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The management and protection of forest resources has become one of the major issues of environmental protection globally. As the largest developing country in the world, China has determined that the construction of an ecological civilization is an important piece of a millennium plan for China's sustainable development. The ecological capital theory, which adheres to the idea of a harmonious coexistence between man and nature, provides an opportunity to open up a new chapter for the construction of ecological civilization. Based on the fact China is a country endowed with unique resources, this paper aims to provide a theoretical reference on how to maximize the value of forest ecological resources and promote the sustainable development of global forest resources. To gain clear insights, this paper uses the theory of ecological capital to discuss how to demarcate the concept of the capitalization of forest ecological resources. The internal motivation of the capitalization of forest ecological resources was analysed from two perspectives: how to keep the balance between ecological protection and resource development, and how people have changed the way of using forest resources. This paper has expounded how forest ecological resources are transformed to forest ecological assets and then forest ecological capital, indicating the realization path of the capitalization of forest ecological resources, that is, a direct utilisation of forest resources and indirect new ways of forestry management. It aims to provide theoretical references for maximizing the value of forest ecological resources and achieving the sustainable development of global forest resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The colloquial prose poetry, originating in the period of the two Han dynasties, had a new development in the Five Dynasties Period: there appeared some works with intriguing stories and simple language, which were both serious and facetious. Though the colloquial poems had long stayed unknown in the library cave in Dunhuang, the traditional literary genre to which they belong never stopped its development: it was inherited and put into new uses by the later literary creations. The influence of the colloquial prose poetry on the later literature can be revealed by an investigation of the relationship between the colloquial prose poetry after the Tang-to-the-Five-Dynasty period and the development of such literary genres as bianwen (...), stories from printed prompt-books, zaju (...) and traditional opera, and popular reference books. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By combining the cultivation methods with molecular fingerprinting techniques, the diversity surveys of soil bacterial community in 13 areas of China were carried out. The cultivable heterotrophic diversity was investigated by colony morphology on solid LB medium. Genetic diversity was measured as bands on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis( DGGE) by the extraction and purification of the total soil DNA, and amplification of bacterial I6S rDNA fragments by polymerase chain reaction ( PCR). The Shannon-Wiener indices of diversity ( H). richness (S) and evenness(EH) were employed to estimate the diversity of soil bacterial community. The results showed that there was an obvious diversification existed in soil from the different areas. However, the genetic diversity estimated by PCR-DGGE can provide more comprehensive information on bacterial community than the cultivation-based methods. Therefore, it is suggested to combine the traditional methods with genetic fingerprinting techniques to survey and estimate soil bacterial diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the construction of ecological civilization, the development of under-forest economy has been paid more and more attention. This paper uses DEA model to measure the development of under-forest economy. The results show that the development of the under-forest contributes to the increase of the output value, and thus promotes the growth of the farmers’ income. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Lotus root is the most consumed aquatic vegetable in China. Both the actual boiling of lotus root and the simulated boiling of its extract were performed at different conditions to explore the development of non-enzymatic browning and the loss of reducing sugars, free amino acids, total free phenols and ascorbic acid. The kinetic parameters of zero-order and first-order models indicated that both browning degree and nutrient loss had a positive correlation with boiling time, temperature and pH value. Moreover, nutrient contents and boiling conditions were adopted as independent variables to establish the multiple linear regression model of browning degree (P < 0.001), which confirmed that reducing sugars and total phenols principally contributed to the browning (P < 0.01), through caramelization and phenol oxidation. With the addition of baking soda (pH 8), 100 °C boiling decreased the DPPH radical scavenging capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power of lotus root extract by 62.96% and 58.51%, respectively. Furthermore, 120 °C boiling probably induced the formation of browning products, which possessed cytotoxicity against HepG2 and L02 cells. A short boiling time, as well as an acidic condition induced by added vinegar, is recommended for cooking and processing of lotus root in consideration of nutrition and health. • Lotus root and its extract were similar in browning during boiling. • Time, temperature and pH value positively contributed to browning and nutrient loss. • Caramelization and phenol oxidation were the main browning mechanisms. • Lotus root boiled in acidic conditions in favor of edible nutrition and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Many clinical studies have assessed the association of laminoplasty opening size (LOS) with sagittal canal diameter (SCD) based on single-door cervical laminoplasty (SDCL). Nevertheless, the "worn-off" lamina extracted in SDCL was neglected in these reports. We aimed to develop a simple mathematical model to analyze the relationship between the effective LOS and SCD, taking into consideration the worn-off lamina. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 106 patients treated by SDCL at our hospital were included in this study. Pre-operative and post-operative SCDs were assessed using a picture archiving and communication system (PACS) based on computed tomography scans. Mini-plate sizes as well as drill bit diameters were recorded in detail in order to determine the effective LOS for each vertebral lamina involved. RESULTS SCD in all patients was increased significantly after SDCL (P<0.01). A linear correlation was found between effective LOS and the post-operative SCD increment from C3 to C7 (R²>0.933, P<0.001). The 12 mm mini-plate was most often used in SDCL, accounting for 64.45% of all cases, whereas 10 mm and 16 mm mini-plates were the least used, accounting for 3.85% and 3.00%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS There is a strong linear correlation between effective LOS and the post-operative SCD increment. The SCD was increased by about 0.5 mm per mm increase in effective LOS. Thus, post-operative SCD could be precisely calculated and predicted, enabling the selection of optimal mini-plate prior to SDCL.

