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This study aims to report three new species of Conoideocrella and Moelleriella from Yunnan Province, Southwestern China. Species of Conoideocrella and Moelleriella parasitize scale insects (Coccidae and Lecaniidae, Hemiptera) and whiteflies (Aleyrodidae, Hemiptera). Based on the phylogenetic analyses of the three-gene nrLSU, tef-1α, and rpb1, it showed one new record species (Conoideocrella tenuis) and one new species (Conoideocrella fenshuilingensis sp. nov.) in the genus Conoideocrella, and two new species, i.e., Moelleriella longzhuensis sp. nov. and Moelleriella jinuoana sp. nov. in the genus Moelleriella. The three new species were each clustered into separate clades that distinguished themselves from one another. All of them were distinguishable from their allied species based on their morphology. Morphological descriptions, illustrations, and comparisons of the allied taxa of the four species are provided in the present paper. In addition, calculations of intraspecific and interspecific genetic distances were performed for Moelleriella and Conoideocrella. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mental health problems are critical and common in medical staff working in Intensive Care Units (ICU) even at the late stage of COVID-19, particularly for nurses. There is little research to explore the inner relationships between common syndromes, such as depression and burnout. Network analysis (NA) was a novel approach to quantified the correlations between mental variables from the perspective of mathematics. This study was to investigate the interactions between burnout and depression symptoms through NA among ICU nurses. Method: A cross-sectional study with a total of 616 Chinese nurses in ICU were carried out by convenience sampling from December 19, 2022 to January19, 2023 via online survey. Burnout symptoms were measured by Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) (Chinese version), and depressive symptoms were assessed by the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). NA was applied to build interactions between burnout and depression symptoms. We identified central and bridge symptoms by R package qgraph in the network model. R package bootnet was used to examined the stability of network structure. Results: The prevalence of burnout and depressive symptoms were 48.2% and 64.1%, respectively. Within depression-burnout network, PHQ4(Fatigue)-MBI2(Used up) and PHQ4(Fatigue)-MBI5(Breakdown) showed stronger associations. MBI2(Used up) had the strongest expected influence central symptoms, followed by MBI4(Stressed) and MBI7 (Less enthusiastic). For bridge symptoms. PHQ4(Fatigue), MBI5(Breakdown) and MBI2(Used up) weighed highest. Both correlation stability coefficients of central and bridge symptoms in the network structure were 0.68, showing a high excellent level of stability. Conclusion: The symptom of PHQ4(Fatigue) was the bridge to connect the emotion exhaustion and depression. Targeting this symptom will be effective to detect mental disorders and relieve mental syndromes of ICU nurses at the late stage of COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate whether high cognitive task load (CTL) for aircraft pilots can be identified by analysing heart-rate variability, electrocardiograms were recorded while cadet pilots (n = 68) performed the plane tracking, anti-gravity pedalling, and reaction tasks during simulated flight missions. Data for standard electrocardiogram parameters were extracted from the R–R-interval series. In the research phase, low frequency power (LF), high frequency power (HF), normalised HF, and LF/HF differed significantly between high and low CTL conditions (p <.05 for all). A principal component analysis identified three components contributing 90.62% of cumulative heart-rate variance. These principal components were incorporated into a composite index. Validation in a separate group of cadet pilots (n = 139) under similar conditions showed that the index value significantly increased with increasing CTL (p <.05). The heart-rate variability index can be used to objectively identify high CTL flight conditions. Practitioner summary: We used principal component analysis of electrocardiogram data to construct a composite index for identifying high cognitive task load in pilots during simulated flight. We validated the index in a separate group of pilots under similar conditions. The index can be used to improve cadet training and flight safety. Abbreviations: ANOVA: a one-way analysis of variance; AP: anti-gravity pedaling task; CTL: cognitive task load; ECG: electrocardiograms; HR: heart rate; HRV: heart-rate variability; HRVI: heart-rate variability index; PT: plane-tracking task; RMSSD: root-mean square of differences between consecutive R–R intervals; RT: reaction task; SDNN: standard deviation of R-R intervals; HF: high frequency power; HFnu: normalized HF; LF: low frequency power; LFnu: normalized LF; PCA: principal component analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land surface temperature (LST) is a key variable within Earth's climate system and a necessary input parameter required by numerous land–atmosphere models. It can be directly retrieved from satellite thermal infrared (TIR) observations, which contain many invalid pixels mainly caused by cloud contamination. To investigate the spatial and temporal variations in LST in China, long-term, high-quality, and spatiotemporally continuous LST datasets (i.e., all-weather LST) are urgently needed. Fusing satellite TIR LST and reanalysis datasets is a viable route to obtain long time-series all-weather LSTs. Among satellite TIR LSTs, the MODIS LST is the most commonly used, and a few corresponding all-weather LST products have been reported recently. However, the publicly reported all-weather LSTs were not available during the temporal gaps of MODIS between 2000 and 2002. In this study, we generated a daily (four observations per day) 1 km all-weather LST dataset for China's landmass and surrounding areas, the Thermal and Reanalysis Integrating Moderate-resolution Spatial-seamless (TRIMS) LST, which begins on the first day of the new millennium (1 January 2000). We used the enhanced reanalysis and thermal infrared remote sensing merging (E-RTM) method to generate the TRIMS LST dataset with the temporal gaps being filled, which had not been achieved by the original RTM method. Specifically, we developed two novel approaches, i.e., the random-forest-based spatiotemporal merging (RFSTM) approach and the time-sequential LST-based reconstruction (TSETR) approach, respectively, to produce Terra/MODIS-based and Aqua/MODIS-based TRIMS LSTs during the temporal gaps. We also conducted a thorough evaluation of the TRIMS LST. A comparison with the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) and ERA5-Land LST demonstrates that the TRIMS LST has similar spatial patterns but a higher image quality, more spatial details, and no evident spatial discontinuities. The results outside the temporal gap show consistent comparisons of the TRIMS LST with the MODIS LST and the Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) LST, with a mean bias deviation (MBD) of 0.09/0.37 K and a standard deviation of bias (SD) of 1.45/1.55 K. Validation based on the in situ LST at 19 ground sites indicates that the TRIMS LST has a mean bias error (MBE) ranging from - 2.26 to 1.73 K and a root mean square error (RMSE) ranging from 0.80 to 3.68 K. There is no significant difference between the clear-sky and cloudy conditions. For the temporal gap, it is observed that RFSTM and TSETR perform similarly to the original RTM method. Additionally, the differences between Aqua and Terra remain stable throughout the temporal gap. The TRIMS LST has already been used by scientific communities in various applications such as soil moisture downscaling, evapotranspiration estimation, and urban heat island modeling. The TRIMS LST is freely and conveniently available at 10.11888/Meteoro.tpdc.271252 (Zhou et al., 2021). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being a clean and renewable energy source, photovoltaic (PV) power generation faces severe challenges in operation due to its strong intermittency and volatility compared to the traditional fossil fuel power generation. Accurate predictions are therefore crucial for PV's grid connections and the system security. The existing methods often rely heavily on weather forecasts, the accuracy of which is hard to be guaranteed. This paper proposes a novel GBDT-BiLSTM day-ahead PV forecasting model, which leverages the Teacher Forcing mechanism to combine the strong time-series processing capabilities of BiLSTM with an enhanced GBDT model. Given the uncertainty and volatility inherent in solar energy and weather conditions, the gradient boosting method is employed to update the weak learner, while a decision tree is incorporated to update the strong learner. Additionally, to explore the correlation between photovoltaic power output and historical time-series data, the adaptive gradient descent-based Adam algorithm is utilized to train the bidirectional LSTM model, enhancing the accuracy and stability of mid- to long-term time-series predictions. A prediction experiment, conducting with the real data from a PV power station in Sichuan Province, China, was compared with other methods to verify the model's effectiveness and robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origins of Cenozoic granites in the Himalaya are key to understanding the evolution of the Himalayan orogen. However, it is unclear whether these granites represent primary melts, and the nature of their magma source is controversial. Here, we present a systematic element and Sr–Nd–B–Mo isotope study of Cenozoic granites from the Yardoi area in the eastern Tethyan Himalaya, China. These granites can be divided into two groups: mid‐Eocene porphyritic two‐mica granites with low SiO2 contents (65.9−69.6 wt.