43.0%, respectively. A total of 112 unique genes was identified from the chloroplast genome of E. rhizomatosum, including 78 protein-coding genes, four ribosomal RNA genes, and 30 tRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis showed that E. rhizomatosum closely related to E. acuminatum. Our study will provide useful information on further clarifying the phylogenetic and evolutionary relationship in the genus Epimedium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The large-leaved Kudingcha from the genus Ilex, which is used as a traditional Chinese tea, contains several characteristic triterpenoid saponins that can be subjected to quality control evaluation., Objective: To develop and validate a rapid method incorporating reverse-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (UPLC-ELSD) for the simultaneous determination of the five triterpenoid saponins kudinoside L (1), kudinoside C (2), kudinoside A(3), kudinoside F(4) and kudinoside D(5) in several species of the large-leaved Kudingcha from the genus Ilex and 'Yerba Mate' (Ilex paraguariensis)., Methodology: The five compounds were separated using a water-acetonitrile mobile phase with a Waters Acquity BEH C(18)-column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm)., Results: Separation took 13 min with detection and quantification limits ranging from 12.5 to 29.8 ng and 41.3 to 98.2 ng, respectively. The method was validated according to the regulatory guidelines with respect to precision, stability, repeatability and recovery. The triterpenoid saponins showed a good regression relationship (r(2) > 0.999) within the test ranges, and the recovery of the method was in the 95-105% range., Conclusion: The present method can be used successfully for the quality control of the large-leaved Kudingcha. The different Ilex species showed differences in distribution of the five triterpenoids. Ilex kudingcha, which makes up the major species of the large-leaved Kudingcha, contains the maximum amount of triterpenoid saponins., (Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)