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Although curriculum standards define educational requirements that students are expected to learn and teachers are expected to teach, little is known about the curricular philosophies of the Chinese Special School Curriculum Standards for students with intellectual disabilities. This study uses content analysis to examine how different curricular philosophies are reflected in the 2016 Special School Curriculum Standards and their alignment with the 2011 Compulsory General Education Curriculum Standards. Results show that most curriculum learning items reflect general curriculum access philosophies, but only 13.59% of them are required for typically developing students at the same grade levels. There is a significant difference across curricular philosophies regarding the alignment of the special and general curriculum standards. Implications for future research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are important precursors of forming ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), which have important impacts on air quality and climate change. Using a literature search, this review analyzed the concentration levels and spatial-temporal distributions of isoprene and monoterpene in the atmosphere in China, mainly from biogenic emissions, and estimated their impact on O3 and SOA generation. The existing observations were mainly in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, the Pearl River Delta region, central China, and in remote mountainous areas. The results showed that isoprene is the dominant component of BVOCs in the atmosphere, and its ambient concentration is much higher than monoterpene. The site-average concentrations of isoprene and monoterpene were 0.004–3.80 and 0.0003–6.31 ppb, respectively. At vegetation sites, the concentrations of isoprene and monoterpene were 0.006–3.80 and 0.007–6.31 ppb, respectively, whereas they were 0.004–2.70 and 0.0003–1.10 ppb at urban sites. For urban sites, the higher concentrations of annual isoprene occurred mainly in several central megacities, in the Sichuan–Chongqing region, and in southern regions. For vegetation sites, higher concentrations mainly occurred in southern regions. Ambient concentrations of BVOCs in the western region were the lowest for both urban and vegetation sites. Both isoprene and monoterpene showed higher concentrations in summer. The potential of isoprene and monoterpene to form O3 was 0.05–57.21 and 0.003–72.35 ppb, while that which form SOA was 0.0002–0.21 and 0.0006–10.46 µg/m3, respectively. For urban sites, the average annual O3 formation potential (OFP) by isoprene and monoterpene was 8.70 and 2.58 ppb, respectively, and their SOA formation potential (SOAP) was 0.03 and 0.37 µg/m3, respectively. For vegetation sites, it was 7.95 and 5.31 ppb and 0.03 and 0.75 µg/m3, respectively. The annual average contributions of isoprene and monoterpene to O3 and SOA formation were higher in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, Pearl River Delta region, and central China, which experience severe air pollution in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dendrobium officinale is widely used for a long time in China, with effect of antioxidation, antitumor, enhancing immunity and so on. In recent years, Dendrobium officinale has been gradually used in cosmetics due to its powerful beauty effects. Aims: Based on senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP), we studied the antiaging effect of Dendrobium officinale extract (DOE) on skin. Methods: The senescent model of human skin fibroblasts was established by the induction of H2O2, and the content of SASP factors was tested after the treatment of DOE, such as interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) and matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1). Results: It was found that after the treatment with different concentrations of DOE, the contents of IL‐6, MCP‐1 and MMP‐1 all decreased in different degrees. Conclusions: It indicated that DOE could inhibit the secretion of SASP factors and was a promising natural antiaging agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cancer cell–specific variation and circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) methylation are promising biomarkers for non‐invasive cancer detection and molecular classification. Nevertheless, the applications of ctDNA to the early detection and screening of cancer remain highly challenging due to the scarcity of cancer cell–specific ctDNA, the low signal‐to‐noise ratio of DNA variation, and the lack of non‐locus‐specific DNA methylation technologies. Methods: We enrolled three cohorts of breast cancer (BC) patients from two hospitals in China (BC: n = 123; healthy controls: n = 40). We developed a ctDNA whole‐genome bisulfite sequencing technology employing robust trace ctDNA capture from up to 200 μL plasma, mini‐input (1 ng) library preparation, unbiased genome‐wide coverage and comprehensive