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This study presents the development and testing of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) buoy designed for measuring the sea surface elevation and tide level. The precision-point-positioning (PPP) technology is adopted for precise observation. The design of the buoy body is optimized by stability and hydrodynamic calculations. A high-performance embedded data acquisition system with big storage and high-frequency sampling is developed for long-term observation. The GNSS buoy is deployed in a wind farm approximately 70 km offshore of China, and undergoes a 60-day ocean test. A comparison of the sea level elevations obtained from the GNSS buoy and the pressure sensor shows that there is a strong correlation between them, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. A harmonic analysis is applied to derive the harmonic constants for four key tidal components (M2, S2, O1, and K1). The amplitude differences are −1.2 cm, 1.4 cm, −0.6 cm, and −1.2 cm, respectively, and the phase differences are 1.8°, 2.2°, −1.3°, and −2.9°, respectively. The strong correlation between the measurements of the GNSS buoy and the pressure sensor and the relatively small differences of the amplitude and phase of the main tidal components indicate that the compact GNSS buoy demonstrates a capability to continuously measure the sea surface elevation and tide level with an elevation reference in the open sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zanthoxylum armatum, a significant forest plant in southwestern China, is crucial for preserving soil and water resources. However, the presence of root rot disease has led to plant death, impacting the pepper sector. Effective control measures for this disease are still lacking. Rhizosphere microorganisms play a vital role in plant health by inhibiting plant pathogens and inducing plant resistance. This research aimed to isolate and characterize the pathogen responsible for root rot disease in Z. armatum. Comparative analysis of fungal and bacterial communities in the rhizosphere soil of healthy and diseased plants revealed Fusarium solani as the pathogenic fungus causing root rot disease. Diseased plants had a higher occurrence of Fusarium spp., while disease-free plants had a higher abundance of ecologically beneficial microbial communities that could potentially serve as biocontrol agents. Three bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Bacillus siamensis) were identified as effective biocontrol agents, inhibiting the growth of the pathogenic fungus F. solani both in vivo and in vitro. This study deepens our understanding of the rhizosphere soil microbial community differences between diseased and healthy Z. armatum, providing potential biocontrol bacteria to enhance plant resistance against root rot disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on multibeam bathymetric data and high-resolution shallow sub-bottom profiles acquired during China's 10th Arctic Scientific Expedition Cruise in 2019, a sediment wave field was found on the western slope of the Chukchi Rise, in the Arctic Ocean. This sediment wave field developed on the lower slope with water depths of between 1200 m and 1800 m and stretched 15 km in the downslope direction. It comprised several parallel sediment waves, with wavelengths ranging from 700 m to 3400 m and wave heights from 12 m to 70 m. In the vertical direction, well-stratified deposits, tens of meters thick, were affected by sediment waves, which exhibit asymmetric waveforms and upslope migration trends. The morphological and seismostratigraphic characteristics of the sediment waves suggested their genesis as a result of the interaction between the bottom current and seafloor morphology, which was also supported by hydrographical data adjacent to the sediment wave field. It was infered that this bottom current was related to the Arctic Circumpolar Boundary Current, which many researchers suggest flows through the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis grandis shoot blight caused by Arthrinium phaeospermum is a fungal disease that has affected a large area in China in recent years. However, it is not clear which genes are responsible for the disease resistance of B. pervariabilis × D. grandis. Based on the analysis of transcriptome and proteome data, two genes, CCoAOMT2 and CAD5, which may be involved in disease resistance, were screened. Two gene expression-interfering varieties, COF RNAi and CAD RNAi were successfully obtained using RNAi technology. Quantitative real-time fluorescence (qRT-PCR) results showed that CCoAOMT2 gene, CAD5 gene and seven related genes expression was down-regulated in the transformed varieties. After inoculating pathogen spore suspension, the incidence and disease index of cof-RNAi and cad-RNAi transformed plants increased significantly. At the same time, it was found that the content of total lignin and flavonoids in the two transformed varieties were significantly lower than that of the wild-type. The subcellular localization results showed that both CCoAOMT2 and CAD5 were localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The above results confirm that the CCoAOMT2 and CAD5 genes are involved in the resistance of B. pervariabilis × D.grandis to shoot blight through regulating the synthesis of lignin and flavonoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Devastating fungi are one of the most important biotic factors associated with numerous infectious diseases not only in plants but in animals