%) and adakitic geochemical signatures, and mid‐Eocene to Miocene equigranular granites with high SiO2 contents (71.6−75.5 wt.%). The high‐SiO2 granites (HSG) have similar Sr−Nd isotope compositions to the low‐SiO2 granites (LSG), but they have distinct δ11B values of −19.4‰ to −11.4‰ and −10.6‰ to −6.89‰. This indicates that the two groups have different sources, with the LSG derived by partial melting dominantly of metamafic rocks at thickened lower crustal conditions, and the HSG generated by partial melting of the mid‐crust metasedimentary rocks with less enriched Nd isotope compositions. The δ98/95Mo of the LSG and HSG are highly variable with values of −0.68‰ to 0.12‰ and −1.13‰ to 0.46‰, respectively. δ11B values of the HSG correlate positively with δ98/95Mo and Sr/Y values and correlate negatively with K2O, Rb, Zr, and Rb/Sr, reflecting the addition of external metamorphic fluids during anatexis of the metapelites. The B–Mo isotope data robustly suggest source‐controlled compositional diversity of the Himalayan granites, which could provide clues to the physical and geochemical responses during the evolution of a large orogen. Plain Language Summary: Partial melts derived from crustal anatexis exhibit large compositional diversity. The relative influence of source compositions and magmatic differentiation on such heterogeneity is a subject of ongoing debate. B−Mo isotopes have the potential to trace the source compositions of crustal magmas. In this study, we present whole‐rock geochemical and B–Mo isotopic compositions of Cenozoic granites in the eastern Tethyan Himalaya. Samples with diverse mineralogical and geochemical features and ages (mid‐Eocene, early Oligocene, and Miocene) were investigated and can be divided into low‐SiO2 granites (LSG) and high‐SiO2 granites (HSG). Boron isotopes reveal different source compositions for the two groups, with the LSG derived by partial melting dominantly of metamafic rocks at thickened lower crustal conditions, and the HSG generated by partial melting of the mid‐crust metapelites. B–Mo isotopes combined with the variations in element contents/ratios provide evidence for the involvement of external fluids during the formation of the HSG. Our new data suggest that the geochemical diversity of anatectic melts is dominated by the nature of the source, including source lithology and fluid effects. This implies that the Himalayan granites could be potentially in tracing the thermal and tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen. Key Points: Boron isotopes reveal different source compositions for the Himalayan Cenozoic granitesB–Mo isotopes provide evidence for the involvement of external fluids during crustal anatexisHimalayan Cenozoic granites can potentially trace the evolution of a large orogen [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) is a crucial physical parameter used to measure the radiative and scattering properties of the atmosphere. Obtaining full-coverage AOD measurements is essential for a thorough understanding of its impact on climate and air quality. However, satellite-based AOD products can be affected by abnormal weather conditions and high reflectance surfaces, leading to gaps in spatial coverage. To address this issue, we propose a satellite-based AOD filling method based on hourly level-3 Himawari-8 AOD products. In this study, the optimal model with a mean bias error (MBE) less than 0.01 and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) less than 0.1 in most land cover types was selected to generate the full-coverage AOD. The generated full-coverage AOD was validated against in situ measurements from the AERONET sites and compared with the performance of Himawari-8 AOD and MERRA-2 AOD over the AERONET sites. The validation results indicate that the accuracy of full-coverage AOD is comparable to that of the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) AOD, and for other land cover types (excluding barren land), the accuracy of full-coverage AOD is superior to that of MERRA-2 AOD. To investigate the practical application of full-coverage AOD, we utilized it as an input parameter to perform radiative transfer simulations in northwestern and southern China. The validation results showed that the simulated at-sensor radiance based on full-coverage AOD was in good agreement with the at-sensor radiance observations from MODIS. These results indicate that complete and accurate measurements of AOD have considerable potential for application in the simulation of at-sensor radiance and other related topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a risk factor for suicide. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of NSSI and professional psychological help-seeking status and influencing factors among left-behind children (LBC) in China. Methods: We implemented a population-based cross-sectional study in participants aged 10–18 years. Sociodemographic characteristics, NSSI, help-seeking status and coping style were measured by self-reported questionnaires. A total of 16,866 valid questionnaires were collected, including 6096 LBC. Binary logistic regression models were used to analyze the factors influencing NSSI and professional psychological help-seeking. Results: The incidence of NSSI among LBC was 4.6%, significantly higher than that of non-left-behind children (NLBC). This incidence was higher among girls. Moreover, 53.9% of LBC with NSSI did not receive any treatment and only 22.0% sought professional psychological help. LBC often adopt emotion-oriented coping styles, specifically, those with NSSI. LBC with NSSI who seek professional help tend to adopt problem-oriented coping styles. Logistic regression analysis revealed that girls, learning stage, single-parent, remarried families, patience, and emotional venting were risk factors for NSSI in LBC, while problem-solving and social support seeking were protective factors. Moreover, problem-solving was also a predictor for seeking professional psychological help, patience will prevent it. Limitations: This was an online survey. Conclusions: The prevalence of NSSI in LBC is high. Gender, grade, family structure, and coping style affect the occurrence of NSSI among LBC. Only a few LBC with NSSI seek professional psychological help, while the coping style will affect the help-seeking behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influenced by educational policies and newly emerging educational philosophies, the proportion of public space is expanding in primary and secondary schools in China. Consequently, the atrium in school design is increasingly drawing attention due to the consideration of space efficiency and its accommodability for diverse activities. Although many studies have already explored the daylighting performance of atriums, the particularities of primary and secondary schools are rarely noticed, which leads to the lack of a reliable basis for a quick judgment in the early design stage. This study used the annual daylight metrics of Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA300,50%) and Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE1000,250 h) as the indicators, built a parametric model in Grasshopper, conducted the simulation using the Ladybug–Honeybee plug-in, and separately performed the linear regression analysis on the three groups of data from the different types of atriums. The results show that in Nanjing's climate, the north and east sides of atriums are the most suitable orientations for classrooms, and a corridor width of 3 m ensures high-quality daylight for the bottom floors. The optimal design equations for atrium width and length are provided for the three types of atriums, respectively, hopefully, to ensure that classrooms surrounding the atrium can reach the requirement of sDA300,50% ≥ 0.75, and the design recommendations are offered based on the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allocating adequate materials funds from the university operation budget is essential if libraries in China's key universities are to successfully support their learning and research communities. This article examines funding problems, and suggests proposals for change: establish a deducting-percentage system; enhance integrated resources development; revise existing provisions. (Author/AEF)

The Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) plays an important role in the conservation of fishery resources in the Yangtze River basin, and the Chinese government has established a special fishing ban management area at the YRE. To assess effects of the fishing ban, survey design and appropriate effort need to be determined and implemented. This study used long‐term trawl survey data of the YRE (2004–2017) to explore the effects of survey effort (8–30 continuous survey stations selected by systematic and stratified sampling) on precision and accuracy of estimates of abundance of different fishery groups in the YRE. Estimated precision for a given number of survey stations varied by season and fishery group. Precision of systematic sampling fluctuated with the number of stations. Precision of stratified sampling with a proportional allocation scheme gradually increased with the number of survey stations. We suggest including 15–20 survey stations for all fishery groups sampled using the examined sampling methods.This study provides a research reference for selecting the survey effort (number of survey stations) for a fishery‐independent survey in the YRE under the backgroud of conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Long-term regimens are widely used for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in North-West China; however, risk factors associated with the treatment outcomes are not well known. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of MDR-TB patients treated with longer regimen in Xi'an from 2017 to 2019. Risk factors associated with the treatment outcome were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Results: Of the 446 patients with MDR-TB included, 215 were cured, 84 completed treatment, 23 failed treatment, 108 were lost to follow-up, and 16 died. Unfavorable outcome risk factors were age > 40 years (OR = 3.25, 95% CI = 2.12– 4.98), male sex (OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.52– 4.22), and re-treated tuberculosis (OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.11– 2.61), whereas poor treatment outcome risk factors were age > 40 years (OR = 5.51, 95% CI = 2.52– 12.07), fluoroquinolones not used in the regimen (OR = 3.31, 95% CI = 1.45– 7.51), and smear-positive (OR = 4.0, 95% CI = 1.47– 10.8). Conclusion: In Xi'an, MDR-TB treatments with long-term regimens had low success rates, and age, sex, and tuberculosis treatment history were risk factors of MDR-TB treatment outcomes. Graphical [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the panel data of 30 provinces (except Tibet) in China from 2012 to 2019, this paper uses the ML index method and spatial econometric model to evaluate the impact and spillover effect of innovation investment on environmental total factor productivity. The study found the following conclusions. (1) Environmental total factor productivity showed a fluctuating upward trend as a whole, and the driving force of environmental total factor productivity growth mainly came from technological progress. (2) There is global spatial correlation and positive spatial spillover effect in regional environmental total factor productivity. There is a certain spatial correlation in provincial environmental total factor productivity, and the improvement of environmental total factor productivity in this region will promote the improvement of environmental total factor productivity in surrounding areas. (3) Innovation investment, economic development, and foreign investment level play a significant role in promoting the improvement of environmental total factor productivity, and energy structure and human capital level have a negative impact on the improvement of environmental total factor productivity. (4) Innovation investment, economic development, human capital, and foreign investment have positive spillover effects on the improvement of environmental total factor productivity in the surrounding areas, while the energy structure shows negative spillover effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hospice care is a multidisciplinary approach that focused on patients' quality of life, and nurses allocate more of their time with patients and patients' families than those nurses working in other disciplines. Nurses' knowledge of and attitudes toward hospice care can affect the quality of hospice care. At present, China's hospice care institutions are suffering from an obvious shortage of nursing staff. Since clinical nurses are the main force behind the future provision of hospice care, their knowledge of, attitudes and willingness to practice can greatly promoted the growth of hospice care, however, available data on clinical nurses' willingness to practice hospice care are limited. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study design was employed to collect data from 1833 nurses working in tertiary or secondary general hospitals in Guangxi, China. We examined nurses' demographic characteristics and scores on the Chinese version of the hospice care knowledge scale, the Chinese version of the Bradley Attitude Assessment Questionnaire, and a brief quiz concerning their willingness to practice hospice care in the future. Descriptive, single factor, multiple regression analyses and logistic regression analyses were used for data analysis. Results: Nurses displayed moderate mean scores for both knowledge of and attitudes, and only 505 (27.5%) nurses expressed their willingness to practice hospice care, 1329 (72.5%) of nurses sampled expressed their unwillingness or uncertainty. Multivariate regression analyses showed that education, professional qualification, monthly income, whether they had been trained in hospice care, and willingness to practice hospice care were the main influencing factors of knowledge; education, whether they lived with someone aged >60 years, and whether they had been trained in hospice care were main factors influencing attitudes. Additionally, logistic regression analyses showed that hospice care knowledge, whether they had been trained in hospice care, and whether they had clinical experience affected the nurses' willingness to practice hospice care. Conclusion: This study highlighted a knowledge gap and moderate attitudes toward hospice care among nurses, and most nurses did not prefer to practice hospice care. Having been trained in hospice care was the main common factor of nurses' knowledge of, attitudes toward, and willingness to practice hospice care in the future, indicating the necessity to provide nurses with more targeted hospice care training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Karakoram Highway (KKH), a part of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), is a major highway connecting northern Pakistan to China. The inventorying and analysis of landslides along KKH are challenging because of poor accessibility, vast study area, limited availability of ground-based datasets, and the complexity of landslide processes in the region. In order to preserve life, property, and infrastructure, and to enable the uninterrupted and efficient operation of the KKH, it is essential to strengthen measures for the prevention and control of geological disasters. In the present study, SBAS-InSAR (Small Baseline Subsets-Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) was used to process 150 scenes of Sentinel 1-A images in the year 2017 along the Karakoram Highway. A total of 762 landslides, including 57 complex landslides, 126 rock falls, 167 debris slides, and 412 unstable slopes, ranging in size between 0.0017 and 10.63 km2 were identified. Moreover, this study also gains an inventory of 40 active glacier movements in this region. Landslide categorization, displacements characteristics, spatial distribution, and their relationship with various contributing factors have been successfully investigated along the entire KKH using image interpretation and frequency-area statistics. The criteria adopted for landslides categorization is presented in the study. The results showed that the 2-D ground deformation derived in Hunza valley echoes well with the general regional landslides characteristics. The spatial distribution analysis revealed that there are clumped distributions of landslides in the Gaizi, Tashkurgan, and Khunjerab in China, as well as in Hunza valley, and north of Chilas city in Pakistan. Statistical results indicated that these landslides mainly occur on south-facing slopes with a slope angle of 20°–45° and elevation relief of 550–2,100 m. Landslide development is also related to low vegetation cover and weathering effects in mountain gullies. Overall, our study provides scientific data support and theoretical references for prevention, control, and mitigation of geological disasters in the Karakoram region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 18 January 2016, the Zhangjiazhuang high-speed railway tunnel in Ledu, Qinghai Province, China, underwent serious deformation and structural damage. A crack formed at the top of the tunnel and the concrete on the crown peeled off. As a result, the tunnel could not be operated for three months. In order to determine the types and spatial distribution of the landslides in the region and the surface deformation characteristics associated with the tunnel deformation, we used field geological and geomorphological surveys, unmanned aerial vehicle image interpretation and differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (D-InSAR) surface deformation monitoring. Nine ancient and old landslides were identified and analysed in the study area. Surface deformation monitoring and investigation of buildings in several villages on the slope front showed that the tunnel deformation was not related to deep-seated gravitational slope deformation. However, surface deformation monitoring revealed an active NEE-SWW fault in the area intersecting the tunnel at the location of the tunnel rupture. This constitutes a plausible mechanism for the deformation of the tunnel. Our study highlights the need for detailed engineering geomorphological investigations to better predict the occurrence of tunnel deformation events in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignancy in China and known prognostic factors are limited. In this study, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune inflammation index (SII), and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) were evaluated as prognostic factors in locally advanced NPC patients. Materials and Methods: NPC patients who received curative radiation or chemoradiation between January 2012 and December 2015 at the Second Xiangya Hospital were retrospectively reviewed, and a total of 516 patients were shortlisted. After propensity score matching (PSM), 417 patients were eventually enrolled. Laboratory and clinical data were collected from the patients' records. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine the optimal cut-off value. Survival curves were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify prognostic variables. Results: After PSM, all basic characteristics between patients in the high SIRI group and low SIRI group were balanced except for sex (p =0.001) and clinical stage (p =0.036). Univariate analysis showed that NLR (p =0.001), PLR (p =0.008), SII (p =0.001), and SIRI (p <0.001) were prognostic factors for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). However, further multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that only SIRI was an independent predictor of PFS and OS (hazard ratio (HR):2.83; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.561-5.131; p =0.001, HR: 5.19; 95% CI: 2.588-10.406; p <0.001), respectively. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that SIRI might be a promising predictive indicator of locally advanced NPC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long‐stamen chive (Allium macrostemon Bunge; AMB), which is prevalent in the Wuling Mountain area of China, is a characteristic food of the nation. In the study, we evaluated the as‐yet‐unknown nutritional value and antioxidant activity of fresh AMB. The free amino acid content, volatile components, and free radical‐scavenging capacity of isolated organic sulfides were analyzed to evaluate the qualitative and physiological properties of fresh AMB. The plant was found to be rich in free essential amino acids and contain multiple flavor‐imparting amino acids. The organic sulfides showed an apparent free radical‐scavenging activity in vitro. Furthermore, these sulfides alleviated oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. Notably, the organic sulfides isolated from AMB enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase; improved motility; and extended the lifespan in oxidative stress‐affected nematodes. In conclusion, our study indicates that AMB is a nutritious vegetable with potential to be developed as a functional food. Practical applications: Long‐stamen chive is a wild edible vegetable belonging to the genus Allium (A. macrostemon Bunge; AMB). However, its quality and physiological properties have not been comprehensively investigated. Herein, we analyzed the free amino acid content, composition of volatile compounds, and potential antioxidative properties of AMB. Our results indicated that AMB is rich in essential amino acids, making it a highly nutritious food. Further analysis indicated that AMB contains a high proportion of organic sulfides, which have been previously been shown to have antioxidative properties. Together, our findings indicate that AMB contains important bioactive components and can be developed as a functional food or health supplement. Furthermore, our findings will enhance public awareness regarding this wild resource and provide new directions for the research and development of natural products derived from it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To investigate the prevalence of pterygium and associated factors in Han and Mongolian adults at four survey sites in Inner Mongolia, China.Methods: We conducted a population-based, cross-sectional study as part of the China National Health Survey (CNHS). By means of a stratified sampling method, we finally included 2651 participants of 30 years of age or older from a total of 3468 eligible residents. Factors associated with pterygium were analysed by a univariate analysis and logistic regression models.Results: The study population included 1910 Han and 741 Mongolian adults. The mean age ± standard deviation of the study cohort was 48.93 ± 11.06 years. The overall prevalence of pterygium was 6.4% (n = 169); 1.4% (n = 38) of the cases were bilateral and 4.8% (n = 128) were unilateral. The most common grade of pterygium was Grade 2. Based on the results of the univariate analysis, eleven factors were included in a multivariate analysis. The results indicated that age (P < 0.001), outdoor occupation (P = 0.026), and time spent in rural areas (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with pterygium. Sex and ethnicity were not identified as risk factors.Conclusions: Our results indicated that outdoor occupation, old age and more time spent in rural areas were risk factors for pterygium in Inner Mongolia. At the same time, town as a survey site (Hohhot and Tsining District) was a protective factor for pterygium. Ethnicity, gender, smoking, diabetes and high blood pressure are not associated with pterygium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diet-related cardiovascular diseases have produced a large health burden in China. Coal miners are a high-risk population for cardiovascular disease, but there is little evidence concerning associations between coal miners' dietary patterns and their 10-year cardiovascular disease risk score levels.Methods: The study included 2632 participants and focused on dietary patterns associated with higher 10-year cardiovascular disease risk score levels. A valid semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to collect data regarding dietary intake, and dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis combined with cluster analysis. Logistic regression was used to assess associations between dietary patterns and 10-year cardiovascular disease risk score levels.Results: For ground workers, compared with the 'Healthy' pattern, the 'High-salt' and 'Refined grains' patterns were significantly associated with higher 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk score level (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.02-2.21; OR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.26-2.93) and 10-year ischemic cardiovascular disease risk score level (OR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.25-3.80; OR: 2.64, 95% CI: 1.48-4.72) adjusted for gender, and behavioural and socioeconomic factors. The 'High-fat and salt' pattern was significantly associated with higher 10-year ischemic cardiovascular disease risk score level (OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.13-3.42). For underground workers, the 'High-salt' pattern was significantly associated with higher 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk score level (OR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.16-2.36) and 10-year ischemic cardiovascular disease risk score level (OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.09-2.84).Conclusions: This study provides evidence for dietary patterns associated with higher 10-year cardiovascular disease risk score levels in Chinese miners, and facilitates relevant departments in designing effective dietary guidelines to ameliorate dietary structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhesus macaque is an important animal model in biomedical research, especially human disease, developmental, translational, and pre-clinical research. Blood physiological and biochemical parameters are important markers for physiology, pathology, and toxicology research. However, these parameters have not been systematically reported for Chinese rhesus macaques. To characterize the reference for these parameters, this study collected 1805 Chinese rhesus macaques living in Southwestern China. A total of 24 blood physiological indexes and 27 biochemical parameters were determined. Sex and age were found to affect these parameters. In conclusion, a comprehensive and systematic reference of hematological and biochemical parameters for Chinese rhesus macaque was established in this work on the basis of a large cohort. Such reference will benefit biomedical research employing rhesus macaques as animal models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first national-scale assessment of lead (Pb) contamination in agricultural soils across China was conducted based on >1900 articles published between 1979 and 2016. Pb concentrations, temporal and spatial variations, and influencing factors were analyzed. Children's blood lead levels (BLLs) were also estimated using the integrated exposure uptake biokinetic (IEUBK) model. Pb concentrations in different areas of China varied greatly, which was closely associated with the distribution of Pb-related industries, especially Pb-zinc mine smelting, non-ferrous polymetallic mine smelting, e-waste recycling, and leaded gasoline consumption. The year 2000 was a significant transition year for Pb concentrations, with a rapid increase pre-2000 and a subsequent slow upward trend. Pb concentrations were found to be strongly associated with indicators of economic and social development including gross domestic product (GDP), population size, and vehicle ownership. Leaded gasoline, coal combustion, and non-ferrous smelting were the main sources of atmospheric Pb during the different periods. Predicted BLLs were higher in South China than those in the north. This study details the overall Pb contamination status of agricultural soils in China, and thus provides insights for policymakers with respect to pollution prevention measures. Unlabelled Image • The national scale contamination status of agricultural soil by Pb in China was reviewed according to the latest standard. • Temporal trend of Pb concentrations consisted of two stages: a rapid increase (1975–2000) and a subsequent slow upward trend. • Coal combustion and non-ferrous smelting have contributed to the contamination of agricultural soil with Pb in recent years. • Based on the IEUBK model, predicted blood lead levels are higher in South China than those in North China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The moderate spatial resolution and high temporal resolution of MODIS imagery make it an ideal resource for time series surface water monitoring and mapping. We used MODIS MOD09Q1 surface reflectance archive images to create an Inland Surface Water Dataset in China (ISWDC), which maps water bodies larger than 0.0625 km 2 within the land mass of China for the period 2000–2016, with 8 d temporal and 250 m spatial resolution. We assessed the accuracy of the ISWDC by comparing it with the national land cover derived surface water data and global surface water (GSW) data. The results show that the ISWDC is closely correlated with the national reference data with coefficient of determination (R2) greater than 0.99 in 2000, 2005, and 2010, while the ISWDC possesses very good consistency, very similar change dynamics, and similar spatial patterns in different regions with the GSW dataset. The ISWDC dataset can be used for studies on the inter-annual and seasonal variation of the surface water systems. It can also be used as reference data for verification of the other surface water dataset and as an input parameter for regional and global hydro-climatic models. The ISWDC data are available at: 10.5281/zenodo.2616035. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Few studies have investigated the prevalence of refractive error (RE) in older adults in China, and most have focused on East China. Our study determined the prevalence and risk factors of RE in Han and Yi adults aged 40-80 years in rural and urban areas in Yunnan Province, Southwest China.Methods: Our cross-sectional study is part of the China National Health Survey (CNHS). The age-adjusted prevalence rates of RE in Han and Yi adults aged 40-80 years in Yunnan were compared. We used a multivariate logistic regression model to identify risk factors for myopia and hyperopia.Results: Among 1626 participants, the age-adjusted prevalence rates of myopia, hyperopia, high myopia and astigmatism were 26.35% (95%CI 24.01-28.70%), 19.89% (95%CI 18.16-21.61%), 2.64% (95%CI 1.75-3.53%), and 56.82% (95%CI 54.31-59.34%). Compared to the Yi population, the Han population had higher prevalence of myopia (31.50% vs 16.80%, p < 0.0001), high myopia (3.34% vs 1.31%, p = 0.049) and astigmatism (60.07% vs 50.67%, p = 0.026) but lower prevalence of hyperopia (16.58% vs 27.37%, p < 0.0001). In the multivariate logistic regression, individuals aged 45-49 (p < 0.001), 50-54 (p < 0.001), 55-59 (p = 0.014), and 60-64 years (p = 0.005) had a lower myopia risk than those aged 40-44 years, and individuals aged 50-54 (p = 0.002), 55-59, 60-64 and 65 years and older (all p < 0.001) had a higher hyperopia risk than those aged 40-44 years. Myopia was also associated with height (p = 0.035), time spent in rural areas (p = 0.014), undergraduate/graduate education level (p = 0.001, compared with primary school or lower education level) and diabetes (p = 0.008). The Yi population had a higher risk of hyperopia than the Han population (p = 0.025). Moreover, hyperopia was related to time spent in rural areas (p < 0.001) and pterygium (p = 0.019).Conclusions: Our study investigated the overall prevalence of RE in older adults in rural and urban areas of Southwest China. Compared to the Yi population, the Han population had a higher prevalence of myopia, high myopia and astigmatism but a lower risk of hyperopia. The prevalence of myopia in the Han population in underdeveloped Southwest China was similar to that of residents in East China or of Chinese Singaporeans under urban or rural settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soil organic carbon stock (SOCS) is considered as one of the largest carbon reservoirs in terrestrial ecosystems, and small changes in soil can cause significant changes in atmospheric CO 2 concentration. Understanding organic carbon accumulation in soils is crucial if China is to meet its dual carbon target. In this study, the soil organic carbon density (SOCD) in China was digitally mapped using an ensemble machine learning (ML) model. First, based on SOCD data obtained at depths of 0–20 cm from 4356 sampling points (15 environmental covariates), we compared the performance of four ML models, namely random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), support vector machine (SVM), and artificial neural network (ANN) models, in terms of coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE) values. Then, we ensembled four models using Voting Regressor and the principle of stacking. The results showed that ensemble model (EM) accuracy was high (RMSE = 1.29, R2 = 0.85, MAE = 0.81), so that it could be a good choice for future research. Finally, the EM was used to predict the spatial distribution of SOCD in China, which ranged from 0.63 to 13.79 kg C/m2 (average = 4.09 (±1.90) kg C/m2). The SOC storage amount in surface soil (0–20 cm) was 39.40 Pg C. This study developed a novel, ensemble ML model for SOC prediction, and improved our understanding of the spatial distribution of SOC in China. • Compared five machine learning models to predict SOC in China. • Ensemble model performed best with the R2 of 0.85. • Temperature, leaf area index and pH were key covariates for SOC predictions. • Topsoil SOCD distributed unevenly and key influencing factors differs regionally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obtaining in-situ land surface temperature (LST) with thermal infrared or longwave radiometers for validating satellite LST, namely the radiation-based method, is one of the most widely used approaches. Due to the relatively short path lengths, the near-surface atmosphere contribution is generally ignored in radiation-based in-situ LST measuring for narrowband radiometers. However, it is necessary to investigate the influence for broadband radiometers. In this study, nine stations in China are selected to quantify the atmospheric influence. Furthermore, a correction method combining the Radiative Transfer Equation and Multi-Layer Meteorological Parameters (RTE-MLMP) is proposed to correct the influence on radiation-based in-situ LST. Results show that the influence follows diurnal patterns and seasonal differences. Depending on the station, ignoring the near-surface atmosphere influence can cause in-situ LST to be overestimated (underestimated) by up to 3.11 (1.21) K at nighttime (daytime). For the RTE-MLMP method, the key is to estimate the near-surface atmospheric transmittance (τ NS) and radiance (L NS) and to establish equations for each station. Results show that the mean and standard deviation (STD) of the error are both lower than 0.001 for the estimated τ NS , and lower than 0.1 W/m2 and 0.6 W/m2 for the estimated L NS , respectively. Then, the in-situ LST is corrected with the estimated τ NS and L NS. The resulting LST mean and STD of its error are both lower than 0.1 K, which is significantly lower than ignoring the near-surface atmospheric influence. Our further analysis suggests that single-layer meteorological parameters can only be used when the installation height difference between the meteorological sensor and the long-wave radiometer is within 3 m. Since the correction method relies on readily available meteorological data, further research should focus on the generalizable coefficients or strategy for atmospheric correction to enhance the accuracy of radiation-based in-situ measured LST. • Near-surface atmosphere causes large error on longwave radiation-based in-situ LST. • RTE-MLMP is proposed for correction of longwave radiation-based in-situ LST. • RTE-MLMP can obtain accurate in-situ LST. • RTE-MLMP has high potential for the validation of satellite LST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the variation of Chinese children’s exposure to arsenic by geography, age, gender, and other potential factors. The main objective of this study was to investigate the total arsenic concentration in Chinese children’s urine by geographic locations, ages, and genders. In total, 259 24-h urine samples were collected from 210 2- to 12-year-old children in China and analyzed for total arsenic and creatinine concentrations. The results showed that the upper limit (upper limit of the 90% confidence interval for the 97.5 fractile) was 27.51 µg/L or 55.88 µg/g creatinine for Chinese children. The total urinary arsenic levels were significantly different for children in Guangdong, Hubei, and Gansu provinces (P < 0.05), where the upper limits were 24.29, 58.70, and 44.29 µg/g creatinine, respectively. In addition, the total urinary arsenic levels were higher for 2- to 7-year-old children than for 7- to 12-year-old children (P < 0.05; the upper limits were 59.06 and 44.29 µg/g creatinine, respectively) and higher for rural children than for urban children (P < 0.05; the upper limits were 59.06 and 50.44 µg/g creatinine, respectively). The total urinary arsenic levels for boys were not significantly different from those for girls (P > 0.05), although the level for boys (the upper limit was 59.30 µg/g) was slightly higher than that for girls (the upper limit was 58.64 µg/g creatinine). Because the total urinary arsenic concentrations are significantly different for general populations of children in different locations and age groups, the reference level of total urinary arsenic might be dependent on the geographic site and the child’s age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the accuracy and temporal-spatial resolution for a vehicle emission inventory in a medium-sized city with a strip road network, this study was conducted based on detailed hourly traffic-flow data for each day of 2014, and covered all road types and regions in the city of Foshan. Detailed hourly emission characteristics and sources in five regions were analysed. The results showed that the total vehicle emissions of CO, NO X , VOCs, and PM 2.5 were 13.10 × 10 4 , 0.23 × 10 4 , 4.46 × 10 4 , and 0.18 × 10 4 tons, respectively. Motorcycles (MCs) and light passenger cars (LPCs) were the dominant contributors of CO emissions, while buses and heavy passenger cars (HPCs) were the dominant contributors for NO X . As a whole, the daytime contributions to total emissions were close to 80%, and emissions during the peak periods accounted for almost 40%. Specifically, the hourly emissions of each pollutant on workdays were higher than on non-workdays (maximum up to 64.2%), and for some roads the early peak periods changed significantly from workdays to non-workdays. At expressways, artery roads, and local roads, the daily emission intensities of CO, NOx, and PM 2.5 in Foshan were close to or even higher than that of Beijing. On a regional scale, the temporal variation of vehicle emissions on workdays at artery roads of different regions were similar. In addition, the higher emission intensities of CO and VOCs were identified in DaLiang-RongGui (DLRG) and that of NO X and PM 2.5 were in Central Region (CR). These results are meaningful for decision-makers to help provide more detailed vehicle pollution control measures in Foshan with a strip road network and only one ring road. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of inappropriate hospital stays in a tertiary hospital in Shanghai, identify the causes for the inappropriateness and analyze the predictors.Design: A retrospective review of medical records.Setting: The cardiology and the orthopedics departments of a tertiary hospital in Shanghai, China.Participants: About 806 patients discharged from the cardiology or the orthopedics department of a tertiary hospital from March 2013 to February 2014.Interventions: Two reviewers audited 8396 hospital days of the cardiology department (n = 3606) and the orthopedics department (n = 4790) by adopting the Chinese Version of the Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol. Univariate and multivariate analysis were adopted to identify the predictors of higher levels of inappropriateness produced by internal causes.Main Outcome Measure: The prevalence of inappropriate hospital days.Results: It was found that 910 (25.2%) and 1940 (40.5%) hospital days were judged to be inappropriate in the cardiology and the orthopedics departments, respectively; and 753 (20.9%) and 1585 (33.1%) of these inappropriate hospital days were due to internal reasons, respectively. Awaiting tests, surgery or discharge were determined to constitute the main causes of inappropriateness for both departments. The predictors of higher levels of inappropriateness in the cardiology department were younger age, self-pay, outpatient admission and inappropriate admission. Self-pay, surgical and/or first-time admission patients exhibited the highest levels of inappropriateness in the orthopedics department.Conclusions: The rates of inappropriateness in the involved departments were relatively high. Further interventions should be designed and implemented, accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nivolumab is a new standard of care for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and provides an overall survival benefit of 5.40 months in comparison with everolimus. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of nivolumab for the second-line treatment of mRCC from the perspective of US payers and identified the range of drug costs for which the addition of nivolumab to standard therapy could be considered cost-effective from a Chinese perspective.Methods: A partitioned survival model was constructed to estimate lifetime costs, life-years, and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Costs were estimated for the US and Chinese health care systems. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed.Results: Nivolumab provided an additional 0.29 QALYs at a cost of $151,676/QALY in the United States. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000/QALY, at the current cost of nivolumab, the chance of nivolumab being cost-effective was 3.10%. For China, when nivolumab cost less than $7.90 or $9.70/mg, there was a nearly 90% likelihood that the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for nivolumab would be less than $22,785 or $48,838/QALY, respectively.Conclusions: For the United States, nivolumab is unlikely to be a high-value treatment for mRCC at the current price, and a price reduction appears to be justified. In China, value-based prices for nivolumab are $7.90 and $9.70/mg for the country and Beijing City, respectively. This study could and should inform the multilateral drug-price negotiations in China that may be upcoming for nivolumab. Cancer 2017;123:2634-41. © 2017 American Cancer Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil attributes and their environmental drivers exhibit different patterns in different geographical directions, along with distinct regional characteristics, which may have important effects on substance migration and transformation such as organic matter and soil elements or the environmental impacts of pollutants. Therefore, regional soil characteristics should be considered in the process of regionalization for environmental management. However, no comprehensive evaluation or systematic classification of the natural soil environment has been established for China. Here, we established an index system for natural soil environmental regionalization (NSER) by combining literature data obtained based on bibliometrics with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Based on the index system, we collected spatial distribution data for 14 indexes at the national scale. In addition, three clustering algorithms—self-organizing feature mapping (SOFM), fuzzy c-means (FCM) and k-means (KM)—were used to classify and define the natural soil environment. We imported four cluster validity indexes (CVI) to evaluate different models: Davies-Bouldin index (DB), Silhouette index (Sil) and Calinski-Harabasz index (CH) for FCM and KM, clustering quality index (CQI) for SOFM. Analysis and comparison of the results showed that when the number of clusters was 13, the FCM clustering algorithm achieved the optimal clustering results (DB = 1.16, Sil = 0.78, CH = 6.77 × 106), allowing the natural soil environment of China to be divided into 12 regions with distinct characteristics. Our study provides a set of comprehensive scientific research methods for regionalization research based on spatial data, it has important reference value for improving soil environmental management based on local conditions in China. • Propose a regionalization scheme based on data-driven and three clustering algorithms. • Establish the regionalization indexes system by bibliometrics and analytic hierarchy process. • Four cluster validity indexes are used to evaluate the clustering results of different models. • The advantages of fuzzy clustering algorithm in soil regionalization are further confirmed. • Divide Chinese natural soil environment into 12 regions with their own characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We collected and analyzed 128 surface soil samples from Xiangfen County for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE). Total DDT concentrations (DDTs; sum of p,p′ -DDD, p,p′ -DDE, and p,p′ -DDT) ranged from ND to 427.81 ng g −1 (dry weight, dw), with a mean of 40.26 ng g −1 (dw). Among the three compounds, p,p′ -DDD was the most dominant. The DDTs in Xiangfen County soils mainly originated from historical DDT use, but there were also new inputs likely related to dicofol use. The DDTs in Xiangfen County soils were mainly degraded under anaerobic conditions, and direct degradation to DDD was the main degradation route. Regions with relatively high concentrations of DDTs were mainly located in North and South Xiangfen County. In these regions, many soil samples contained p,p′ -DDT as the predominant pollutant, suggestive of extensive new inputs of DDT. A health risk assessment revealed that there are no serious long-term health impacts of exposure to DDTs in soil, for adults or children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia mingii is a recently described and critically endangered new species from Southeast Yunnan Province, China. Genetic information of C. mingii would provide guidance for the conservation of this wild yellow camellia. Here, we reported and characterized its complete chloroplast (cp) genome using Illumina pair-end sequencing data. The total chloroplast genome size was 156,806 bp, including inverted repeats (IRs) of 26,020 bp, separated by a large single copy (LSC) and a small single copy (SSC) of 86,536 and 18,230 bp, respectively. A total of 132 genes, including 37 tRNA, eight rRNA, and 87 protein-coding genes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that C. mingii was closely related to the clade containing C. huana and C. impressinervis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Abroma" Jacq. and "Ambroma" L.f. have been alternatively adopted in different publications for the same genus of Malvaceae. The correct spelling and ascription of this generic name remain in dispute. Fosberg reviewed the nomenclature of this genus and concluded that Jacquin did not validly publish Abroma in 1776 because he failed to provide a separate generic description or diagnosis, and because validation with a combined genus/species description or diagnosis was not possible, as another prior name (Theobroma augustum L.) was included based on the same type as his sole species A. fastuosum. However, Jacquin had, in fact, validly published his new genus by providing both a generic diagnosis and description after his species description. Given the inconsistent opinions about the author and spelling of the genus in different publications and databases, a detailed clarification is presented here to promote nomenclatural stability of the genus. We hope this explanation will eliminate the erroneous adoption of "Ambroma" L.f., as in the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae and Flora of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to global climate change as well as seeking for sustainable development, Electrical Vehicle (EV) is growing fast these years. During the new Energy Internet development era, EV will develop as one of the most important link between power system and transportation system. And the EV charging problem is always one of the major concerns on its developing way. The paper describes the present development situation of EV market in China. It introduces the wired charging status as well as the wireless charging development situation in China. It is expected that the EV will grow up to 5 million by 2020. Both the wired and wireless charging technology develops fast. When it comes to wireless charging, it has already some practical demonstration in operation around China. It aims to provide feasible development ideas for the integration of power system and transportation system under the unified Energy Internet framework in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To adapt the Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol (AEP) to the specific settings of health care in China and to validate the Chinese version AEP (C-AEP). Methods: Forward and backward translations were carried out to the original criteria. Twenty experts participated in the consultancy to form a preliminary version of the C-AEP. To ensure applicability, tests of reliability and validity were performed on 350 admissions and 3,226 hospital days of acute myocardial infraction patients and total hip replacement patients in two tertiary hospitals by two C-AEP reviewers and two physician reviewers. Overall agreement, specific agreement, and Cohen’s Kappa were calculated to compare the concordance of decisions between pairs of reviewers to test inter-rater reliability and convergent validity. The use of “overrides” and opinions of experts were recorded as measurements of content validity. Face validity was tested through collecting perspectives of nonprofessionals. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were also reported. Results: There are 14 admission and 24 days of care criteria in the initial version of C-AEP. Kappa coefficients indicate substantial agreement between reviewers: with regard to inter-rater reliability, Kappa (κ) coefficients are 0.746 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.644–0.834) and 0.743 (95% CI 0.698–0.767) of admission and hospital days, respectively; for convergent validity, the κ statistics are 0.678 (95% CI 0.567–0.778) and 0.691 (95% CI 0.644–0.717), respectively. Overrides account for less than 2% of all judgments. Content validity and face validity were confirmed by experts and nonprofessionals, respectively. According to the C-AEP reviewers, 18.3% of admissions and 28.5% of inpatient days were deemed inappropriate. Conclusions: The C-AEP is a reliable and valid screening tool in China’s tertiary hospitals. The prevalence of inappropriateness is substantial in our research. To reduce inappropriate utilization, further investigation is needed to elucidate the reasons and risk factors for this inappropriateness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in 128 soil samples collected from Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province, China. Sixteen PAH congeners were identified at high concentrations (89-100 %), with the exceptions of Ace and Acy, and were used for statistical analysis. PAH concentrations ranged from 51.91 to 10,523.58 ng/g with a mean of 722.35 ng/g indicating severe pollution at the sample sites. Four-ring PAHs were predominant followed by 3- and 5-ring PAHs. Coal combustion was found to be the greatest contributor of PAHs to the local environment. An analysis of the spatial distribution of PAHs indicated the presence of relatively high concentrations in the northwest region of the county. A source identification analysis showed that Wulidun in Fencheng Town, Shangbeirong Village in Gucheng Town, and Yandian Village in Xincheng Town were the major sources of PAHs in Xiangfen County. Modeling results indicated that the distance among the sampling sites and these point sources had a large influence on the transfer of PAHs to the soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal (loid)s (HMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils from a typical industrial county of Shanxi were synchronously measured to determine the spatial clustering of combined HMs and PAHs pollution, and the resulting source-specific health risks. The spatial interaction of HMs and PAHs was determined by the Moran's I index, and a bivariate local indicators of spatial association (LISA) analysis showed that the high HMs-high PAHs clusters were mainly distributed in Fencheng and Xijia towns, as well as the main urban areas of Xiangfen County. The spatial clusters of high naphthalene (Nap)-high HMs were more obvious than those of high benzo(a)pyrene (Bap)-high HMs. Based on positive matrix factorization (PMF), four sources were identified for both HMs and PAHs, with coal consumption and industrial emission identified as common sources of both pollutants. The source-oriented health risk was determined using an improved health risk assessment model. The cancer risk from the combined pollution industrial emissions was relatively serious for both adults and children, with the risk value exceeding 10−6. Therefore, special attention should be paid to emission control. Based on spatial clustering and source-specific health risk assessment, the largest risk areas and pollutant sources were in the main urban areas of Fencheng and Xijia towns. The spatial interaction patterns and source-specific HMs and PAHs pollution concentrations provide a basis for effective pollution management and control. Finally, a systematic framework for reference was proposed for risk area identification and analysis of the source-oriented health risks of combined HMs and PAHs pollution. • The spatial cluster patterns of heavy metals and PAHs in soil were identified. • Source-oriented risks of synchronous heavy metals and PAHs were studied. •Coal and industry emission are the synchronous sources for combined pollution. •Industrial emission is the main pollution source of combined pollution risk. •A methodology framework was proposed for identify compound pollution risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evaluating the progress of tobacco control across the world heavily relies on smoking prevalence estimates. Those estimates are often based on surveys of self-reported cigarette smoking status. The accuracy varies among populations with different social and cultural backgrounds. Purpose: The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of smoking and assess the accuracy of self-report smoking status in Chinese adolescents. Method: This population-based cross-sectional survey included 10,934 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years from 17 schools in Shanghai, China. Data on adolescents' smoking status were collected from adolescents' self-reporting and from parents' questionnaires, separately. Based on the data of two sources, the total number of smokers among the study participants was estimated using a capture-recapture method. Results: Among 5,452 girls and 5,482 boys, the prevalence estimates of self-reported smoking were 13.6 % (748) and 5.2 % (284) for boys and girls, respectively. Parents only identified smaller proportions of smoking adolescents: 2.9 % (160) boys and 0.6 % (30) girls. Using the capture-recapture method, we estimated the prevalence of smoking as 18.3 % (95 % CI 16.4, 20.3) for boys and 14.2 % (95 % CI 7.6, 20.8) for girls. Conclusion: Reliance on self-reporting to identify smokers among Chinese adolescents significantly underestimates the number of smokers, particularly among Chinese girls. Self-reported smokers only represent less than half of actual smokers in girls. Our findings are important for monitoring smoking trends and evaluating tobacco control interventions among Chinese adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrons are mobile genetic elements able to capture, express and excise resistance genes, playing an important role in the spread of bacterial resistance. The present study was to investigate the occurrence and diversity of integrons in 120 clinical multi-drug resistant Gram-negative isolates from eastern China. Screening of integrons was performed by PCR and gene cassettes were further characterized by PCR-RFLP and sequencing. Class 1 integrons were detected in 70.8 % of isolates and no class 2 and class 3 integrons were detected in any isolates. A total of 19 resistant gene cassettes were identified, four representative of novel gene cassettes: an aacA3 variant ( aacA3c), an aacA4 variant ( aacA4′- 17), a bla variant ( bla), and a catB8 gene cassette interrupted by an insertion sequence IS10 ( catB8::IS10). In addition, 14 cassette arrays were detected, including three novel integrons: gcuD1- aacA4′- 17- gcu38B- catB8:: IS10 (In712), aacA3c- aadA13- bla (In713) and dfrA1- gcu37- aadA5 (In714). The presence of novel integron structures in clinical isolates suggests hospital environments may favor the formation of novel combination of gene cassettes. Moreover, the high prevalence of integrons in multi-drug resistant isolates highlights the urgent need to employ effective means to avoid dissemination of drug-resistant bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hospitals compose a large share of total health spending in most countries, and thus have been the target of reforms to improve efficiency and reduce costs. In China, the government implemented national health care reform to improve access to essential services and reduce high out-of-pocket medical spending. A key component is the comprehensive reform of public hospitals on a pilot basis, although it remains one of the least understood aspects of health care reform in China. This article outlines the main goals of the reform of public hospitals in China, progress to date and the direction of reform between now and 2015. Then, we review experiences from industrialized countries and discuss the applicability to the Chinese reform process. Based on the policy directions focusing on efficiency and quality, and reflecting on how hospital systems in other countries have responded, the article concludes that the hospital of the future in China operates at county level. Barriers to realizing this are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in 87 soil samples collected from North China. Eleven PBDE congeners (BDE28, 47, 49, 66, 99, 100, 119, 183, 196, 203, and 209) were identified with a high frequency of detection (84-100 %) in soil samples, and their frequencies were used for statistical analysis in the present study. PBDE concentrations ranged from 0.08 to 8260 ng/g with a mean of 202 ng/g, thus indicating severe pollution at these sample sites. BDE209 was the predominant congener with concentrations of 0.08-8140 ng/g (mean 188). Analysis of the spatial distribution of PBDEs in North China soils indicated that relatively high concentrations of both lower- and higher-brominated BDEs were present in Shandong Province, and a decreasing trend in PBDE concentrations from the east toward the west of North China was observed. Source identification analysis suggested that Jinghai County in Tianjin and the coastal area of Laizhou Bay, Shandong province, were the major sources in North China. The sources in Jinghai County were connected with the dismantling of electronic waste, whereas the sources in the coastal area of Laizhou Bay were connected with the production of