computational methods. Results: A diagnostic signature comprising 15 ctDNA methylation markers exhibited high accuracy in the early (area under the curve [AUC] of 0.967) and advanced (AUC of 0.971) BC stages in multicentre patient cohorts. Furthermore, we revealed a ctDNA methylation signature that discriminates estrogen receptor status (Training set: AUC of 0.984 and Test set: AUC of 0.780). Different cancer types, including hepatocellular carcinoma and lung cancer, could also be well distinguished. Conclusions: Our study provides a toolset to generate unbiased whole‐genome ctDNA methylomes with a minimal amount of plasma to develop highly specific and sensitive biomarkers for the early diagnosis and molecular subtyping of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Appropriate nutritional support, including supplemental home parenteral nutrition (sHPN), may improve prognosis and quality of life (Qol) of malnourished cancer patients. We aimed to explore the cost-effectiveness of sHPN for incurable gastrointestinal cancer patients from the Chinese healthcare perspective. Method: Clinical data were extracted from a randomized controlled trial (NCT02066363). Patients were randomized into the sHPN group or the non-sHPN group (receiving best practice nutritional care). A Markov model was established with a 6-week cycle length. Costs were acquired from local hospitals, effect parameters included quality-adjusted life year (QALY), Qol, body mass index, fat-free mass (FFM), FFM index, handgrip strength, and a 6-min walking test. Sensitivity analyses were conducted with a willingness-to-pay (WTP) set at 3 per capita gross domestic product ($29,307/QALY). Results: When considering QALY as a utility, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was $24,289.17, with an incremental cost of $2,051.18 and an incremental QALY of 0.0844 between the sHPN group and the non-sHPN group. Furthermore, we explored the cost-effectiveness of sHPN from multidimensions, where we analyzed various effect parameters at different visits; the results showed a superior benefit for patients in the sHPN group except for the handgrip parameter at visit 2. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated the influence of utilities in the sHPN group, but the sHPN group was still cost-effective with a WTP of $2,500/QALY. Conclusion: In China, sHPN was cost-effective for patients with incurable gastrointestinal cancer, which suggested further applications in clinical practice and provided references for clinical decisions and pricing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted by plants play a crucial role in ozone (O 3) formation. Avoiding urban air quality trade-offs of urban greening involves selecting low-emission and O 3 forming potential (OFP) plants. Using a dynamic enclosure system and the TD-GC-MS technique, we measured BVOC emissions from 47 common urban greening plant species in northern China. The potential to form O 3 was estimated based on the emission quantification of 63 compounds and their maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) values. The results indicated that isoprene and most of monoterpene dominated BVOC emissions. Most of the broad-leaved trees were isoprene emitter, whereas needle-leaved and some broad-leaved trees emitted monoterpene and sesquiterpene. Alkene emissions, such as 1-hexene, were relatively low, while Phoebe zhennan exhibited higher aromatics such as m-ethyltoluene. Broad-leaved trees had a higher potential for O 3 generation compared to needle-leaved trees. BVOC emission rates and OFP varied significantly among plant species, ranging from 0.08 to 112.23 μg/(g h) and 0.33–1130.75 μg/(g h), respectively. To minimize BVOC emissions and O 3 pollution, we determined a list of preferred urban greening plants using hierarchical cluster analysis combined BVOC emission rates and OFPs. Based on our findings, we recommend incorporating plants with low BVOC emissions and OFPs, such as Eucommia ulmoides , Firmiana platanifolia , and Cercis chinensis , in future urban greening plans to prevent strengthening O 3 pollution in northern China. [Display omitted] • BVOC emissions of 47 urban greening plant species were measured in northern China. • BVOC emissions and composition, and OFPs differed significantly among plant species. • OFP of a plant was determined by both BVOC emission level and compound composition. • Preferred urban greening plant species were selected by integrating emission and OFP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of dietary myo-inositol (MI) on growth performance, antioxidant status and lipid metabolism of juvenile Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) fed different percentage of lipid. Crabs (4·58 (sem 0·05) g) were fed four diets including a normal lipid diet (N, containing 7 % lipid and 0 mg/kg MI), N with MI supplementation (N + MI, containing 7 % lipid and 1600 mg/kg MI), a high lipid diet (H, containing 13 % lipid and 0 mg/kg MI) and H with