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This article investigates how firms' addressing of the challenges from the market and non-market conditions in China's mid-range economy would affect firms' innovation performance. Based on the multiple informant data from 303 firms in China, we find that formal institutional capital/informal institutional capital has an increasingly positive/inverted U-shaped effect on innovation performance. Exploratory market learning strengthens the formal institutional capital/informal institutional capital-innovation performance relations, while exploitative market learning weaken the inverted U-shaped effects informal institutional capital has on innovation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deephouse raised an important question as to whether firms should be different or should be the same. The strategic balance perspective proposed by him suggests that by balancing the competing pressures of conformity and differentiation, a moderate degree of similarity is what contributes most to firm performance. This perspective has been widely accepted by scholars but follow-up studies are few and have achieved mixed results, leaving the knowledge base in this stream on shaky ground. This study conducted multiple replications of Deephouse's seminal work across 155 manufacturing industries in China and across two methods to examine its replicability, generalizability, and robustness to methods and to provide additional and cumulative information. The results show that strategic balance perspective was replicable, but with context limitations. Our exploratory analyses indicate several possible boundary conditions and promising topics for furthering the development of strategic balance perspective. Theoretical and methodological implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Institutional ties can contribute to a firm's performance in emerging economies because of the existence of ambiguous laws and unclear regulations. The main thrust of our argument is that a firm's choice of institutional ties needs to be congruent with the external environment and with industry characteristics. We test our proposed framework with survey data from 308 firms in China. The results indicate that, first, environmental uncertainty has a direct influence on institutional ties and knowledge acquisition, but second, a firm's industry position, although it likewise has an effect on knowledge acquisition, influences institutional ties in a U-shaped manner. Third, we find that institutional ties are positively related to knowledge acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Delayed healing of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) is known to be caused by dysregulated M1/M2-type macrophages, and restoring the balance between these macrophage types plays a critical role in healing. However, drugs used to regulate M1/M2 macrophages have not yet been studied in large randomized clinical trials., Objective: To compare the topical application of ON101 cream with use of an absorbent dressing (Hydrofiber; ConvaTec Ltd) when treating DFUs., Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicenter, evaluator-blinded, phase 3 randomized clinical trial was performed in 21 clinical and medical centers across the US, China, and Taiwan from November 23, 2012, to May 11, 2020. Eligible patients with debrided DFUs of 1 to 25 cm2 present for at least 4 weeks and with Wagner grade 1 or 2 were randomized 1:1 to receive ON101 or control absorbent dressings., Interventions: Twice-daily applications of ON101 or a absorbent dressing changed once daily or 2 to 3 times a week for 16 weeks, with a 12-week follow-up., Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the incidence of complete healing, defined as complete re-epithelialization at 2 consecutive visits during the treatment period assessed on the full-analysis set (FAS) of all participants with postrandomization data collected. Safety outcomes included assessment of the incidences of adverse events, clinical laboratory values, and vital signs., Results: In the FAS, 236 eligible patients (175 men [74.2%]; mean [SD] age, 57.0 [10.9] years; mean [SD] glycated hemoglobin level, 8.1% [1.6%]) with DFUs classified as Wagner grade 1 or 2 (mean [SD] ulcer area, 4.8 [4.4] cm2) were randomized to receive either the ON101 cream (n = 122) or the absorbent dressing (n = 114) for as long as 16 weeks. The incidence of complete healing in the FAS included 74 patients (60.7%) in the ON101 group and 40 (35.1%) in the comparator group during the 16-week treatment period (difference, 25.6 percentage points; odds ratio, 2.84; 95% CI, 1.66-4.84; P < .001). A total of 7 (5.7%) treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in the ON101 group vs 5 (4.4%) in the comparator group. No treatment-related serious adverse events occurred in the ON101 group vs 1 (0.9%) in the comparator group., Conclusions and Relevance: In this multicenter randomized clinical trial, ON101 exhibited better healing efficacy than absorbent dressing alone in the treatment of DFUs and showed consistent efficacy among all patients, including those with DFU-related risk factors (glycated hemoglobin level, ≥9%; ulcer area, >5 cm2; and DFU duration, ≥6 months)., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01898923.