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Veterinary anatomy plays a crucial role in the curriculum for veterinary medicine and surgery. The integration of modern information technology in veterinary education can greatly benefit from innovative tools such as augmented reality (AR) applications. The aim of this study was to develop an accurate and interactive three-dimensional (3D) digital model of an animal skull using AR technology, aiming to enhance the learning of skull anatomy in veterinary anatomy education. In this study, a canine skull specimen was isolated, and the skull bones were scanned using a structured light scanner to create a 3D digital model of the canine skull, which was found to be indistinguishable from the original specimen by measurement of skull proportions. Furthermore, the interactive AR model of the canine skull, displayed using Unity3D, was subjected to testing and evaluation by 60 first-year veterinary medical students attending the gross anatomy of the animal. The students were divided into two groups: the traditional group and AR group. Both groups completed an objective test and a questionnaire. The evaluation of learning effectiveness in the test revealed no significant difference between the traditional group (which learned using textbooks and a canine skull specimen) and AR group (which learned using AR tools). However, in the questionnaire, students displayed high enthusiasm and interest in using the AR tool. Therefore, the application of AR tools can improve students' motivation for learning and enhance the comprehension of anatomical structures in three dimensions. Furthermore, this study exemplifies the use of AR as an auxiliary tool for teaching and learning in veterinary anatomy education.

Objective: To evaluate the implementation effect of serious illness medical insurance in Guang Xi Zhuang Autonomous Region of western China. Study design: Through the collection of 2017-2021 Guang Xi serious illness medical insurance specific policy making such as fund usage, serious illness compensation, medical expenses data, and data analysis of a serious illness medical insurance effect. Method: Literature research, Policy text analysis, quantitative data collection method, using Excel and SPSS 19.0 data descriptive statistical analysis and comparative analysis. Results: Serious illness medical insurance has had some effect, e.g., from 2017 to 2021, the utilization rate of serious illness medical insurance fund in Guang Xi was 109.49% and 103.87% respectively, the fund balance rate was -9.45% and -8.54% respectively, and the accumulated balance was -2.3871 million CNY and -70.7955 million CNY. Conclusion: The serious illness medical insurance has reduced the burden of large medical expenses of patients to a certain extent, but the fund is under too much pressure, and there is a payment deficit. The coverage and security of serious illness medical insurance need to be expanded and strengthened, and the cooperation mechanism with commercial insurance institutions should be gradually explored to improve the serious illness medical insurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Field Ornithology is the property of Resilience Alliance and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of randomized clinical trials of BTX-A combined with ESWT for the treatment of post-stroke spasticity. This has made it possible to observe the benefits of combination therapy in clinical practice. Therefore, this paper reviews the effectiveness of BTX-A in combination with ESWT for the treatment of poststroke spasticity. Methods: By October 2023, a systematic review was conducted in the databases PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang Database, China Biology Medicine disc and China Science and Technology Journal Database were systematically searched. We included randomized controlled trials that reported outcome metrics such as MAS, FMA, and MBI score. Studies were excluded if MAS was not reported. The quality of the included studies was assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias, and the AMSTAR quality rating scale was selected for self-assessment. Results: A total of 70 articles were included in the initial search, and six were ultimately included. The results of the included studies showed that the combination therapy was effective in reducing MAS scores and improving FMA and MBI scores in patients with spasticity compared to the control group. Combination therapy has also been shown to improve joint mobility and reduce pain in spastic limbs. Conclusion: Cumulative evidence from clinical randomized controlled trial studies suggests that the combination therapy is effective in reducing lower limb spasticity and improving mobility after stroke. However, more clinical trials are still needed to corroborate the evidence regarding the efficacy of BTX-A combined with shockwave therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To investigate the level of spiritual health in older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) from the core dimensions and to explore its associated factors. Design: A cross‐sectional study. Methods: Participants were recruited from four hospitals between September 2020 and June 2021, using a convenience sampling. Older patients with COPD (n = 162) completed the demographic and disease‐related information questionnaires, Function Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Spiritual Scale, 10‐item Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale, General Self‐efficacy Scale, Social Support Rating Scale, COPD Assessment Test, 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale and modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale. Descriptive statistics, Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses, t‐tests, one‐way ANOVA and multiple linear regression models were used. Results: Older patients with COPD have a moderate level of spiritual health. The multiple linear regression analysis showed that psychological resilience, general self‐efficacy, social