MI supplementation (H + MI, containing 13 % lipid and 1600 mg/kg MI) for 8 weeks. The H + MI group showed higher weight gain and specific growth rate than those in the H group. The dietary MI could improve the lipid accumulations in the whole body, hepatopancreas and muscle as a result of feeding on the high dietary lipid (13 %) in crabs. Besides, the crabs fed the H + MI diets increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes but reduced the malondialdehyde content in hepatopancreas compared with those fed the H diets. Moreover, dietary MI enhanced the expression of genes involved in lipid oxidation and exportation, yet reduced lipid absorption and synthesis genes expression in the hepatopancreas of crabs fed the H diet, which might be related to the activation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-β (CaMKKβ)/adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling pathway. This study demonstrates that MI could increase lipid utilisation and reduce lipid deposition in the hepatopancreas of E. sinensis fed a high lipid diet through IP3R/CaMKKβ/AMPK activation. This work provides new insights into the function of MI in the diet of crustaceans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coordinated control of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) and ozone (O 3) has become a new and urgent issue for China's air pollution control. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are important precursors of O 3 and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. China experienced a rapid increase in BVOC emissions as a result of increased vegetation biomass. We applied WRF-Chem3.8 coupling with MEGAN2.1 to conduct long-term simulations for impacts of BVOC emissions on O 3 and SOA during 1981–2018, using the emission factors extrapolated by localized emission rates and annual vegetation biomass. In summer 2018, BVOC emissions were 9.91 Tg (in June), which led to an average increase of 8.6 ppb (16.75 % of the total) in daily maximum 8 h (MDA8) O 3 concentration and 0.84 µgm -3 (73.15 % of the total) in SOA over China. The highest contribution to O 3 is concentrated in the Great Khingan Mountains, Qinling Mountains, and most southern regions while in southern areas for SOA. Isoprene has the greatest contribution to O 3 , while monoterpene has the largest SOA production. BVOC emissions have distinguished impacts in different regions. The Chengdu–Chongqing (CC) region has the highest O 3 and SOA generated by BVOCs, while the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region has the lowest. From 1981 to 2018, the interannual variation of BVOC emissions caused by increasing leaf biomass resulted in O 3 concentration increasing by 7.38 % at an average rate of 0.11 ppb yr -1 and SOA increasing by 39.30 % at an average rate of 0.008 µgm -3 yr -1. Due to the different changing trends of leaf biomass by region and vegetation type, O 3 and SOA show different interannual variations. The Fenwei Plain (FWP), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and Pearl River Delta (PRD) regions have the most rapid O 3 increment, while the increasing rate of SOA in CC is the highest. BTH has the smallest enhancement in O 3 and SOA concentration. This study will help to recognize the impact of historical BVOC emissions on O 3 and SOA and further provide a reliable scientific basis for the precise prevention and control of air pollution in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the decision‐making problem that the alternatives actively participate in the decision‐making process and present competitive behavior, this paper proposes a new type of aggregation operator called the competitive behavior induced ordered weighted averaging (CB‐IOWA) operator. The primary characteristic of the CB‐IOWA operator is that the alternative is permitted to highlight its competitive advantage through the order‐inducing variables and the weighting vector. A method is introduced to determine the final weighting vector based on the weights provided by different alternatives that can reflect their competitive advantages. The final weights are calculated by maximizing the closeness degree between the final weights and the ones provided the alternatives. The main properties of the CB‐IOWA operator are discussed, such as commutativity, boundness, and monotonicity under certain condition. Finally, an application example regarding the competitive development of the economy‐environment of four cities in China is provided to illustrate the usage of the CB‐IOWA operator. The validity of the operator is checked by comparison with the weighted arithmetic averaging operator representing noncompetitive behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using ArcGIS to analyze satellite derived PM2.5 estimates, this paper obtains the average concentration and maximum concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in China's 31 provinces from 2002 to 2015. We adopt fixed effects model and spatial Durbin