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Copyright of Review of International Affairs (04866096) is the property of Institute of International Politics & Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article develops and empirically examines a model of governance and legality of organizations in countries under significant system transformation. While previous research has focused on issues of governance structures, this study suggests that organizational legality is equally important. An analysis of survey data from 127 Chinese managers demonstrates that governance and legality are distinct dimensions. We suggest that an application of this empirically corroborated model to other transformational economies may reveal different configurations of the organizational field, mirror contrasting reform strategies, and indicate the possibility for alternative routes of organizational transformation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timely identification of pandemic influenza threats depends on monitoring for highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. We isolated highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N6) virus clade 2.3.4.4, genotype G1.1, in samples from a bird in southwest Russia. The virus has high homology to human H5N6 influenza strains isolated from southeast China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Magnetotelluric images were obtained across the Xiaojiang fault system (XJFS). • Fluid-based fault zone conductors divide the resistive upper crust into fault-parallel blocks. • Lower crustal conductors may be associated with shear-enhanced partial melting. • A dynamic model is proposed for understanding the deformation mechanism of the XJFS. It is widely accepted that large-scale strike-slip faults play an important role in accommodating the India‐Eurasia convergence, but the relationships between surface displacements and deep deformation along the faults remain largely uncertain. To address this issue, new magnetotelluric (MT) images were obtained along two profiles across the Xiaojiang strike-slip fault system (XJFS), one of the most tectonically active areas in southwest China. Although different in details, these two profiles show similar overall crustal structures. The upper crust is generally resistive but separated by several narrow, subvertical conductors that broadly coincide with the surface traces of the XJFS. These fault zone conductors (FZCs) are interpreted to represent fault damage zones that formed by strike-slip faulting/shearing along the faults and filled with deeply-sourced magmatic and/or metamorphic fluids. The lower crust is broadly characterized by enhanced conductivity and likely associated with partial melting at high temperatures. These observations are consistent with other geophysical measurements in this area and in favor of the development of ductile flow along the XJFS, although the pattern of flow is more complex than previously suggested. Based on these observations, we propose that active deformation along the XJFS can be better described, in the brittle upper crust, by strike-slip motion along the fluid-weakened faults, and by shear-enhanced ductile flow in the partially molten lower crust. These two mechanisms are not mutually exclusive but rather can be complementary to each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pleural effusions frequently accumulate in patients with left-sided heart failure. However, our recent study in patients with idiopathic and heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) demonstrated that pleural effusions frequently occur in patients with isolated right-sided heart failure (RHF). The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of pleural effusions in patients with PAH associated with connective tissue disease (CTD)., Methods: We retrospectively studied consecutive patients with PAH associated with CTD who were treated in the Vanderbilt Pulmonary Vascular Center. Pleural effusions were identified by chest radiograph, chest CT scan, thoracic ultrasonography, or autopsy., Results: Thirty-five of 89 patients (39.3%) with PAH associated with CTD had pleural effusions: 23 of 51 (45.1%) with scleroderma, six of 16 (37.5%) with systemic lupus erythematosus, five of 18 (27.8%) with mixed connective tissue disease, and one of two (50.0%) with Sjögren syndrome. There were alternative explanations for the pleural effusions in six of these patients. Of the 29 patients without alternative explanation for their pleural effusions, 28 had RHF. When compared with the patients without pleural effusions, the 29 patients with pleural effusions had significantly higher mean right atrial pressures (11.3 ± 5.1 mm Hg vs 8.3 ± 4.0 mm Hg, P = .004) and lower cardiac indices (2.1 ± 0.6 L/min/m(2) vs 2.5 ± 0.7 L/min/m(2), P = .011). The pleural effusions were predominantly trace to small (58.6%) in size and bilateral (51.7%) in distribution., Conclusions: Pleural effusions frequently accumulate in patients with PAH associated with CTD and are associated with RHF.

Background: Pleural effusion occurs often in patients with left heart failure. There are no large-scale clinical studies investigating the incidence of pleural effusion in patients with right heart failure (RHF) alone., Objectives: To determine the incidence of pleural effusions in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) and familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (FPAH)., Methods: Consecutive IPAH and FPAH patients who were treated at Vanderbilt University Medical Center were retrospectively studied. Pleural effusions were detected by chest radiograph, chest CT scan, ultrasound, or autopsy., Results: Thirty-one of 147 patients (21.1%) with IPAH (128 patients) or FPAH (19 patients) had pleural effusions. Ten patients had explanations for the pleural effusions other than RHF. Two patients had no obvious explanations. The remaining 19 patients had RHF. When compared with the patients without pleural effusions, the patients with pleural effusions due to RHF had significantly higher mean right atrial pressure (16.0 +/- 6.8 vs 8.8 +/- 5.5 mm Hg, respectively; p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in other hemodynamic parameters between the two patient groups. The majority of effusions due to RHF are trace to small (63.2%) and right sided (57.9%) or bilateral (26.3%). Of the 19 patients with pleural effusions due to RHF, 8 patients had ascites, and 1 patient had moderate pericardial effusion. Four of the five patients who underwent thoracentesis had transudates., Conclusions: Our study in IPAH and FPAH patients demonstrates that pleural effusions frequently occur in patients with isolated RHF.