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Waterlogging and salinization are considered to be the main threats to agricultural productivity and land resources in coastal areas of China. Thus far, drainage and field soil improvement programs have been ineffective. In this article, we investigated the effect of subsurface drainage combined with biochar (B–S) on soil physicochemical properties and soil bacterial community structure in coastal saline soil. In this study, B–S significantly reduced soil electrical conductivity (EC) and soil water content (W) by 35% and 10.65% compared to no drainage (CK). Compared to CK and drainage alone (S), B–S significantly increased soil total nitrogen (TN) by 24.78% and 39.62%, soil available phosphorus (AP) by 28.29% and 69.82%, soil nitrate (NO3−-N) by 64.65% and 35.45%, and significantly increased soil organic matter (SOM) by 74.69% and 66.10%, respectively. It also significantly increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and urease activities. The results of redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that CAT and urease made the greatest response to changes in environmental factors, indicating that CAT is more sensitive to changes in environmental alterations than ALP. AP was the dominant factor in the change in enzyme activity (R2 = 53.0%, p < 0.05), followed by NO3−-N (R2 = 14.8%). SOM was the dominant factor in the variation in microbial abundance content (R2 = 38.5%, p < 0.05), followed by ALP (R2 = 20.0%, p < 0.05). The results of the study can provide guidance for effective land use and sustainable development of agricultural soil ecology in coastal areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]