model to investigate the association between PM2.5 and perinatal mortality rates. The results indicate that PM2.5 has a significantly positive association with perinatal mortality rates. A 1% increase of log-transformed average concentration and maximum concentrations of PM2.5 is associated with 1.76‰ and 2.31‰ increase of perinatal mortality rates, respectively. In spatial econometrics analysis, we find PM2.5 has significant spatial autocorrelation characteristics. The concentrations of log-transformed average and maximum PM2.5 increase 1% is associated with a 2.49% increase in a 2.49‰ and 2.19‰ increase of perinatal mortality rates, respectively. The potential mechanism is that air pollution has an impact on infant weight to impact perinatal mortality rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chemotherapy has been the current standard adjuvant treatment for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, while recent studies showed benefits of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI). We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis to comprehensively evaluate the benefit of EGFR-TKI compared with chemotherapy for early-stage EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients after resection from the perspective of the Chinese health care system. Method: A Markov model was established. Clinical data were based on the phase 3, ADJUVANT trial, where stage II-IIIA, EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients were randomized into gefitinib group or chemotherapy group after resection. Cost parameters mainly included costs of drugs, examinations, and adverse events (AEs). Effect parameters were evaluated by quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Outcomes contained incremental cost-effective ratio (ICER), average cost-effective ratio (ACER), and net benefit. The willingness-to-pay threshold was set as 3 times per capita gross domestic product ($30,828/QALY). Sensitivity analyses were also conducted to verify the stability of the model. Results: Patients who received gefitinib had both a higher cost ($12,057.98 vs. $11,883.73) and a higher QALY (1.55 vs. 1.42) than patients who received chemotherapy. With an ICER of $1,345.62/QALY, adjuvant gefitinib was of economic benefit compared with chemotherapy. The ACER and net benefit were also consistent (gefitinib vs. chemotherapy, ACER: $7,802.30/QALY vs. $8,392.77/QALY; net benefit: $35,584.85 vs. $31,767.17). Sensitivity analyses indicated the stability of the model and the impact of utility. Conclusion: Adjuvant EGFR-TKI application for early-stage EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients was cost-effective compared with chemotherapy, which might provide a reference for clinical decision-making and medical insurance policy formulation in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from satellite raster data and matching with the county-level socio-economic data from 2008 to 2015 in China, this paper investigates the impacts of the establishment of National Key Ecological Functional Zones (NKEFZ) on environmental quality by employing the difference-in-differences method, which was stablished in June 2011. The results indicate that the establishment of the NKEFZ significantly decreased the concentration values of PM2.5, a drop of about 20% during the study period, after the paper controls for other factors affecting air quality. The robustness tests using the maximum and medium concentration values of PM2.5 show similar results. Through further analysis, the paper finds that the establishment of NKEFZ can improve the ecological utilization efficiency of land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economically motivated milk powder adulteration is an emerging and serious food safety problem in China. An effective method for detecting fraudulent addition of cow milk to camel milk powder by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), employing the bovine β-lactoglobulin as an adulteration marker, is described. The calibration curve showed good linearity for adulterated milk powder samples, with the linear correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9978. The limit of detection of the adulteration for camel milk powder was 5%. Finally, this method was successfully applied to examine 20 batches of commercial camel milk products, and 8 of them were found to be adulterated with a high level of cow milk (>5%). The findings indicated that this new developed UPLC method could be applied as a simple and effective technique for the routine authentication of camel milk powder products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxus mairei is an important source for industrial extraction of taxol in China. However, the standard and steps of extraction are currently not uniform, which seriously affects the taxol yield. In the present study, the influence of four factors (methanol concentration, solid-liquid ratio, ultrasonic extraction temperature, and ultrasonic extraction time) on the taxol yield was successively explored in T. mairei. A response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction process based on the single-factor experiments above. The optimal conditions were as follows: methanol concentration was 90%, solid-liquid ratio was 1:15 (g/mL), ultrasonic extraction temperature was 40 °C and ultrasonic extraction time was 60 min. Moreover, the twigs and needles from T. mairei with different tree ages were treated by the optimum extraction process, which further revealed temporal and spatial distribution of taxol in the reproducible tissues. Interestingly, the taxol content was relatively higher in needles of T. 