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Cigarette smoking, as a significant public health problem worldwide, deserves more attention. This research intended to assess the prevalence rate of smoking among college students self-identified as lesbian or gay, examine whether depression mediated the association between social support and smoking, and explore whether disclosure moderated the indirect effect of the mediation model. All data were collected by online questionnaires, yielding a total of 1,109 homosexual college students involved in the analysis. A moderated mediation analysis was adopted to uncover the connection between social support, depression, and cigarette smoking, with disclosure as the moderator. The prevalence of smoking was 7.4%, and lesbian females (12.5%) were more likely to report smoking than gay males (5.2%). Depression fully mediated the effects of social support on cigarette smoking (coefficient ab = −0.0097, 95% Boot CI: −0.0174 to −0.0029), accounting for 97.0% of the total effect. Further moderated mediation analyses revealed the indirect effect of depression was statistically significant in both disclosed (effect = 0.0737, 95% Boot CI: 0.0005 to 0.1502) and non-disclosed groups (effect = −0.0109, 95% Boot CI: −0.0183 to −0.0039). The prevalence of smoking among homosexual college students in China should not be neglected, especially among lesbian students. Interventions, such as encouraging greater disclosure and expanding social support, may help break the link between depression and smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Although a great deal of research has examined the impact of socialized pest control service, few studies have discussed the relationship between socialized pest control service and pesticide use intensity. In particular, the literature ignores the impact of advanced application technologies (drone sprayers) on the intensity of pesticide use by farmers. RESULTS: Based on a survey of 1185 rice growers in Hubei Province, China, this study found that 64.13% of the sample farmers used pesticides more than three times in one rice season. Importantly, socialized pest control services have a significant negative effect on the pesticide use intensity of farmers. Compared to the sample that did not purchase the service, farmers who purchased socialized pest control services demonstrated 9.30% less pesticide intensity. Further, there was a significant difference among farmers using different application devices on pesticide use intensity. Compared to the sample using ground backpack sprayers, farmers using drone sprayers used 12.40% less pesticide intensity. CONCLUSION: This study found that the frequency of pesticide use by farmers during rice cultivation was generally high. Socialized pest control services have played a positive role in reducing the intensity of pesticide use, especially with the more obvious pesticide reduction effect of the adoption of drone sprayers. Therefore, improving socialized pest control services and promoting advanced equipment such as drone sprayers may be an important way to reduce the use of pesticides in China. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there have been some researches focusing on temperature and respiratory diseases, few studies have focused specifically on suburban rural villages or semi-arid regions. In current study, we evaluated the effects of extreme temperatures on hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in suburban rural areas, a semi-arid region in Northwest China. Objective: This study evaluated the effects of extreme temperatures on hospital admissions for respiratory diseases (RDs) in a semi-arid region in the Northwest of China. Methods: Distributed lag nonlinear model was constructed, and stratified analysis by gender and age was performed. Results: The exposure–response curve between temperature and RD hospital admissions was almost W-shaped. Either extremely cold temperatures or moderately cold temperatures presented a short-term acute harmful effect, and the relative risks were higher among males (1.976, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.773–2.203; 1.242, 95% CI: 1.203–1.282) and the elderly (2.363, 95% CI: 1.724–3.240; 1.267, 95% CI: 1.154–1.390). Both extreme and moderately hot temperatures had higher risks among females (2.040, 95% CI: 1.815–2.292; 1.328, 95% CI: 1.276–1.381). Conclusions: The relationship between air temperature and RD hospital admissions was nonlinear. Vulnerable populations varied according to extreme temperature conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Although scholars have elaborated on the effects of aging, there is no consensus on the relationship between the aging and farmers' pesticide input. Regional differences in agricultural crops in China, namely 'Southern Rice and Northern Wheat', have not been considered in any of the existing studies. RESULTS: Based on the data of 443 wheat farmers and 324 rice farmers in China, this study found that aging significantly increased pesticide input. After sorting out the types of pesticides, it was found that the aging significantly increased the input of biological pesticides, but did not affect the input of chemical pesticides. After considering the planting pattern of 'Southern Rice and Northern Wheat', aging did not have a significant impact on the pesticide input of wheat farmers, but had a significant positive impact on the pesticide input of rice farmers. For wheat farmers in the north, social services have a significant inhibitory effect on the relationship between aging and pesticide input. For rice farmers, path dependence has a significant role in promoting the relationship between aging and pesticide input. CONCLUSION: The planting pattern of 'Southern Rice and Northern Wheat' will indeed affect the relationship between aging and pesticide input, and social services and path dependence are the main reasons for this heterogeneity effect. Therefore, improving agricultural socialization services and reducing farmers' dependence on traditional production experience will be an important way to effectively reduce the impact of aging. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural extension services play an important role in promoting pesticide reduction and green production, although the mismatch between farmers' needs and service supply in rural China seriously affects the application and promotion of biological pesticides, which has been generally ignored by existing studies. Taking 1160 rice farmers in Hubei Province, China, as an example, this study constructs a need-supply fit model of agricultural extension services from the perspectives of need and supply. We further use the logit model and propensity score matching method (PSM) to estimate the effect of service need-supply fit on farmers' biological pesticide adoption behavior. The specific results are as follows: First, the level of need-supply fit for agricultural extension services was low for the overall sample. This indicates that the agricultural extension service supply is not consistent with the actual needs of farmers. Second, the agricultural extension service need-supply fit significantly and positively affects farmers' biological pesticide adoption behavior. Third, there are significant differences in farmers' biological pesticide adoption behaviors under different need-supply fit. When the level of service need-supply fit exceeds the 0.2 threshold, the positive effect of service need-supply fit on farmers' biological pesticide adoption behavior gradually increases. Fourth, the agricultural extension service need-supply fit indirectly increases farmers' motivation to adopt biological pesticides by regularizing biological pesticide use behavior and alleviating path dependency. Therefore, the main body of agricultural extension services should optimize the adjustment of the supply mode of agricultural extension services to fully grasp the reality of farmers' need for biological pesticides in order to promote the application of biological pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing studies have explored the potential contributions of the Internet and smartphone use to agricultural production and environmental governance. However, there is a lack of in-depth exploration of the internal mechanism of smartphone use influencing farmers' decision-making. Based on survey data of farmers in the Hubei and Henan provinces, this study uses the endogenous switching probit model to empirically test the impact of smartphone use on farmers' willingness to participate in the centralized treatment of rural domestic sewage (WTP-RDSCT). The results of the study showed that 63.71% of the samples used smartphones, and 73.62% of the sampled farmers were willing to participate in rural domestic sewage-centralized treatment. Smartphone use can increase WTP-RDSCT by an average of 29.6%, and there is a positive correlation between use intensity and WTP-RDSCT. In addition to the direct impact, smartphone use also indirectly affects WTP-RDSCT through the intermediary effects of information search costs, environmental awareness and social capital. In addition, the information presentation form (video and text) has a significant positive impact on WTP-RDSCT, and the impact of the presentation form of video is greater than that of text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-carbon agricultural practices have received increasing attention, and the rapid development of agricultural product quality certification in China has provided a potential way to implement low-carbon agriculture. This study employs an endogenous switching regession to examine the effects of quality certification on low-carbon production behaviors using the survey data of 1,042 rice farmers in Hubei Province, China. The empirical results show that, first, the quality certification participation has a positive and statistically significant impact on farmers' low-carbon production behaviors. In particular, the treatment effect of quality certification participation is to increase farmers' low-carbon production level to appropriately 71.85%. Second, a disaggregated analysis by quality certification type reveals no significant difference between public geographical indication certification and private green food and organic product certification in promoting farmers' low-carbon production behaviors. Nevertheless, the effect of multiple certifications on low-carbon production behaviors is significantly stronger than that of single certification. Third, disaggregated analysis indicates that new agricultural business entities are more likely to implement low-carbon production after participating in quality certification than traditional farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We celebrate the legacies of our friend and mentor Professor Lianshou Liu who was one of the pioneers for the phenomenology of multi-particle interactions and initiated the physics of relativistic heavy-ion collisions in China. In this article, we discuss some of the recent exciting experimental observations on the collective phenomena including collectivity, chirality, criticality, strangeness production, and thermal equilibrium in high-energy nuclear collisions. Future directions, especially the physics at high baryon density, will be discussed with a focus on the first-order phase