and humans too. Arthrinium rasikravindrae a devastating fungus is responsible for severe infections in a large number of host plants all over the world. In the present study, we analyzed the whole genome sequence of devastating fungus A. rasikravindrae strain AQZ-20, using Illumina Technology from the Novogene Bio-informatics Co., Ltd. Beijing, China. To identify associated annotation results, various corresponding functional annotations databases were utilized. The genome size was 48.24 MB with an N90 (scaffolds) length of 2,184,859 bp and encoded putative genes were 11,101, respectively. In addition, we evaluated the comparative genomic analyses with 4 fungal strains of Ascomycetes. Two related species showed a strong correlation while others exhibited a weak correlation with the A. rasikravindrae AQZ-20 fungus. This study is a discovery of the genome-scale assembly, as well as annotation for A. rasikravindrae. The results obtained from the whole genome sequencing and genomic resources developed in this study will contribute significantly to genetic improvement applications against diseases caused by A. rasikravindrae. In addition, the phylogenetic tree, followed by genomic RNA, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolic, as well as pathogenic data reported in current research will provide deep insight for further studies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunda Strait is the outflow strait of the South China Sea branch of the Pacific to Indian Ocean Throughflow. The annual mean volume transport through the Sunda Strait is around 0.25 Sv from the Java Sea to the eastern Indian Ocean, only 2.5% of the IndonesianThroughflow, and thus has been ignored by previous investigations. However, the Nutrient concentrations in the Sunda Strait and its vicinity are found highly related to the water transport through the Sunda Strait. Particularly, our observation shows significant intraseasonal variability (ISV) of currents at period around 25–45 days in the Sunda Strait. Both remote and local wind forcing contribute to the ISVs in the Sunda Strait. The intraseasonal oscillation of sea surface wind in the central Indian Ocean drives upwelling/downwelling equatorial Kelvin waves to propagate along the equator and subsequently along the Sumatra-Java coasts, resulting in negative/positive sea level anomalies in the south of the Sunda Strait. The local intraseasonal sea surface wind anomalies also tend to induce negative/positive sea level anomalies in the south of the Sunda Strait by offshore/onshore Ekman transport while there are upwelling/downwelling events. The ensuring sea level gradient associated with the sea level anomalies in the south of the Sunda Strait induces intraseasonal outflow (from Indian Ocean to Java Sea) and inflow (from Java Sea to Indian Ocean) through the strait. Analyses also show that the chlorophyll-a concentrations in the south of the Sunda Strait are lower/higher during the inflow/outflow period of the ISV events in March through May. The mechanism attributes to both the nutrient-rich water transported by the intraseasonal flow in the Sunda Strait and by the upwelling and Ekman transport driven by the local sea surface wind anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the occurrence and severity of soil-borne diseases are strongly season-dependent, the ecological processes that shift plant microbiome compositions and functions upon pathogen infection in different seasons are rarely studied. In this study, we compared the differences in fungal and bacterial communities in rhizosphere soil between healthy and diseased bamboo plants throughout the four seasons at the main bamboo production site in China and investigated how basal rot disease caused by Fusarium proliferatum affected the composition, structure and ecological functions of rhizosphere-associated microorganisms. The results showed that diseased bamboo plants enriched the highest abundance of Fusarium genus in rhizosphere soil while receiving largely increased stem lesion area in summer. Microbiome analysis further proved that healthy bamboo plants harbored more ecologically beneficial microbial taxa that might function as biological protectants in their rhizosphere soil than diseased plants at the same season. Three individual strains with biocontrol potentials were further isolated and identified as Trichoderma spirale, Bacillus velezensis and Streptomyces mirabilis. The antagonistic tests further demonstrated their inhibition effects on the growth and pathogenicity of the pathogenic fungus F. proliferatum in vitro and in vivo. This study advances our understanding of soil-borne pathogen mediated changes in microbiome structure and function in plant rhizosphere soil and provides potential biocontrol strains for increasing plant resistance against basal rot disease. • The rhizosphere soil of diseased plants enriched the highest abundance of Fusarium genus in summer. • The stem lesion area of diseased plants was largely increased in summer. • Healthy plants harbored more ecologically beneficial microbes than diseased plants. • The biocontrol strains were identified as Trichoderma spirale, Bacillus velezensis and Streptomyces mirabilis. • The antagonistic effects of the strains against pathogen were tested in vitro and in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A total of 201,855,606 Clean reads and 22.4 G data were obtained. • 6375 and 2024 differentially expressed genes were annotated in several databases. • DEGs included secondary metabolites of flavonoids, lignin synthesis, calmodulin, etc. • The synthesis of lignin, phytoprotegerin and oxidoreductase in D-J and S-J increased. • 29 genes in RT-qPCR were consistent with those of transcriptome sequencing. Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis grandis , a fast-growing and easily propagated bamboo species, has been extensively planted in the southern China, resulting in huge ecological benefits. In recent years, it was found that the pathogenic fungus Arthrinium phaeospermum caused the death of a large amount of bamboo. In this study, the transcriptome of B. pervariabilis × D. grandis , induced by inactivated protein AP-toxin from A. phaeospermum was sequenced and analyzed, to reveal the resistance mechanism induced by biotic agents of B. pervariabilis × D. grandis against A. phaeospermum at the gene level. Transcriptome sequencing was performed by Illumina HiSeq 2000 in order to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of B. pervariabilis × D. grandis in response to different treatment conditions. In total, 201,875,606 clean reads were obtained, and the percentage of Q30 bases in each sample was more than 94.21%. There were 6398 DEGs in the D-J group (inoculation with a pathogenic spore suspension after three days of AP-toxin induction) compared to the S-J group (inoculation with a pathogenic spore suspension after inoculation of sterile water for three days) with 3297 up-regulated and 3101 down-regulated genes. For the D-S group (inoculation with sterile water after inoculation of AP-toxin for three days), there were 2032 DEGs in comparison to the S-S group (inoculation with sterile water only), with 1035 up-regulated genes and 997 down-regulated genes. These identified genes were mainly involved in lignin and phytoprotein synthesis, tetrapyrrole synthesis, redox reactions, photosynthesis, and other processes. The fluorescence quantitative results showed that 22 pairs of primer amplification products were up-regulated and 7 were down-regulated. The rate of similarity between these results and the sequencing results of the transcription group was 100%, which confirmed the authenticity of the transcriptome sequencing results. Redox proteins, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and S-adenosine-L-methionine synthetase, among others, were highly expressed; these results may indicate the level of disease resistance of the bamboo. These results provide a foundation for the further exploration of resistance genes and their functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contamination status and transport of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the seawater of the Indian Ocean (IO) and an adjacent subregion of the Northwest Pacific Ocean (NWPO) were investigated. Eight legacy PFASs were widely distributed in the surface seawater, and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the two predominant PFASs. ΣPFAS concentration decreased in the following order: NWPO>Joining area of Asia and Indian-Pacific Oceans (JAIPO)>Northeast Indian Ocean>Southwest Indian Ocean. Hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid, a replacement surfactant for PFOA was extensively detected in the IO (~34.8 pg/L) for the first time, showing an early sign of emerging PFAS spread in global open oceans. Eight depth profiles across the JAIPO (down to 5433 m depth) revealed a "surface-enrichment" and "depth-depletion" pattern for PFASs in the water column, and two noticeable fluctuations were mainly located at depths of 150-200 and 200-500 m. Physical processes, including eddy diffusion, and the origin and trajectory of water mass were crucial factors for structuring PFAS vertical profiles. Mass transport estimates revealed a remarkable PFOA contribution through the JAIPO to IO carried by the Indonesian Throughflow, and a nonnegligible PFHpA contribution from Antarctic Immediate Water to deep water of the JAIPO driven by thermohaline circulation., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this study, TMT (tandem mass tag)-labeled quantitative protein technology combined with LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry) was used to isolate and identify the proteins of the hybrid bamboo (Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis grandis) and the bamboo inoculated with the pathogenic fungi Arthrinium phaeospermum. A total of 3320 unique peptide fragments were identified after inoculation with either A. phaeospermum or sterile water, and 1791 proteins were quantified. A total of 102 differentially expressed proteins were obtained, of which 66 differential proteins were upregulated and 36 downregulated in the treatment group. Annotation and enrichment analysis of these peptides and proteins using the GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) databases with bioinformatics software showed that the differentially expressed protein functional annotation items were mainly concentrated on biological processes and cell components. The LC-PRM/MS (liquid chromatography-parallel reaction monitoring/mass spectrometry) quantitative analysis technique was used to quantitatively analyze 11 differential candidate proteins obtained by TMT combined with LC-MS/MS. The up-down trend of 10 differential proteins in the PRM results was consistent with that of the TMT quantitative analysis. The coincidence rate of the two results was 91%, which confirmed the reliability of the proteomic results. Therefore, the differentially expressed proteins and signaling pathways discovered here may be the further concern for the bamboo-pathogen interaction studies.