'Jinxishan' (a cultivar from T. mairei with yellow aril, FY), but was less in FY twigs. The accumulation of taxol in twigs and leaves of females (with red aril, FR) was significantly higher than that of males (M); however, the content showed a decreasing trend with the increasing tree ages. Therefore, it is suitable to increase the proportion of female trees especially the FY leaves as raw materials for the industrial production of taxol from T. mairei, and the tree ages should be better controlled at 3–7 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To characterize the anthropogenic emissions of air pollutants (PM 2.5 , PM 10 , VOCs, NO x , SO 2 , and CO) in Shandong Province, eastern China, the high-resolution emission inventories were developed using the "bottom-up" methodology. The emission sources were categorized to biomass burning, dust, fossil fuel combustion, industrial processes, solvent utilization, waste disposal, and on-road vehicles, with five-level classification and 399 subclasses. Emission factors were collected from China's guidelines on the emissions of atmospheric pollutants and literatures with local measurements. Particularly, those for on-road vehicles were calculated by COPERT v5. The county-level activity data were obtained from the governmental statistics. Results showed that the estimated anthropogenic emissions of PM 2.5 , PM 10 , VOCs, NO x , SO 2 , and CO in Shandong Province in 2016 were 5136.8, 5685.4, 3257.1, 1430.6, 240.6, and 19618.8 kt, respectively. The main emission source of PM 2.5 and PM 10 were dust and it was industrial processes for VOCs and CO. On-road vehicles and fossil fuel combustion contributed the most to NO x and SO 2 emissions, respectively. The composition of emissions by sources for each pollutant differed among cities. Emissions in Shandong displayed remarkable spatial variations, with the highest in the central, southern, and coastal areas. This study could be expected to supply sufficient information and basic data for formulating effective environmental management policies and further improving the air quality in Shandong Province and even in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. • Emission sources are categorized with five-level classification and 399 subclasses. • The composition of emissions by sources for each pollutant differ among cities. • Emissions display spatial variation, highest in central, southern, and coastal areas. • Industrial process and vehicle contribute most to VOC and NO x emission, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the precursors of forming ozone (O 3 ) and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ). Accurate estimates of biogenic VOC (BVOC) emissions is essential for understanding the formation mechanism of O 3 and PM 2.5 pollution and precise reduction on anthropogenic emissions and thereby mitigating O 3 and PM 2.5 pollution. To gain comprehensive knowledge of BVOC emissions and improve the accuracy of their estimation, this study reviewed localized national, regional, and municipal emission estimations in China. From their comparisons, BVOC emission characteristics and deficiencies in the inventory compilation methodology were also investigated. The estimated BVOC emissions in China ranged between 10 and 58.9 Tg yr -1 and 10.9-18.9 Tg C yr -1 , with diverse contributions for different BVOC categories. The simulated historical and future BVOC emissions exhibited an increasing trend. The uncertainty of the BVOC estimates was mainly from the applications of incomplete emission models, less localized accurate emission factors, deficient vegetation cover information, and low-resolution meteorological data in the inventory compilation. The regional and municipal BVOC emission inventories mainly focused on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Pearl River Delta, Sichuan Basin, and Yangtze River Delta regions, as well as the cities therein. For the same area, different studies reported diverse BVOC emissions by a maximum of two orders of magnitude. There is usually a lack of basic data with more detailed investigations and higher precision for estimation of BVOC emissions. By summarizing the measurements on terrestrial and marine BVOC emission fluxes, they are mainly focused on the