BACKGROUND The incidence of hip fracture is steadily increasing. We aimed to establish a creative approach to precisely estimate the risk of hip fracture by exploring the relationship between hip fracture and bone mineral density (BMD)/femur geometry. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixteen samples of cadaveric female proximal femora were randomly selected. Experiments were performed experimental measurement of the femoral neck BMD and geometric parameters (including neck length, neck diameter, head diameter, and neck-shaft angle). In addition, the experimental measurements contain the failure load, which represents the mechanical strength of the femoral neck, and we calculated the correlation coefficient among BMD, geometric parameters, and failure load. RESULTS Significant correlations were discovered between femoral mechanical properties and femoral neck BMD (r=0.792, r²=0.628, P<0.001), trochanteric BMD (r=0.749, r²=0.560, P=0.001), and head diameter (r=0.706, r²=0.499, P=0.002). Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that the best predictor of hip fracture was the combination of femoral neck BMD, head diameter, and neck diameter (r²=0.844, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results confirmed that, compared with BMD alone, the combination of BMD and geometric parameters of proximal femur is a better estimation of hip fracture. The geometry of the proximal femur played an important role in assessing the biomechanical strength of femur. This method greatly assists in predicting the risk of hip fracture in clinical trials and will assist studies on why the incidence of hip fracture varies among races.

Water samples were collected in summer and winter in Zoige Alpine Wetland. Both the traditional cultivable and microscopic method and modern molecular approach were used to reveal the algal diversity in the wetland. For the samples collected in summer, single-cell Chlorophyta was cultured, isolated and identified. The results showed that there were at least four kinds of Chlorophyta, which were Chlorella vulgaris Beij., Planktosphaeria gelatinosa G. M. Smith, Scenedesmus abundans Kirchne and Scenedesmus bijuga Turp. They all belonged to Chlorococcales. The dominant species was Chlorella vulgaris Beij., which had been purified. For the samples collected in winter, the microscopic results showed that the dominant populations were diatoms, which is in accordance with the principle that the dominant populations of algae are diatoms in low-temperature seasons. Cyanobacterial 16S rRNA gene clone library showed that the dominant group was Bacillaripiophyta (35.3%). And Cyanobacteria contained the orders of Chroococcales (5.9%), Nostocales (11.8%), Osillatoriales (11.8%) and Unclassified Cyanobacteria (35.3%). There were some clones related to those from frigid habitats, such as Leptolyngbya-related clones.