PBDEs. Modeling results showed that the distance between the sampling sites and these point sources had a large influence on the transfer of PBDEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Currently, the most popular hospital payment method in China is fee-for-service (FFS) with a global budget cap. As of December 2009, a policy change means that heart stents are covered by public health insurance, whereas previously they were not. This policy change provides us an opportunity to study how a change in insurance benefit affected the quantity and quality of hospital services. The new policy introduced incentives for both patients and providers: it encourages patient demand for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) services and stent use (moral hazard effect), and discourages hospital supply due to the financial pressures of the global cap (provider gaming effect). If the provider's gaming effect dominates the moral hazard effect, actual utilisation and costs might go down, and vice versa. Our hypothesis is that patients in the higher reimbursement groups will have fewer PCIs and lower inpatient costs. Objective: We aimed to examine the impact of health insurance benefit design on PCI and stent use, and on inpatient costs and out-of-pocket expenses for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Shanghai. Methods: We included 720 patients with AMI (467 before the benefit change and 253 after) from a large teaching tertiary hospital in Shanghai. Data were collected via review of hospital medical charts, and from the hospital billing database. Patient information collected included demographic characteristics, medical history and procedure information. All patients were categorised into four groups according to their actual reimbursement ratio: high (90-100 %), moderate (80-90 %), low (0-80 %) and none (self-paid patients). Multiple regression and difference-in-difference (DID) models were used to investigate the impacts of the health insurance benefit design on PCI and stent use, and on total hospital costs and patients' out-of-pocket expenses. Results: After the change in insurance benefit policy, compared with the self-paid group, PCI rates for the moderate and low reimbursement groups increased by 22.2 and 20.3 %, respectively, and decreased by 48.7 % for the high reimbursement group. The change in insurance benefit policy had no impact on the number of stents used. The high reimbursement group had the lowest hospital costs, and the low reimbursement group had the highest hospital costs, regardless of benefit policy change. The general linear regression results showed that the high reimbursement group had higher total hospital costs than the self-paid group, but were the lowest among all reimbursement groups after the benefit policy change (DID = 1,202.21, P = 0.0096). There were no significant changes in the other two groups, and there were no differences in the out-of-pocket costs across any of the insured groups. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the benefit policy change did not impact life-saving procedures or reduce patients' burden of disease among AMI patients. The effect of 'provider gaming' was the strongest for the high reimbursement group as a result of the global budget cap pressure. The current FFS with a global budget cap is of low efficiency for cost containment and equity improvement. Payment method reforms with alignment of financial incentives to improve provider behaviour in practicing evidence-based medicine are needed in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To determine sex differences in the tissue proportions of crowns of mandibular primary central incisors in Chinese children and to quantify the volume of crown components in three dimensions using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Materials and methods. The specimens used in this study were 41 mandibular first deciduous incisor teeth with intact crowns (21 males and 20 females) obtained from patients between 5-6 years of age. Each specimen was scanned using micro-CT at a resolution of 0.05 mm and 3D-rendered images were created. The volume of each component of the crown was measured and examined for differences in different sex and ages. Results. The pulp chamber volume decreased with age and the volume ratio of the pulp chamber to the whole crown was significantly smaller in 6-year-olds than in 5-year-olds ( p < 0.05). Conclusions. Males had significantly larger tooth crown volumes and dentin volumes than females did ( p < 0.001), while the volume of enamel showed no sexual dimorphism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) belong to a group of dioxin-like pollutants; however little information is available on PCNs in North China. In this study, gridded field observations by passive air sampling at 90 sites were undertaken to determine the levels, spatial distributions, and sources of PCNs in the atmosphere of North China. A median concentration of 48 pg m−3 (range: 10–2460 pg m−3) for ∑29PCNs indicated heavy PCN pollution. The compositional profile indicated that nearly 90% of PCNs observed were from thermal processes rather than from commercial mixtures. Regarding the source type, a quantitative apportionment suggested that local non-point emissions contributed two-thirds of the total PCNs observed in the study, whereas a point source of electronic-waste recycling site contributed a quarter of total PCNs. The estimated toxic equivalent quantity for dioxin-like PCNs ranged from 0.97 to 687 fg TEQ m−3, with the electronic-waste recycling site with the highest risk. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Ar-Ar dating reveals three episodes of basaltic volcanism in eastern Guangdong of SE China since the late Eocene (i.e., 35.5, ~20 and 6.6 Ma). The Miocene alkali olivine basalts (~20 and 6.6 Ma) have OIB-like trace element characteristics, which is coupled with low (Sr/Sr), high ε(t), and high ε(t). In contrast, the late Eocene basalts (35.5 Ma) have overall characteristics of 'Island Arc' basalts with strong negative Ta-Nb-Ti anomalies in the primitive mantle-normalized multi-element diagram with high (Sr/Sr), negative ε(t), and relatively low ε(t). All basalts have unexpectedly high Pb/Pb and Pb/Pb, delineating a DUPAL signature in the sources. The late Eocene Arc-like basalts may reflect contributions of relict ancient metasomatized mantle lithosphere that melted as the result of extension-induced asthenospheric upwelling and heating, whereas the Miocene OIB-like basalts may represent partial melting of the asthenospheric mantle beneath the thickened lithosphere. We propose that the Cenozoic basaltic volcanism in eastern Guangdong records an overall lithospheric thickening process beneath SE China, that is, a continental rift system from its maximum extension in the late Eocene to its waning in the Miocene. This interpretation is consistent with the evolution of the South China Sea, whose origin is most consistent with the development of a passive continental margin. The seafloor spreading of the South China Sea during ~ 32-16 Ma may not result from the effect of the 'Hainan' mantle plume, but rather played a positive role in allowing the mantle plume to express on the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants suspected to have various toxic effects, including reproductive toxicity. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs in human placentas and to examine the potential association between in utero exposure to these pollutants and the risk of neural tube defects. Subjects were recruited from a birth defects surveillance program in a rural area of Shanxi Province, China, from 2005 to 2007. 80 placental samples from fetuses/neonates with neural tube defects and 50 samples from healthy newborn infants were analyzed for PCBs and PBDEs using electron-capture negative-ionization gas chromatographic mass spectrometry. The median concentrations were 0.89 and 0.54ng/g lipid for the eight PCB congeners and six PBDE congeners detected, respectively. The median concentration of total PCBs was slightly higher in the case samples than in the controls (0.91 vs. 0.89ng/g lipid), but the difference was not significant (P=0.46), as also found for the median concentration of total PBDEs (0.55 vs. 0.54ng/g lipid, P=0.61). For both PCBs and PBDEs, when their placental concentration was above the median of all samples, it was associated with a non-significantly higher or equal risk of neural tube defects. Low levels of PCBs and PBDEs are not likely risk factors for neural tube defects in this population. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), extensively used as flame retardants, are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that are found in both abiotic and biotic environmental samples. Sufficient evidence shows that PBDEs have been rapidly accumulating in the environment of China, especially in the Southeast regions. This paper summarizes and critically reviews the published scientific data on PBDEs in China, including the levels of PBDEs in the air, soil, water, sediment, the terrestrial and marine organisms, and human samples in China. The data preliminarily reveal the state of PBDEs in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article focuses on developments related to various laws in China during 2010. It mentions that the Tort Law became effective on July 1 and discusses the concept of tort liability under the Tort Law. It informs that a revision of the original Renewable Energy Law has been announced in the country to plan ambitious development in renewable power capacity for 2020. It reveals that various tax laws were passed affecting China based foreign companies.

The article reviews the developments in the Chinese legislative, regulatory, advisory, and financial laws in 2009. It summarizes the Chinese Patent law in the intellectual property regime. It reveals the developments related to the merger at China's Ministry of Commerce Anti-Monopoly Bureau where it denied the proposed acquisition of Coca-Cola Co.