Guangdong, Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces, and Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea, respectively. Expanding the temporal and spatial scales of observations is encouraged to enhance our understanding on the emissions and improve the emission estimates., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Cepharanthine is a secondary metabolite isolated from Stephania. It has been reported that it has anti-conronaviruses activities including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we assemble three Stephania genomes (S. japonica, S. yunnanensis, and S. cepharantha), propose the cepharanthine biosynthetic pathway, and assess the antiviral potential of compounds involved in the pathway. Among the three genomes, S. japonica has a near telomere-to-telomere assembly with one remaining gap, and S. cepharantha and S. yunnanensis have chromosome-level assemblies. Following by biosynthetic gene mining and metabolomics analysis, we identify seven cepharanthine analogs that have broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus activities, including SARS-CoV-2, Guangxi pangolin-CoV (GX_P2V), swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). We also show that two other genera, Nelumbo and Thalictrum, can produce cepharanthine analogs, and thus have the potential for antiviral compound discovery. Results generated from this study could accelerate broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus drug discovery., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

China suffered from serious and elevated ozone (O 3 ) pollution during 2014-2020. O 3 exposure increased with W126, a biologically based cumulative exposure index, at a rate of 1.738 ppm-hr yr -1 . MEGAN3.1 was applied to estimate biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions and their response to O 3 pollution in China by quantifying species responses to O 3 stress. In 2020, China's BVOC emissions were 23.26 Tg when considering the effects of O 3 pollution, which was 1.7 % higher than that without O 3 stress. Isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and other VOC emissions changed by -1.0 %, 1.4 %, 15.5 %, and 2.7 %, respectively. The stimulated BVOC emissions were mainly focused on the North China Plain (NCP) and a partial area of the Tibetan Plateau, which increased by >45 %. Changes in monthly emissions differed, with the greatest increase, 181 tons (3.25 %), in August. The seasonal patterns for the impacts of O 3 pollution were also distinguished spatially. The elevated O 3 exposure caused BVOC emission increases of 104.7 Gg yr -1 during 2014-2020, with isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and other VOCs contributing -18.6 %, 27.5 %, 40.4 %, and 50.8 %, respectively. The greatest increase in emissions appeared on the NCP and eastern and central China, with annual increases of >100 tons per grid (36 km × 36 km). The interannual variations in BVOC emissions also displayed different seasonal patterns., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), particularly terpenoids, can significantly drive the formation of ozone (O 3 ) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere, as well as directly or indirectly affect global climate change. Understanding their emission mechanisms and the current progress in emission measurements and estimations are essential for the accurate determination of emission characteristics, as well as for evaluating their roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate change. This review summarizes the mechanisms of terpenoid synthesis and release, biotic and abiotic factors affecting their emissions, development of emission observation techniques, and emission estimations from hundreds of published papers. We provide a review of the main observations and estimations in China, which contributes a significant proportion to the total global BVOC emissions. The review suggests the need for further research on the comprehensive effects of environmental factors on terpenoid emissions, especially soil moisture and nitrogen content, which should be quantified in emission models to improve the accuracy of estimation. In China, it is necessary to conduct more accurate measurements for local plants in different regions using the dynamic enclosure technique to establish an accurate local emission rate database for dominant tree species. This will help improve the accuracy of both national and global emission inventories. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of terpenoid emissions as well as prospects for detailed research to accurately describe terpenoid emission characteristics worldwide and in China., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