support, symptom burden and monthly income were associated with the core dimensions of spiritual health. Conclusion: Chinese older patients with COPD have a moderate level of spiritual health. Psychological resilience, general self‐efficacy, social support, monthly income and symptom burden were associated with the core dimensions of spiritual health. Impact: This study is the first to investigate the level of spiritual health in older patients with COPD from the core dimensions and to explore its associated factors, providing a basis for developing spiritual intervention programs. Our findings can help us realize that intervention strategies of psychological resilience, general self‐efficacy and social support can all be used to enhance spiritual health. Nurses should focus on the spiritual health of older COPD patients with high symptom burden and low monthly income. Patient or Public Contribution: Although we did not directly involve patients and the public because of the COVID‐19 pandemic, the results of the study will be disseminated to patients and the public through WeChat and seminars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Both burdens of tuberculosis (TB) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in China are ranked as top three in the world. SLE patients are at high risk for TB, but so far, there are no guidelines for TB prevention and management targeting this population in China. This study aims to investigate the incidence of active tuberculosis (ATB) and to explore the risk factors for developing ATB in SLE patients, and to provide evidence for TB prevention and management for SLE patients in China. Methods: A multi-center prospective cohort study was conducted. SLE patients were enrolled from clinics and wards of 13 tertiary hospitals in Eastern, Middle, and Western China from September 2014 to March 2016. Baseline demographic features, TB infection status, clinical information, and laboratory data were collected. ATB development was examined during follow-up visits. Kaplan- Meier method was applied to plot survival curves, and Log-rank test was used to evaluate differences. Cox proportional-hazards model was used to explore the risk factors for ATB development. Results: With a median follow-up time of 58 months [interquartile range (IQR): 55-62], 16 out of 1361 SLE patients developed ATB. The 1-year incidence of ATB was 368 [95% confidence interval (CI): 46-691] per 100,000. Over a 5-year period, the cumulative incidence of ATB was 1141 [95% CI: 564-1718] per 100,000, and the incidence density was 245 per 100,000 person-years. Cox regression models were constructed with maximum daily dose of glucocorticoids (GCs) as a continuous variable and a categorical variable, respectively. In model 1, maximum daily dose of GCs (pills per day) [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR)=1.16, 95%CI: 1.04-1.30, p=0.010] and TB infection (aHR=8.52, 95%CI: 3.17-22.92, p<0.001) were independent risk factors for ATB development. In model 2, maximum daily dose of GCs=30 mg/d (aHR =4.81, 95%CI: 1.09-22.21, P=0.038) and TB infection (aHR=8.55, 95%CI: 3.18-23.00, p<0.001] were independent risk factors for ATB development. Conclusions: SLE patients had a higher incidence of ATB compared to the general population. The risk of developing ATB was even higher with increased daily dose of GCs or in a status of TB infection, in which case TB preventive treatment should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Workplace violence against emergency physicians is a global concern. However, there was relatively little research on the incidence and correlated factors of workplace violence among emergency physicians in China. We aimed to investigate the occurrence and correlated factors of physical and verbal violence among emergency physicians in China. Methods We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional study from July 2018 to August 2018. We included a total of 10457 emergency physicians from 31 provinces across China in the analysis. The questionnaire covered socio-demographic characteristics, work-related factors, psychological characteristics, and workplace violence. We applied binary logistic regression to examine the correlated factors of physical and verbal violence among emergency physicians. Results The prevalence of physical and verbal violence among emergency physicians in China was 27.63% and 81.81%, respectively. Regarding socio-demographic factors, male emergency physicians with bachelor's degrees or higher, poor sleep quality, and unfavorable health conditions were more likely to experience workplace violence. Concerning work-related factors, emergency physicians who had longer years of service, worked a higher frequency of night shifts per month and served more patients per day had a greater prevalence of workplace violence. As for individual psychological characteristics, negative affect was positively correlated with workplace violence, while self-efficacy and positive affect were negatively correlated with workplace violence. Conclusions The situation of physical and verbal violence against emergency physicians in China is severe, especially verbal violence. Hospital administrators should pay more attention to the workplace violence of emergency physicians and take measures to decrease the occurrence of workplace violence efficiently, such as reducing their workload and cultivating their positive affect and self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia is the property of Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a prevalent arteriosclerotic vascular disease that forms a pathological basis for coronary heart disease, stroke, and other diseases. Inflammatory and oxidative stress responses occur throughout the development of AS. Treatment for AS over the past few decades has focused on administering high-intensity statins to reduce blood lipid levels, but these inevitably damage liver and kidney function over the long term. Natural medicines are widely used to prevent and treat AS in China because of their