boundary and hyperon–nucleon interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the successful experience of pesticide reduction in China, this study uses survey data from Hubei Province to measure rice farmers' technology preferences for pesticide reduction considering their needs, and compare the heterogeneous factors influencing farmers' adoption behavior. The results show that large-scale farmers prefer drone services and efficient machinery, while small-scale farmers prefer scientific standards and biopesticides for pesticide reduction. Second, farmers' adoption behavior of pesticide reduction technologies is mostly influenced by education, risk attitude, income, agricultural labor, scale, rice price, residue testing, brand, training, subsidy, and demonstration. Among them, education, risk attitude, scale, rice price, cost, and training, significantly affect farmers' adoption level of multiple pesticide reduction technologies. Further, higher rice prices and participation in training could promote the use of pesticide reduction technologies in a larger area by farmers. Therefore, the real needs of farmers should be focused on the promotion of pesticide reduction technologies, and pesticide reduction programs in different regions should carry out precise intervention policies. These findings can provide practical policy guidance for effective pesticide reduction in the central region of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis, a zoonotic disease, has brought about enormous human suffering and tremendous economic burden to animal husbandry in China. However, Inner Mongolia is the hardest hit area of brucellosis in China. A total of 132,037 human cases have been reported from 2010 to 2020. Endogenous mechanisms of brucellosis spreading across Inner Mongolia till remains to be revealed. We propose a periodic epidemic model to investigate the effect of periodic parameter changes on brucellosis epidemics. Then we evaluate the basic reproduction number R 0 and analyze the global dynamics of the model. Furthermore, key parameters related to periodic transmission are estimated based on the monthly data of human brucellosis cases and the trend of newly infected human brucellosis cases are predicted in Inner Mongolia. Our modeling results illustrate that periodical birth and sheep shearing play a significant role in inducing periodical outbreak of brucellosis in Inner Mongolia. Moreover, it is exhibited that the annual peak number and the final scale of human brucellosis cases will be reduced dramatically with the delayed peak time of sheep birth. While the annual peak time will be lagged and the annual peak number will be decreased as the peak time of sheep shearing is postponed. In addition, we discover that it is difficult to stem brucellosis even if all sheep are vaccinated besides ewes. Nevertheless, the detection rate exceed a certain value 0.032 or the decaying rate of Brucella surpass a critical value 0.585, the human brucellosis can be regulated in Inner Mongolia according to the sensitivity analysis of R 0 . The insights shed herein may contribute to the careful implementation of brucellosis control strategies in other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the beneficial effects of the agricultural extension of farmers' biopesticides adoption have been largely demonstrated, the questions of what approaches can better extend biopesticides and how to improve their effectiveness still need to be explored. In a survey of 1148 rice farmers in Hubei Province, China, the technology supply and demand theory is used to explain the low efficiency of biopesticides extension. The endogenous switching probit model is used to estimate the impact of biopesticides technology publicity, training, demonstration and subsidies on farmers' adoption. The results show that biopesticides extension can promote rice farmers' adoption probability by 10.3 ~ 11.7%. And technology demonstration is currently the best way to extend biopesticides. Moreover, inadequate supply and demand of biopesticides are important for explaining the inefficiency of biopesticides extension in China. Extending biopesticides is better for farmers with smaller scales, younger ages, and lower education and for those who are cooperative members. Therefore, we should not only actively conduct biopesticides demonstration but also more importantly induce farmers' biopesticides demand and secure the market supply of biopesticide products. These findings will provide useful guidance for biopesticides extension and pesticides reduction in China and other developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to global climate change, the Chinese Government has taken numerous measures to promote low-carbon management practices, but the overall adoption rate has been lower than expected. Empirical studies on the path dependence of farming experience, that is, long-standing planting concepts that will hinder farmers from adopting new technologies, have not been reported. Hence, to fill the research gaps, this paper uses survey data from 805 rice farmers in Zhejiang, Hubei, and Jiangxi provinces, China, to examine the impact of farming experience on the adoption of soil testing and fertilizer recommendations. The results show that farming experience significantly negatively affects the adoption of low-carbon practices, especially among farmers with low resource endowment. However, farmers, who make decisions based jointly on farming experience and social networks, are more likely to adopt low-carbon practices. This means that as long as farming experience is used reasonably, for example, by broadening the social network of farmers and urging them to