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Among the edible species, jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum, is one of the most abundant and important fishery species in China. The jellyfish fishery is characterized by considerable fluctuations in catch and a very short fishing season. In this article, we first review the research results on the biology of R. esculentum, which previously were published in Chinese, as related to the jellyfish enhancement and fishery. Next, we review results from enhancement experiments conducted from 1984 to 2004, with the aims of stabilizing and increasing catch. During 2005 and 2006, stock enhancement of R. esculentum was carried out on a large scale for the first time in Liaodong Bay, China, where 414 million juvenile jellyfish (umbrella diameter > 1 cm) were released. We present results of these enhancements, including the survey methods, catch prediction, enhancement assessment, and fishery management. In 2005 and 2006, the recapture rate of released jellyfish was 3.0 and 3.2%, respectively. The fishermen earned ¥ 159 million during the 2 years. The ratio of the input (cost of culturing juvenile jellyfish) to the output (value of the sales) was about 1:18. The high commercial value of R. esculentum enhancement in Liaodong Bay makes this a very successful enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The fluxes of greenhouse gases (methane and nitrous oxide) emission from a constructed wetland in the Eastern China as municipal sewage treatment were measured from June 1999 to August 2000 by the closed chamber method. The constructed wetland for municipal sewage treatment is a significant source of methane, up to 976.6 x 10[sup 6] g CH[sub 4]/a, which was emitted from the constructed wetland with the area of 495000 m² and wastewater loading rate of 12000 m³/d. Its daily mean methane flux reached 5.22 g CH[sub 4]/(m² ⋅ d), 250 times as much as that in natural wetland in the same latitude region. 227.8 mg CH[sub 4] was produced from the treatment of 1 liter wastewater, up to 700--1000 times as much as that in the secondary treatment. The emission of nitrous oxide from the constructed wetland is not higher than that from secondary treatment of wastewater, only 0.07 mgN[sub 2]O/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at non-point sources pollution in the agricultural areas with large topographic fluctuations and spatial differences in precipitation, a SWAT model was used to evaluate the spatial variations in the critical source areas (CSAs) of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) under two precipitation scenarios, i.e., heterogeneous precipitation and uniform precipitation. A change in the CSAs identified based on the two precipitation scenarios during the study period were statistically calculated, and the relationship between the CSAs and precipitation variables was discussed. The study results showed that when the total precipitation was the same, the variation tendency of the identified CSAs for TN and TP under the two precipitation scenarios were similar, and very close for a few years. According to the results of the pair t test, the CSAs of TP were not affected by the spatial variation of precipitation, while the change in CSAs for TN was more significant under different precipitation scenarios, which is likely due to the difference in the physical properties of nitrogen and phosphorus. The correlation analysis between the CSAs of TN and TP with precipitation variables showed that the variation in the CSAs of TP was positively correlated with the precipitation variables in the same year, while the variation in the CSAs of TN was strongly related to the precipitation variables of the previous year. The results obtained in this study are of great significance for further exploring the impact of uncertainty of precipitation, which is an important driving factor, on the CSAs of non-point sources pollution and the governance of agricultural non-point sources pollution.

Oyster reef ecosystem is a natural decontamination plant of estuarine environment. This paper analyzed the bioaccumulation of heavy metals by Crassostrea sp. population at the dams of Yangtze River estuary, with its purification capacity and ecological services value assessed. The results indicated that Crassostrea sp. had a high capacity in bio-accumulating Cu, Zn and Cd, with the bio-concentration factor (BCF) and biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) being (14.28 +/- 2.41) x 10(3), (12.75 +/- 2.02) x 10(3) and (14.51 +/- 3.71) x 10(3), and 26.78 +/- 4.53, 23.24 +/- 3.69 and 16.62 +/- 4.25, respectively. The bioaccumulation capacity decreased in the order of Cu > Zn > Cd > As > Pb > Hg. The total weight and fresh meat weight of the oyster at the dams of Yangtze River estuary were about 1.07 x 10(6) t and 1.75 x 10(5) t, respectively, and the total storage of nutrients and heavy metals were 1.462 x 10(6) kg N, 1 x 10(5) kg P, 24 745 kg Cu, 58 257 kg Zn, 609 kg Pb, 254 kg Cd, 0.18 kg Hg and 329 kg As. The total ecological services value of the oyster reef was estimated at about 8.27 x 10(6) RMB x a(-1), including habitat value of about 5.10 x 10(6) RMB x a(-1) and environmental value of about 3.17 x 10(6) RMB x a(-1). Such an environmental value was equivalent to the value of treating about 7.31 x 10(6) t combined sewage each year, and corresponded to a large municipal sewage plant with a treatment capacity about 20 000 t d(-1).

To exploit peashrub resources in Ordos as fodders, it is very crucial to realize industrial production of cheap cellulase of high activity by optimizing culture technology, especially culture substrate. In this study, a new prescription experiment based on uniform design ideal was invented and successfully applied in the solid fermentation of Trichoderma koningii F244, which was performed with two different temperature degrees. The activities of FPA, cotton lyase, CMCase and beta-glucosidase were assayed and then mathematical models of enzymatic activities, which were figured out by Unconstraint Mathematical Programming, were developed by Multivariate Regression Program of SPSS10.0. Enzymatic activities of optimized substrate prescriptions corresponding to mathematical models were forecasted to determine an ideal substrate prescription. It is revealed that in solid fermentation, Tween80 has negative effect on cellulase production. Furthermore, the ideal prescription for cellulase complex production by Trichoderma koningii F244 was straw powder 16.9%, wheat bran 26.5%, (NH4)2SO4 9.5% and water 47.1%, whose corresponding cellulase activity was expected to be at the same high level with that of Trichoderma reesei Q9414 on its own recommended substrate. Especially, goats mainly fed on peashrub tissues mixed with cellulase complex of this prescription and culture technology, got an incremental ratio of 0.3 kg/d, which brought a very promising feeding prospect for local peashrub resource. By populization of this cellulase complex, it can integrate living standard, economic construction of local residents into vegetational restoration tightly and thus this paper will be very meaningful to be use for reference for western China like Ordos to realize its sustainable development of economy, society and environment.