wide range of beneficial effects, low toxicity, and minimal side effects. We searched for relevant literature over the past 5 years in databases such as PubMed using the keywords, "atherosclerosis," "traditional Chinese medicine," "natural medicines," "inflammation," and "oxidative stress." We found that the PI3K/AKT, TLR4, JAK/STAT, Nrf2, MAPK, and NF-κB are the most relevant inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways in AS. This review summarizes studies of the natural alkaloid, flavonoid, polyphenol, saponin, and quinone pathways through which natural medicines used to treat AS. This study aimed to update and summarize progress in understanding how natural medicines treat AS via inflammatory and oxidative stress-related signaling pathways. We also planned to create an information base for the development of novel drugs for future AS treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain has been regarded as an emerging global phenomenon in the field of new technologies. However, the existing literature still lacks descriptions of the cooperation characteristics and innovation landscape of blockchain. This study uses the social network analysis method to compare the development of blockchain technology and technological collaboration in China and in the United States based on patent data. Our analyses suggest that the number of blockchain patent applications in China is increasing rapidly due to the Chinese Government developing consistent national strategies for blockchain technology. In all, both countries have notable agglomerations in a few geographical areas or cities. However, the university or enterprise block in the United States has broader and deeper cooperation, unlike the Chinese university or enterprise block, which is more inclined to cooperate within blocks and has more isolated blocks. Lastly, there are various patent attributes-influencing factors behind the importance of node cooperation. The results show that the degree of cooperation of cooperative inventors or important patents is greater in China's cooperation network, while in the United States, the influence of enterprises rather than universities or individuals is greater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose -- Identification of pathogens causing fracture-device-related infection (FDRI) is always a challenge as the positive rate of standard tissue sampling culture (TSC) remains unsatisfactory. This study evaluates the efficiency of implant surface culture (ISC) as an adjunct to standard TSC for identification of FDRI-associated microorganisms. Patients and methods -- Between November 2020 and March 2022, patients diagnosed with FDRI defined by the International Fracture-Related Infection (FRI) Consensus Group, and indicated for implant removal, underwent both methods for bacteria detection. The test order of ISC and TSC was randomly selected for each patient included, as a withinperson randomized design. For ISC, the recovered implants were gently covered with tryptic soy agar after rinsing with normal saline twice, and then incubated at 37 5% CO2 for up to 14 days. For TSC, 5 specimens were sampled and sent to the Clinical Laboratory of Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, for culture and identification. Results -- 42 consecutive patients were included, with a mean age of 46 years. The most frequent infection site and implant type were the tibia (21 cases) and plates with screws (30 cases), respectively. Altogether 21 patients were found with positive outcomes by both methods, and the identi- fied pathogens were consistent. ISC found an additional 15 patients showing positive results, which were negative by TSC. Furthermore, the mean culture time of ISC was shorter than that of TSC (1.5 days vs. 3.2 days). Interpretation -- ISC may be a useful adjunct to TSC for detection of bacteria causing FDRI, with a relatively higher positive rate and a shorter culture time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The randomness of rock joint development is an important factor in the uncertainty of geotechnical engineering stability. In this study, a method is proposed to evaluate the reliability of intermittent jointed rock slope. The least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) evolved by a bacterial foraging optimization algorithm (BFOA) is used to establish a response surfacemodel to express the mapping relationship between the intermittent joint parameters and the slope safety factor. The training samples are obtained from the numerical calculation based on the joint finite element method during this process. Considering the randomness of the intermittent joint parameters in the actual project, each parameter is evaluated at different locations on the site, and its distribution characteristics are counted. According to these statistical results, a large number of parameter combinations are obtained through Monte Carlo sampling. The trained machine learning mapping model is used to obtain the slope safety factor corresponding to each group, and these results are then used to obtain the slope reliability. When the research results were applied to slope disaster treatment along the Yalu River in China's Jilin Province, it was found that the joint length and joint inclination angle both play key roles in rock slope stability, which should receive more attention in the slope treatment. In summary, this study establishes a method for evaluating the reliability of intermittent jointed rock slope based on an evolutionary SVM model, and its feasibility is verified by engineering application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is now a serious problem in China and elsewhere, makes a significant impact on human life. Air quality prediction is one of the research fields in environmental protection, which helps people to plan their lives reasonably and avoid pollution exposure. Considering that the atmospheric pollutants and meteorological data are ultimate time-series data, this paper proposed a prediction model based on LSTM which has