Objective: To evaluate diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based functional neuronavigation in surgery of cerebral gliomas with pyramidal tract (PT) involvement with respect to both perioperative assessment and follow-up outcome., Methods: A prospective, randomized controlled study was conducted between 2001 and 2005. A consecutive series of 238 eligible patients with initial imaging diagnosis of cerebral gliomas involving PTs were randomized into study (n = 118) and control (n = 120) groups. The study cases underwent DTI and three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging scans. The maps of fractional anisotropy were calculated for PT mapping. Both three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging data sets and fractional anisotropy maps were integrated by rigid registration, after which the tumor and adjacent PT were segmented and reconstructed for presurgical planning and intraoperative guidance. The control cases were operated on using routine neuronavigation., Results: There was a trend for high-grade gliomas (HGGs) in the study group to be more likely to achieve gross total resection (74.4 versus 33.3%, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference of low-grade gliomas resection between the two groups. Postoperative motor deterioration occurred in 32.8% of control cases, whereas it occurred in only 15.3% of the study cases (P < 0.001). The 6-month Karnofsky Performance Scale score of study cases was significantly higher than that of control cases (86 +/- 20 versus 74 +/- 28 overall, P < 0.001; 93 +/- 10 versus 86 +/- 17 for low-grade gliomas, P = 0.013; and 77 +/- 27 versus 53 +/- 32 for HGGs, P = 0.001). For 81 HGGs, the median survival of study cases was 21.2 months (95% confidence interval, 14.1-28.3 mo) compared with 14.0 months (95% confidence interval, 10.2-17.8 mo) of control cases (P = 0.048). The estimated hazard ratio for the effect of DTI-based functional neuronavigation was 0.570, representing a 43.0% reduction in the risk of death., Conclusion: DTI-based functional neuronavigation contributes to maximal safe resection of cerebral gliomas with PT involvement, thereby decreasing postoperative motor deficits for both HGGs and low-grade gliomas while increasing high-quality survival for HGGs.

Influenza A viruses are usually non-pathogenic in wild aquatic birds, their natural reservoir. However, from May to July 2005, at Qinghai Lake in China, an unprecedented outbreak of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus caused the death of thousands of wild migratory waterbirds. Herein, H5N1 influenza virus from bar-headed geese collected during the outbreak was characterized. Genomic analysis showed that A/Bar-headed Goose/Qinghai/0510/05 (Bh H5N1 virus) is a reassortant virus. Amino acid residue (lysine) at position 627 in the PB2 gene of the Bh H5N1 virus was the same as that of the human H5N1 virus (A/HK/483/97) and different from that of H5N1 avian influenza viruses deposited in GenBank. Antigenic analysis showed that significant antigenic variation has occurred in the Bh H5N1 virus. The Bh H5N1 virus induced systemic infections and caused 100 % mortality in chickens and mice, and 80 % mortality in ducks and geese. Bh H5N1 virus titres were higher in multiple organs of chickens, ducks and geese than in mice, and caused more severe histological lesions in chickens, ducks and mice than in geese. These results support the need to pay close attention and create control programmes to prevent the transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from wild migratory waterbirds into domestic chickens, ducks, geese and mammalian hosts.

With the rapid expansion of GEPs(genetically engineered plants), people are more and more concerned about the ecological risks brought by their release. Assessing the effect of GEPs on soil microbial ecology is indispensable to study their ecological risks. In our study, the phospholipids fatty acid ( PLFA) method was used to analyze the microbial community of soil samples collected from fields with two types of GEPs-Bt transgenic corn and PVY ( potato virus Y) cell protein gene transgenic potato. The principal components analysis (PCA) showed all controls were on the right of related GEPs samples along the PC1 (the first principal component) axis, which means a decrease of fungi in soils with genetically engineered crop since most of PLFAs that are strongly positively correlated with PC1 represent fungi. For samples collected from Bt transgenic cornfield, the ratios of gram-positive to gram-negative bacteria were less than those of controls. For samples of transgenic potato field, these ratios were lower than those of controls when soils were collected from deep layer (20-40 cm), but were higher when soils collected from surface layer(0-20 cm). For soils collected from 0-20 cm, the ratios of fungi to bacteria for all GEPs samples were at the same level. So were such rations for all controls. Changes of soil microbial community in two types of GEPs fields were detected in our study, but the causes and more information still needs further study.