An accurate local biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emission inventory in Shandong Province is crucial for air pollution control in Shandong and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China. We estimated the multi-year isoprenoid emissions from natural vegetation in Shandong Province at a spatial resolution of 4 km × 4 km using the MEGAN2.1 model. A new vegetation classification with 23 plant species/types was developed, and emission factors were determined based on the most detailed and localized investigation and statistics. Isoprene, monoterpene, and sesquiterpene emissions in 2018 were 325.6, 18.2, and 7.9 Gg (mass of carbon), respectively. β-Pinene, α-pinene, ocimene, farnescene, and caryophyllene were the dominant monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Broadleaf trees contributed the most to total emissions, particularly poplar, which had the highest emission rates. Wheat also had higher emissions owing to its large coverage. Isoprenoid emissions displayed an inverted "U" pattern when plotted against the months and peaked in summer. Emissions were concentrated in the western and southeastern areas with emission intensities of >10 ton/grid, including Dezhou, Liaocheng, and Rizhao cities. During 1981-2018, isoprenoid emissions experienced a rapid increase from 12.0 to 351.7 Gg, at a rate of 11.20 Gg/yr. Isoprene had the highest enhancement rate of 10.72 Gg/yr. The most rapid increase was observed in the northwestern cities Dezhou and Liaocheng, and the southeastern cities Rizhao, at an average rate of >100 kg/yr, even >500 kg/yr in some areas. The high emissions and their continued increase should be considered when studying the prevention and control of regional air pollution and making policies in China., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Abstract: Primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) is a rare malignant disease with the most common histological type of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is closely related to the pathogenesis of PTL. The present study is to explore the clinical prognosis of PTL and analyze the gene correlations between PTL and HT.Thirty-nine patients diagnosed with PTL between 2010 and 2018 in our institute were retrospectively reviewed and clinical features were evaluated on PTL survival. Then, overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between PTL and HT were evaluated for gene ontology, pathways enrichment, protein-protein interaction network analysis. Furthermore, we used gene expression profiling interactive analysis to evaluate the differential expression of these hub genes.In this analysis, International Prognostic Index (IPI) score ≥3 and high β2-MG (>3 mg/L) were associated with worse prognosis in PTL. Notably, a total of 15 both upregulated DEGs in DLBCL and HT were identified and 10 hub genes with a high degree of connectivity were picked out. Among these 10 hub genes, IL6, IL10, CXCL10, and CXCR3 were higher expressed in DLBCL than the normal tissue but have no significant prognosis of DLBCL.High IPI score and high β2-MG level have a poor prognosis in PTL. Besides, IL6, IL10, CXCL10, and CXCR3 are associated with both DLBCL and HT and may be used for the early diagnosis of PTL., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Vehicle emissions are a major contributor to air pollution in China. In this study, a high-resolution inventory of eight on-road vehicle-emitted pollutants in 53 cities within the North China Plain (NCP) was established for 152 sub-sources. Monthly emission factors were then simulated using the COPERT v5 model and their spatial distribution at 4 km × 4 km resolution was allocated based on the transportation network. In 2017, emissions of BC, CO, NH 3 , NMVOCs, NO x , PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and SO 2 were 38.3, 2900, 21.8, 578, 2460, 113, 85.9, and 4.7 kt, respectively. These emissions and their sources differed between cities, mainly due to different vehicle populations, fleet compositions, emission share rates of different vehicle types, and emission standards in each city. Small-medium petrol passenger cars and both 20-26 t and 40-50 t heavy-duty diesel trucks of China 3 and 4 emissions standards were the main contributors for all pollutants. Higher cold-start emission factors caused higher emissions of CO, NMVOCs, NO x , and PM 2.5 in winter. The cities of Beijing, Zhengzhou, Tianjin, Tangshan, Xuzhou, Qingdao, Jinan, Jining, and Zibo had the highest emission intensities. Overall, emissions decreased from the city centers toward surrounding areas. The higher contributions of heavy-duty trucks meant that higher emissions appeared along highways in a vein-like distribution. These results provide a theoretical basis for the effective prevention and control of air pollution in the NCP., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Accurate biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emission estimations are essential for developing effective air pollution control measures. Chinese BVOC emissions were calculated at a spatial resolution of 36 km × 36 km for 2008-2018 using the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature. A statistical method was developed to obtain more accurate emission rates based