form a decision-making method that comprehensively utilizes farming experience and social networks, it can also demonstrate value. Our findings contribute meaningfully to the development of efforts to promote the adoption of low-carbon management practices in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the China Family Panel Studies, this study examined the effect of internet use on women-headed rural households' clean energy use with the Probit model and examined the mechanism of action of this effect. The results found that women-headed rural households were more likely to use clean energy than male-headed households. Furthermore, internet access greatly facilitated women-headed rural household use of clean energy. The mechanism analysis found that internet use expands residents' access to information, engages participation in off-farm employment, enhances the frequency of social interaction, and thus leads to clean energy use in women-headed rural households. • Women-headed rural household are more inclined to use clean energy than male-headed households. • Internet use contributes to rural women-headed household clean energy use. • Internet can facilitate the access to information and promote rural women's household clean energy use. • Internet use promotes rural women's participation in non-farm employment and use clean energy. • Internet use enhances the use of clean energy in their household by increasing social interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of farmers' production experience on pesticide overuse is empirically analyzed by an endogenous switching probit model of pesticide use time, type, and dosage, based on survey data of 836 rice farmers in the Yangtze River Basin of China. We find that farmers' production experience is an important cause of pesticide overuse, especially for small-scale farmers. Older, self-sufficient, small-scale, non-cooperative members and rice farmers with distant market towns are more likely to use pesticides based on their personal experience. In terms of pesticide use time, type, and dosage, 35.26%, 30.10%, and 28.52% of the samples, respectively, relied on a decision based on "experience." Among them, farmers' decision-making based on production experience for pesticide type and dosage are the key causes of pesticide overuse. These results will be helpful for reducing pesticides and correcting farmers' "bad habits" within agricultural ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine alcohol use and subsequent HIV risky behaviors among a sample of predominately ethnic minority people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in a rural community in Yunnan Province, China. Method: A cross-sectional study with a face-to-face questionnaire interview was conducted among eligible participants. Results: In total, 455 (94.4%) out of 482 eligible HIV patients participated in the study. Of them, 82.6% were ethnic minorities; 15.4% were never married; 96.5% were sexually experienced; 55.4% had used drugs, 67% were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Over 65% were ever drinkers; of whom 61.5% were current drinkers. Among current drinkers, 32.4% drank daily and 41.2% were hazardous drinkers. Chinese white wine was the preferred choice. Higher level of alcohol use among drinkers in the preceding month was positively associated with being males (OR = 2.76, 95%CI: 1.03–7.43), ethnic minorities (OR Jingpo = 2.21, 95%CI: 1.06–4.59; OR other minorities = 3.20, 95%CI: 1.34–7.62), higher education (OR1–6 = 1.98, 95%CI: 0.99–3.96; OR≥7 = 2.35, 95%CI: 1.09–5.06) and being ART-naive (OR = 2.69, 95%CI: 1.67–4.32). About 39% of ever drinkers reported having engaged in sex after drinking since HIV diagnosis. Those who were younger than 46 years (OR16–25 = 7.77, 95%CI: 1.22–49.60, OR26–35 = 2.79, 95%CI: 1.06–7.35, OR36–45 = 2.96, 95%CI: 1.57–7.58), hazardous drinkers (OR = 1.99, 95%CI: 1.00–3.97) and drug users (OR = 3.01, 95%CI: 1.19–7.58) were more likely to have had sex after drinking. Approximately 56% of drug users had used drugs after drinking. Conclusions: High prevalence of alcohol use and subsequent risky behaviors including sexual engagement and drug use among HIV patients in rural Yunnan require tremendous and integrated efforts for prevention and control of alcohol and drug abuse and HIV spreading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is based on a questionnaire of 556 peasant households in the Jianghan Plain. By analyzing the rate of participation of peasant households using a participation model, this study intends to explain the peasant household's willingness to participate in disaster reduction and factors that influence willingness to participate. The investigation of participation rate revealed that households are generally concerned about engineering measures used for disaster reduction, but the willingness to participate is not strong; the peasant household's attention to recommendations for non-engineering disaster reduction is high, but the willingness to participate is very low. The quantitative analysis of the participation model of disaster reduction showed that the level of peasant household's willingness to participate in engineering and non-engineering disaster reduction was dependent upon their attitude toward a variety of measures of risk and the input costs of disaster reduction. The cognition of a disaster's impact, fertility level of farmland, condition of irrigation canals, and amount of arable land have a remarkable influence on the willingness to participate in engineering and non-engineering disaster reduction. Age of household and joining cooperating organizations do not influence the willingness to participate