low implementation complexity and an open cost of production. We selected atmospheric pollutants (SO2, PM10, O3, etc.), as well as meteorological parameters (temperature, atmospheric pressure, rainfall, etc.) as input of training model, these factors from the first few hours are used to forecast PM2.5 concentration in the next few hours. We evaluated our model on a large dataset of air pollution records and grid meteorological data in Qingdao. The results show that the proposed Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network generally has the marginal error compared with baselines, which indicates that the proposed LSTM network approach for PM2.5 forecast is effective and robust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To determine the prevalence of and factors associated with dispensing antibiotics without a prescription in online and community pharmacies in China. Methods We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional study of online and community pharmacies in 27 cities and counties in nine provinces in China (selected by multistage sampling) from July 2017 to December 2018. We assessed sale of antibiotics without a prescription and quality of pharmacy services through simulated clients who asked to buy specific antibiotics. We compared the prevalence of sales between online and community pharmacies, and between location and features of community pharmacies. Findings Of 220 online and 675 community pharmacies, 174 (79.1%) and 586 (86.8%) sold antibiotics without a valid prescription, respectively. About half of the online pharmacies had a notice on their website about the illegality of selling prescription-only medicines without a prescription while none of the community pharmacists had. More online pharmacies without this notice dispensed antibiotics without a valid prescription (P < 0.001). Antibiotics' sale without a prescription was significantly less prevalent in provincial capital cities (71.6%; 161/225) than prefectural-level cities (95.1%; 214/225) and counties (93.8%; 211/225; P < 0.001). Most pharmacy staff did not ask for important information from clients before dispensing the antibiotic or provide them with necessary information about the antibiotic. Conclusion Given the high proportion of sales of prescription-only medicines without a prescription, there is a need to strengthen enforcement of regulations, improve public education on antibiotics, train pharmacy staff and consolidate public involvement in antibiotic stewardship in retail pharmacies in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent years, air pollution is a very serious problem in China and elsewhere, and it is a factor that significantly affects the quality of human health. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is considered to be the culprit of haze weather. Therefore, research affects the quality of human life on PM2.5 forecasting has received increasing attention. Knowing this information in advance is very important to protect humans from health problems. This paper proposes a new prediction method, using the predicted value of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model as input data, increasing the atmospheric inversion factor as an additional input factor and constructing a municipal atmospheric pollutant response model through a random forest algorithm. we use 3-fold cross-validation (CV) to evaluate model performance. The result of the experiment shows, compared with the traditional atmospheric simulation method, this method has practical application significance. The simulation results have improved timeliness and accuracy. It provides a simple and effective method for PM2.5 prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese species of the genus Timandra Duponchel, 1829 are reviewed: 12 known species are reported. Seven new species are described from China, increasing the total number of Timandra species to 28: T. distorta sp. n., T. adunca sp. n., T. quadrata sp. n., T. accumulata sp. n., T. viminea sp. n., T. robusta sp. n. and T. stueningi sp. n. Diagnoses for all 19 Chinese species are provided, with illustrations of external features and genitalia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Keyes' two continua model is a useful concept in which mental health and mental illness exist on two separate axes. Based on this model, this study examined the prevalence and correlates of three mental health categories among older adults in China. Methods: Cross-sectional data were derived from Wave 1 of the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health. Participants were categorized into complete mental health (CMH), complete mental illness (CMI), and moderate mental health (MMH) groups. Multinomial logistic regressions were used. Results: The prevalence of CMH, CMI, and MMH in China was 18%, 16%, and 66%, respectively. Being female, unmarried, younger, and feeling unhealthy were more likely to result in placement in the CMI category. Employment, education, and cognitive function were identified as important protective factors of CMH. Age, income, urban or rural residence, and physical function difficulty were associated with all three categories. Discussion: We demonstrated the utility of the two continua model in identifying mental health needs in Chinese contexts. The findings suggest that future policy reforms and clinical interventions should establish a more comprehensive mental health category as a screening tool nationwide. The promotion of social engagement could play an important role in treating mental illness and improving positive mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this exploratory and cross-sectional study, we report the initial use of the Maudsley Violence Questionnaire (MVQ) in Chinese adolescents. Methods: The MVQ was translated from English to Chinese for the first time and applied to 500 incarcerated adolescent offenders and 219 middle school students in Guangzhou, China. Results: After adjusting for age, education years, and sex, the MVQ displayed a higher total score