on large numbers of observations from China and other countries. The most detailed and accurate vegetation investigations at high resolutions were used to determine the distributions of leaf biomass and coverage for 82 vegetation species and types. The results show that the national BVOCs emissions in China in 2018 were large, 58.89 Tg, with isoprene, monoterpene, sesquiterpene, and other VOCs accounting for 63.60%, 11.35%, 2.18%, and 22.87% of the emissions, respectively. Broadleaf trees exhibited the largest isoprene and total BVOC emissions. The biogenic emissions and compositions displayed strong seasonal variations, and isoprene was significantly more sensitive to seasonality. The emissions were concentrated in the Greater Khingan Mountain, Changbai Mountain, Qinling Mountain, southeast and southwest forest areas, and Hainan Province because of their larger distributions of broadleaf trees with higher emission potentials. During 2008-2018, BVOC emissions increased by 20.18% at an annual rate of 2.03%, and isoprene exhibited the greatest enhancement of 32.67%, which was primarily due to the increase in leaf biomass. The regions with the largest growth were distributed in the Greater Khingan and Changbai Mountains, and the Sichuan, Hunan, and Hubei Provinces, which was primarily the result of the substantial increase in volumes of trees with higher emission rates. The uncertainty of our estimates was evaluated by comparing the applied basal emission factors, vegetation coverages, meteorological data, and emission algorithms from previous studies, and it was estimated to be approximately -36.5-4.6%., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Phytochemical investigation of the roots of Pueraria lobata led to the isolation of two pairs of new isoflavone glucosides, 3'-hydroxyneopuerarin A/B (1-2) and 3'-methoxyneopuerarin A/B (3-4). A pair of known compounds (5-6), which possess a very similar structure, were obtained together. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation. Compounds 3-6 dose-dependently blocked the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, which indicated the potential anti-inflammatory effect of these compounds., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) that emerged in Wuhan, China, has rapidly spread to many countries across all six WHO regions. However, its pathobiology remains incompletely understood and many efforts are underway to study it worldwide. To clarify its pathogenesis to some extent, it will inevitably require lots of COVID-2019-associated pathological autopsies. Pathologists from all over the world have raised concerns with pathological autopsy relating to COVID-2019. The issue of whether a person died from COVID-2019 infection or not is always an ambiguous problem in some cases, and ongoing epidemiology from China may shed light on it. This review retrospectively summarizes the research status of pathological autopsy for COVID-2019 deaths in China, which will be important for the cause of death, prevention, control and clinical strategies of COVID-2019. Moreover, it points out several challenges at autopsy. We believe pathological studies from China enable to correlate clinical symptoms and pathological features of COVID-2019 for doctors and provide an insight into COVID-2019 disease., (© FEMS 2020.)

Background: Giardia duodenalis is a flagellated parasite that causes diarrhea in humans and other animals. Although G. duodenalis is found in companion animals worldwide, information regarding the prevalence and genetic characteristics of G. duodenalis in pet chipmunks in China is limited. The present study therefore aimed to investigate the prevalence and genotypes of G. duodenalis in pet chipmunks in Sichuan province, southwestern China, as well as to assess zoonotic potential of revealed assemblages., Results: A total of 279 fecal samples were collected from pet chipmunks in seven pet shops and one breeding facility in Sichuan province, southwestern China. The prevalence of G. duodenalis was 8.6% (24/279), as determined by nested PCR detection of the beta giardin (bg) gene. Giardia duodenalis assemblages and subtypes were determined using multilocus genotyping of the bg, triosephosphate isomerase (tpi), and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) loci. Two assemblages were identified: potentially zoonotic assemblage A (54.2%, 13/24) and rodent-specific assemblage G (45.8%, 11/24). A total of 24, 17 and 17 sequences of the bg, gdh and tpi loci, respectively, were successfully obtained, which formed four, four and three subtypes, respectively. Moreover, four assemblage A (MLGs A1-A4) and three assemblage G (MLGs G1-G3) multilocus genotypes were identified., Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study that investigated G. duodenalis in pet chipmunks in China. Detection of assemblage A in pet chipmunks and in previous studies in humans suggests a possible role of chipmunks as a reservoir for human giardiasis in Sichuan Province, China.