in engineering and non-engineering disaster reduction. On the other hand, the education level, professional skills, and family size influence on one dimension of disaster reduction, but do not influence another dimension of disaster reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We study the effects of agricultural insurance on pesticide application in China. • Purchasing agricultural insurance helps to encourage farmers to apply biological pesticides. • Purchasing agricultural insurance reduce the use of chemical pesticides. • Agricultural insurance can reduce the risk of applying biological pesticides. • Moral hazard is an important factor in encouraging farmers to apply biological pesticides. Based on the survey data from farmers in Hubei, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang provinces, this paper constructs a theoretical model of the impact of agricultural insurance on farmers' biopesticide application behavior. Furthermore, it adopts the endogenous switching probit model to empirically analyze the effect of agricultural insurance on farmers' biopesticide application behavior. We also estimate the probability that farmers will buy agricultural insurance and apply biological pesticides under the counterfactual framework. The results show that, first, 59.12% of the farmers in the sample area have purchased agricultural insurance and that 62.45% of the farmers have used biological pesticides. Second, the overall average treatment effect is 0.082. This indicates that, if all farmers buy agricultural insurance, the probability that farmers will apply biological pesticides increases by 8.2%. It can be seen that purchasing agricultural insurance encourages farmers to apply biological pesticides. Third, purchasing agricultural insurance can encourage farmers to increase the use of biological pesticides and reduce the use of chemical pesticides. In addition, purchasing agricultural insurance increases the ratio of the amount of biological pesticides to chemical pesticides. This finding shows that agricultural insurance can increase the relative importance of biological pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Literature related to within-gender differences in depression among older individuals in China is sparse, and often limited to specific provinces.Methods: We analyzed data on 8104 participants from the fourth waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Using logistic regressions, we identified the correlates of depressive symptoms among older individuals, both in the aggregate and along gender lines. Additionally, we examined the interaction between other covariates and gender.Results: The prevalence of late-life depression symptoms among females was 45.79%, which was higher than among males (31.13%, P < 0.01). Living in a rural area, earned income, education level, tobacco use and number of chronic diseases were correlated with depression in both genders (P < 0.05), with no interaction (Pint > 0.050). Social activities were correlated with depression in males but not in females (Pint = 0.373), inverse in their 70s (Pint = 0.020) group. The correlation between daily sleep duration and depression is stronger in females than in males (Pint ≤ 0.020). Female who drunk <1 per month decreased their prevalence of depression, but it increased in males (Pint = 0.001). Taking part in LTPA and being a religious believer were correlated with depression in females (P < 0.05), but not in males (P(LTPA)int = 0.009; P(religious believers)int = 0.033).Limitations: Since only analyzed one wave of data, we could not conclude that there was causation.Conclusions: Geriatric depression is a serious mental health issue in China. There is, an urgent need for prevention and intervention activities for older individuals, and these needs diverge along gender lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease that endangers people's health, and China is a country with a high burden of tuberculosis. To accelerate the progress towards ending TB, the Chinese government implemented the End TB Action Plan (2019-2022), which consists of six actions. Among the End TB Action Plan, health promotion was conducted to improve the awareness of TB knowledge among Chinese people. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of implementing TB health promotion activities outlined in the End TB Action Plan, and to provide recommendations for future TB prevention and control plan., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in nine Chinese provinces in 2022. A total of 11,920 Chinese people filled out the questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore that overall awareness of TB core information is associated with whether they received TB health education., Results: The study involved 11,920 Chinese participants. The overall awareness rate of the core information of TB was 84.2%, which does not reach the 85% goal of the End TB Action Plan. The single awareness rate that TB is a chronic infectious disease and that the vast majority of TB patients can be cured were 75.3% and 76.0%. Participants who received TB health education had a higher awareness rate of TB core information. Participants who were elderly, retired or had a primary school education or below had poor awareness of the core information of TB. Participants who were elderly, lived in urban areas, were equipment operators or had a primary school education or below received less TB health education. Participants mainly received TB health education through TV (44.6%) and Internet (37.8%), preferred TV, broadcasts or movies (58.9%) and Internet advertising (54.7%). Participants preferred illustrated (46.2%) and audio-visual (44.8%) advertising materials. The common sources used to answer health-related questions on the internet were We-Medias (48.3%) and search engines (38.9%). Participants preferred to use short-form videos (66.8%) and illustrations (53.1%) to answer health-related questions., Conclusions: Health promotion action for TB had a positive effect in China, but the awareness of TB was inadequate among Chinese people, and it is necessary to strengthen TB health education for those people. Moreover, TB prevention and control institutions should advertise TB more in audio-visual and illustrated forms on the Internet and audio-visual media. Health-related questions should be published in short-form video and illustrated forms in the We-Media and search engine more., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Although scholars have become increasingly concerned about finding ways to encourage more farmers to use biopesticides and fewer to use chemical pesticides, few studies have investigated the prevalence of Chinese rice farmers' mixed use of biopesticides and chemical pesticides for pest management., Results: Based on a household survey in Hubei Province, China, this study found that 59.18% of the sample rice farmers used a mix of biopesticides and chemical pesticides. There is mainly a complementarity relationship between rice farmers' decision to use biopesticides and chemical pesticides. The pursuit of multiple production purposes is the main reason why farmers decide on the mixed-use of pesticides. Specifically, farmers generally tend to use biopesticides to ensure food safety for consumption, and chemical pesticides to reduce costs for profitability. The decision of farmers to mix pesticides has led to an increase of pesticide varieties and costs. However, it reduces the frequency of pesticide use, and does not result in a significant increase in rice yield and output value., Conclusion: While food safety should be emphasized in working towards greater use of biopesticides, rice farmers' mixed use of biopesticides and chemical pesticides will remain for a long time until the biotechnology is more developed. In fact, programs that investigate the effects of a combination of biopesticides and chemical pesticides should be implemented to achieve pesticide reduction, because biopesticides and chemical pesticides have specific disadvantages. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Pesticide overuse is still prevalent in many developing countries. And improving farmers' pest control ability is considered to be the key to achieve pesticide reduction. Based on the survey data of 822 rice farmers from Hubei, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang provinces in the Yangtze River Basin, we demonstrated the impact of pest control ability and technical guidance on farmers' pesticide overuse. We find that rice farmers' insufficient pest control ability does not necessarily lead to pesticide overuse, which depends on whether there is external technical guidance. The technical guidance of government agrotechnical stations and pesticide retailers can weaken pesticide overuse caused by lack of personal ability. In terms of sample, variable and method substitution, the above estimated results are still robust. In addition, we find that different subjects and links of pesticide technical guidance will bring different impacts. The technical guidance of agrotechnical stations mainly plays a role in the time and type of pesticide application, while the pesticide retailers mainly play a role in the time and dosage of pesticide application. This paper emphasizes that strengthening the guidance and regulation of pesticide technology guidance subject is also an efficient way of pesticide reduction. This will help to improve the effect of agricultural extension and accelerate the realization of pesticide reduction target in China., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: To examine the prevalence and correlates of smoking versus tobacco chewing, and potential gender differences in tobacco use among HIV-infected individuals in a rural community in Yunnan Province, China., Method: A cross-sectional design using face-to-face interviews., Results: Among the participants, 301 (66.2%) were male; 79 (17.4%) were ethnic Han, 310 (68.1%) were Jingpo minority, 62 (13.6%) were Dai minority; 17.8% had no formal education and 55.6% had only primary school education; 15.4% were never married; 40% reported drinking in the past 30 days; 55.4% had ever used drugs; and 67% were currently receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). The mean age of the study participants was 38.1 years (SD=8.8). About 62% were current cigarette smokers. Current cigarette smoking was positively associated with being male (OR=142.43, 95% CI: 35.61-569.72) and current drinking (OR=7.64, 95% CI: 2.68-21.81), as well as having ever used drugs (OR=4.03, 95% CI: 1.31-12.35). Among current smokers, 67.6% were heavy smokers (smoked at least 20 cigarettes per day). Those who were older than 46 years of age (OR=9.68, 95% CI: 1.41-66.59) and current drinkers (OR=2.75, 95% CI: 1.56-4.83) were more likely to be heavy smokers. Approximately 9% were currently used chewing tobacco. Those who were female (OR=41.29, 95% CI: 8.53-199.93) and current drinkers (OR=3.22, 95% CI: 1.02-10.16) were more likely to use chewing tobacco. All who used chewing tobacco were ethnic minorities., Conclusions: Cigarette smoking and use of chewing tobacco were highly prevalent among HIV-infected individuals in rural Yunnan, underscoring the urgent need for tobacco prevention and intervention programs tailored for this population., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)