as well as 'acceptance' factor and 'machismo' factor scores in adolescent offenders than in middle school students, and in boys versus girls, respectively (ps < .001). Conclusion: The initial use of the MVQ displayed acceptable utility in measuring violence attitudes in Chinese adolescents. A future validity and reliability study of the MVQ in a large and diverse sample of Chinese population groups is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of the genus Ninodes Warren, N. quadratus sp. n., is described from China and compared with related species, based on numerous museum specimens. N. albarius Beljaev & Park, 1998, described from Korea, is newly recorded for China. Illustrations of external features and genitalia for each species of Ninodes are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Longzi River Basin in Tibet is located along the edge of the Himalaya Mountains and is characterized by complex geological conditions and numerous landslides. To evaluate the susceptibility of landslide disasters in this area, eight basic factors were analyzed comprehensively in order to obtain a final susceptibility map. The eight factors are the slope angle, slope aspect, plan curvature, distance-to-fault, distance-to-river, topographic relief, annual precipitation, and lithology. Except for the rainfall factor, which was extracted from the grid cell, all the factors were extracted and classified by the slope unit, which is the basic unit in geological disaster development. The eight factors were superimposed using the information content method (ICM), and the weight of each factor was acquired through an analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The sensitivities of the landslides were divided into four categories: low, moderate, high, and very high, respectively, accounting for 22.76%, 38.64%, 27.51%, and 11.09% of the study area. The accuracies of the area under AUC using slope units and grid cells are 82.6% and 84.2%, respectively, and it means that the two methods are accurate in predicting landslide occurrence. The results show that the high and very high susceptibility areas are distributed throughout the vicinity of the river, with a large component in the north as well as a small portion in the middle and the south. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct landslide warnings in these areas, where the rivers are vast and the population is dense. The susceptibility map can reflect the comprehensive risk of each slope unit, which provides an important reference for later detailed investigations, including research and warning studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the Chinese economy is associated with many changes in vehicle loads, particularly the increasing numbers of heavy trucks and other types of vehicles. However, currently, no standard vehicle has been identified for studying the fatigue design of highway bridges in China. Using the weigh-in-motion system, the authors obtained vehicle loads of 23 Chinese provinces. Miner's rule for cumulative fatigue damage was then used to categorize each vehicle as one of eight representative types according to load. From these types, five equivalent vehicle models were found. Subsequently, simplified fatigue load spectra for highway bridges were obtained for each province. The six-axle vehicle can be used as the standard fatigue vehicle for most provinces, except in Zhejiang and Guizhou, in which three- and fouraxle vehicles are most representative. Also, a standard fatigue vehicle for China is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The goal of this study was to summarise the websites of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) manufacturers in China and describe how they market their products. Methods From March to April 2013, we used two search keywords 'electronic cigarette' (Dian ZiXiang Yan in Chinese) and 'manufacturer' (Sheng Chan Chang Jia in Chinese) to search e-cigarette manufacturers in China on Alibaba, an internet-based e-commerce business that covers business-to-business online marketplaces, retail and payment platforms, shopping search engine and data-centric cloud computing services. A total of 18 websites of 12 e-cigarette manufacturers in China were analysed by using a coding guide which includes 14 marketing claims. Results Health-related benefits were claimed most frequently (89%), followed by the claims of no secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure (78%), and utility for smoking cessation (67%). A wide variety of flavours, celebrity endorsements and e-cigarettes specifically for women were presented. None of the websites had any age restriction on access, references to government regulation or lawsuits. Instruction on how to use e-cigarettes was on 17% of the websites. Conclusions Better regulation of e-cigarette marketing messages on manufacturers' websites is needed in China. The frequent claims of health benefits, smoking cessation, strategies appealing to youth and women are concerning, especially targeting women. Regulators should prohibit marketing claims of health benefits, no SHS exposure and value for smoking cessation in China until health-related, quality and safety issues have been adequately addressed. To avoid e-cigarette use for initiation to nicotine addiction, messages targeting youth and women should be prohibited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are more than 4.9 million rural health workers undertaking the health care need of rural population of over 629 million in China. The lifelong learning of physicians is vital in maintaining up-to-date and qualified health care, but rural physicians in many developing countries lack adequate medical professional developments. There has also been no empirical research focused on the lifelong learning of rural physician populations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the primary levels of lifelong learning of the rural physicians and to analyze group differences. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on 1197 rural physicians using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Lifelong Learning (JSPLL). Cronbach's a coefficient, exploratory factor analysis, independent sample t-test, and one-way ANOVA followed by Student-Newman-Keuls test were performed to analyze the data. Results: For Chinese rural physicians, the JSPLL was reliable (Cronbach's a coefficient = 0.872) and valid, with exploratory factor analysis fitting a 3-factor model and accounting for a total of 60.46% of the variance. The mean lifelong learning score was 45.56. Rural physicians generally performed worse in the technical skills in seeking information domain. Rural physicians with 21-30 working years have a lower score of lifelong learning (P < 0.05) than other phases of working years. Career satisfaction and professional titles had a significantly positive influence on physicians' orientation towards lifelong learning (P < 0.05). The overall lifelong learning scores of physicians who received more training after completion of medical school were higher than those with less additional post-medical school training (P <0.05). Conclusions: The JSPLL is effective for the Chinese rural physician population. In order to cope with impacting factors on rural physicians' lifelong learning, the results of the study reinforced the importance of continuing medical education and career satisfaction for lifelong learning and the need for medical schools and hospitals to provide reasonable strategies and necessary support for rural physicians with different amounts of working years. Providing rural physicians more educational opportunities and helping them access educational resources may be an effective strategy for improving their orientation to lifelong learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the survey and research of awareness, preferences and purchasing behavior of residents about Korean food and agricultural products in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenyang, Qingdao and Chongqing in 2014, this paper makes a statistical analysis of the influence of consumers' personal characteristics, awareness, buying habits and income on Chinese consumers' identification and purchase of Korean food and agricultural products, and performs an empirical analysis on the purchasing behavior using Tobit model. The results show that consumers' personal characteristics have no significant influence on the purchase of Korean food; consumers' income levels have a significant positive effect on the purchasing amount of Korean food; consumers' location has a significant effect on the purchasing amount; consumers' recognition has a positive effect on consumers' purchasing behavior, but it is not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Update reports are rarely available regarding the bone giant cell tumors (GCTs) in the extremity in Chinese people. The aim of this study was to review the epidemiological characteristics of bone GCT in the extremity based on the clinical data from four hospitals in South China. Methods: We searched medical electronic records from January 2001 to December 2011 in four hospitals in South China to identify patients with definite diagnosis of extremity GCT. Epidemiological data including gender, tumor site, age at the time of first diagnosis, local recurrence and pulmonary metastasis were collected and analyzed statistically. Differences between-genders were particularly analyzed regarding first diagnosis age, tumor site, local recurrence and pulmonary metastasis. T-test and Chi-square test were used for continuous and dichotomous variables, respectively. Results: A total of 140 GCT patients (87 males and 53 females) were identified. The gender ratio was 1.64 for a male predominance. GCTs were mostly located around the knee (67 cases ). 92 patients were in their 20s to 40s upon first diagnosis. The average age at the time of first diagnosis for all was 30.49 years, 30.76 years for males and 30.06 years for females (P = 0.757). GCT recurred locally in 50 patients (26 males and 24 females) with no gender difference (P = 0.065). The average interval from first surgery to local recurrence was 21.42 months. Pulmonary metastasis was found in 11 patients (8 males and 3 females) also with no gender difference (P = 0.667). The average interval from first diagnosis to metastasis was 36.45 months. Conclusions: Extremity GCT may have a male predominance in Chinese population and mostly occur at 20-40 years of age and around the knee. Follow-ups for GCT patients should be carried on for at least 3 years after primary surgery according to the average intervals for possible local recurrence and pulmonary metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Biston Leach, 1815 is reviewed for China. Seventeen species are recognized, of which B. mediolata sp. n. is described. B. pustulata (Warren, 1896) and B. panterinaria exanthemata (Moore, 1888) are newly recorded for China. The following new synonyms are established: B. suppressaria suppressaria (Guenée, 1858) (= B. suppressaria benescripta (Prout, 1915), syn. n. = B. luculentus Inoue, 1992 syn. n.); B. falcata (Warren, 1893) (= Amphidasis erilda Oberthür, 1910, syn. n. = Amphidasis clorinda Oberthür, 1910, syn. n. = B. emarginaria Leech, 1897, syn. n.); B. panterinaria panterinaria (Bremer & Grey, 1853) (= B. panterinaria abraxata (Leech, 1889), syn. n. = B. panterinaria lienpingensis (Wehrli, 1939), syn. n. = B. panterinaria szechuanensis (Wehrli, 1939), syn. n.). B. falcata satura (Wehrli,1941), comb. n. is proposed. A key to Chinese Biston and diagnoses for Chinese species are provided. Illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A strategy for sustainable treatment of the livestock husbandry wastewater is proposed, which is to recycle anaerobic treatment effluent as irrigation water. The existing treatment system was modified by deleting the treatment units after the anaerobic digestion. Chinese cabbage and Korean radish were selected as seeding plants in two sets of field irrigation experiments with various portions of the effluent. The soil quality was found to be unaffected by the irrigation, and both quality and quantity of two vegetables fed with the anaerobic effluent were as good as those fed with chemical fertilisers. The soil quality was improved and the nitrate contents in the harvested plants were reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spring viraemia of carp (SVC) is a fatal viral disease for cyprinid fish, which is caused by spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV). To date, no SVC outbreak has been reported in China. Between 1998 and 2002, outbreaks of SVC were reported in ornamental and wild fish in Europe and America, imported from multiple sources including China. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the viral strain isolated from America was shown to be originated from Asia. These outbreaks not only resulted in huge economic losses, but also raise an interesting question as to whether SVCV really exists in China and if so, is it responsible for SVC outbreaks? From 2002 to 2006, we screened 6700 samples from ornamental fish farms using the cell culture method of the Office International des Epizooties (OIE), and further verified the presence of SVCV by ELISA and realtime quantitative RT-PCR. Two infected samples were found and the complete genome of SVCV was sequenced from one of the isolates, termed SVCV-C1. Several unique hallmarks of SVCV-C1 were identified, including six amino acid (KSLANA) insertion in the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L) protein and ten nucleotide insertion in the region between glycoprotein (G) and L genes in European SVCV strains. Phylogenetic tree analysis of the full-length G protein of selected SVCV isolates from the United Kingdom and United States revealed that G proteins could be classified into Ia and Id sub genogroups. The Ia sub genogroup can be further divided into newly defined sub genogroups Ia-A and Ia-B. The isolates derived from the United States and China including the SVCV-C1 belongs to in the Ia-A sub genogroup. The SVCV-C1 G protein shares more than 99% homology with the G proteins of the SVCV strains from England and the United States, making it difficult to compare their pathogenicity. Comparison of the predicted three-dimensional structure based on the published G protein sequences from five SVCV strains revealed that the main differences were in the loops of the pleckstrin homology domains. Since SVCV is highly pathogenic, we speculate that SVC may therefore pose a serious threat to farmed cyprinid fish in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iterative development methodology has been widely adopted in recent years since it is flexible and capable of dealing with requirement volatility. However, how to quantitatively manage iterative projects, and in particular, how to quantitatively manage defects across multiple iterations, remains a challenging issue. In this article, we identify three main challenges of quantitative defects management in iterative development in a leading Chinese telecommunications company (named ZZNode). The three challenges are: identifying appropriate ‘control points’ in each iteration, selecting appropriate measures and corresponding measurement methods, and determining the ‘sweet spot’ amount of effort for performing testing and defect-fixing activities. We propose a process performance Baselines based iteration Defects management (BiDefect) method to address the three challenges. We also report an industrial experience where several iterative development projects of ZZNode successfully applied the BiDefect method in initial estimating, analyzing, re-estimating, and controlling number of defects and defect detecting/fixing effort. In addition, we provide the evaluation of using BiDefect method, and discuss the benefits and lessons learned from BiDefect and its application. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization is one of the most important driving forces for land use and land cover change. Quantifying urban landscape pattern and its change is fundamental for monitoring and assessing ecological and socioeconomic consequences of urbanization. As the largest city in the country, Shanghai is now the fastest growing city in China. Using land use data set of 2002 and combining gradient analysis with landscape metrics, we analyzed landscape pattern of Shanghai with increasing grain size to study the impacts of road corridors on urban landscape pattern. Landscape metrics were computed along a 51×9 km² transect cutting across Shanghai with a moving window. The results showed that the urban landscape pattern of Shanghai was greatly changed when road corridors were merged with urban patches and the variation of patch density would alter when grain size changed. As a linear land use type, road corridors exhibited a different spatial signature comparing with other land use types and distinctive behavior with increasing grain size. Merging road and urban patches resulted in a sharp reduction in patch density, mainly caused by segmentation of roads corridors. The results suggested that grain size around 7.5 m might be optimal for urban landscape analysis. Landscape patch density is significantly correlated with road percent coverage and the most important effect of road corridors in urban landscape is increased habitat fragmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highway tunnels built in China in the early years of operation have different forms of diseases, which have a great impact and threat to the normal operation and safety of the tunnel. To ensure the safety and stability of the lining structure, this paper analyzes the mechanical behavior of the lining structure under the influence of the disease and reveals the evolution law of the lining crack disease for typical tunnel lining cracks. The results of the study show that only the circumferential and longitudinal stresses at the vault increase when cracks exist in the inner wall of the lining vault. The longitudinal cracks in the inner wall of the lining have the greatest influence on the lining stress state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicia falcata C. Y. Wu was not validly published in 1977 because two gatherings, one flowering and one fruiting, were simultaneously designated as types in the protologue. This name is validated here by designating the flowering specimen as the holotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two names proposed by C. C. Huang in 1991, Atalantia fongkaica and Fortunella bawangica, were not validly published because the herbarium in which the types were deposited was not specified. These names are validated here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is the most common food allergy in young children. Previous studies have reported that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with CMA. The extent to which SNPs contribute to the occurrence of CMA is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the independent relevance of genetic predisposition to CMA in Chinese children.Methods and Study Design: 200 infants with CMA and 799 healthy controls aged 0-12 months were included. Five previously identified genetic variants (rs17616434, rs2069772, rs1800896, rs855791 and rs20541) were genotyped. Logistic regression was used to analyze the genetic associations or their interactions with a family history of allergy on CMA.Results: Among the five SNPs, only IL10 rs1800896 was significantly associated with CMA (odds ratio (OR) 1.60, p=0.042). Each 1-risk allele increase in the genetic risk score (GRS) was suggestively associated with an 11% higher risk of CMA (1.11: 0.99-1.27, p=0.069) and a 45% increased risk of CMA in the GRS high-risk group compared to the GRS low-risk group (1.45: 1.02-2.06, p=0.037). Furthermore, parental allergy also increased the risk of CMA among children (1.87: 1.46-2.39, p<0.001). Importantly, parental allergy exacerbated the genetic effect on the risk of CMA.Conclusions: The rs1800896 variant in the IL-10 gene is associated with CMA in Chinese children. In addition, the GRS had an interaction with parental history of allergy, implying that genetic risk for CMA was exacerbated among those with parental history of allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the characteristics of rural domestic sewage in central China, an unpowered complex eco-technology composed of anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR), composite soil filling (CSF) system, and free water surface (FWS) constructed wetland was developed to treat rural sewage. The Guogang Village sewage treatment demonstration project at Xinmi City showed that the complex ecosystem had remarkable pollutant removal efficiency. The removal rate was over 90% for chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus, and over 70% and 80% for TN and NH4+-N, respectively. The effluent concentration met the integrated wastewater discharge standard of China (GB18918-2002) level 1B. The complex eco-technology could effectively purify water quality, and it was cheaper and had simpler operation. Thus, it could be considered as an effective method for treating rural domestic sewage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Tianjingyeshengdao' (TY) is a rice cultivar with durable resistance to populations of Magnaporthe oryzae (the causal agent of blast) in China. To understand the genetic basis of its resistance to blast, we developed a population of recombinant inbred lines from a cross between TY and the highly susceptible 'CO39' for gene mapping analysis. In total, 22 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling rice blast resistance were identified on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, and 12 from the evaluation of four disease parameters in both greenhouse and blast nursery conditions. Among these QTLs, 19 were contributed by TY and three by CO39. Two QTL clusters on chromosome 6 and 12 were named Pi2-1 and Pi51(t), respectively. Pi2-1 was detected under both growth chamber and natural blast nursery conditions, and explained 31.24 to 59.73% of the phenotypic variation. Pi51(t) was only detected in the natural blast nursery and explained 3.67 to 10.37% of the phenotypic variation. Our results demonstrate that the durable resistance in TY is controlled by two major and seven minor genes. Identification of the markers linked to both Pi2-1 and Pi51(t) in this study should be useful for marker-aided selection in rice breeding programs as well as for molecular cloning of the identified resistance genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alicyclobacillus hesperidum is a thermoacidophilic bacterium. We isolated strain URH17-3-68 from hot spring sludge in Tengchong, Yunnan province, China. Its extracellular products include heat- and acid-stable enzymes which are important for industrial applications. Here we report the draft genome of this strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On May 7, 2009, a national network was organized in the People's Republic of China for the surveillance, reporting, diagnosis, and treatment of influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection (pandemic [H1N1] 2009). Persons with suspected cases are required to report to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the Ministry of Health within 24 hours; the patient's close contacts are then traced and placed in quarantine for 7 days. We report 3 confirmed early cases of pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Two cases were imported from United States; the other was imported from Canada. The patients exhibited fever and signs and other symptoms that were indistinguishable from those of seasonal influenza. Serial virologic monitoring of pharyngeal swabs showed that they were negative for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus by real-time reverse transcription-PCR 4-6 days after onset of illness. One close contact whose sample tested positive for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus had no symptoms during quarantine. A national network is essential for controlling pandemic (H1N1) 2009.