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• Integrated systems thinking for climate and circular economy nexus problem. • Industrial wastes can be used to achieve carbon drawdown via enhanced weathering. • A source-sink model for large-scale implementation of enhanced weathering. • A regional case study in china demonstrates the carbon drawdown potential. Countries around the world are taking active efforts to address the current climate crisis. Negative emissions technologies (NET) such as enhanced weathering will play a significant role in these efforts in the coming decades. Enhanced weathering is based on the terrestrial application of powdered natural or synthetic silicate minerals to remove carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere. In the latter case, non-hazardous industrial waste (NHIW) can react with water and CO 2 from the atmosphere to achieve carbon drawdown through the acceleration of the naturally occurring weathering process. This approach also addresses the problem of sustainable industrial waste management. Besides, carbon drawdown also enhances soil quality for agricultural application sites. In the future, planning the large-scale implementation of enhanced weathering via carbon management networks can be facilitated by using optimization models. In this work, a source-sink model is developed for the proper allocation of NHIW to application sites. The method is demonstrated with a case study based at Shandong Province, China. Two scenarios are analyzed, with both achieving significant negative CO 2 emissions. The CO 2 sequestration rates for these two scenarios are determined as 12.73 Mt/y and 13.77 Mt/y, respectively. Scenario 1 shows that the system can achieve negative CO 2 emissions at a cost of $ 184.25/t CO 2 , which is comparable to previously reported cost estimates. Given the necessary input data, the model can be used to generate case-specific estimates for any country. The increasing use of clean energy in the transport and crushing process will enhance CO 2 sequestration of the system. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this research was to describe the types of prescription medicines being imported into New Zealand., Setting: Imported medicines intercepted at the international mail centre in Auckland and referred to the New Zealand Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority (Medsafe) between July and December 2007 were studied., Method: During the study 3,918 prescription medicine imports were intercepted and entered into a database by Medsafe. These were categorised according to the country the medicines were posted from and medicine related details such as brand, active ingredient(s), route of administration, strength and quantity imported. Researchers systematically categorised medicines by therapeutic indications, dosage form, whether these medicines were available in New Zealand and if they were subsidised by the New Zealand government., Main Outcome Measure: Types of medicines imported into New Zealand and whether or not they were legally available and subsidised by the government., Results: Medicines were most commonly imported from India and China. Seventy eight percent of the total medicines imported were already available in New Zealand, and of these almost half were subsidised by the government. Antibiotics contributed to a significant proportion of the total subsidised medicines imported, the most common being amoxicillin. Four of the five most commonly imported medicines could be considered 'lifestyle' medicines (sildenafil, tadalafil, finasteride and sibutramine). 'High risk' medicines were identified--for example medicines used in the treatment of tuberculosis, malignant diseases and mental health disorders., Conclusion: This study is the first of its kind in New Zealand to explore the types of prescription medicines imported into the country. The majority of imported medicines were classified as 'lifestyle' medicines. The study findings also identified possible negative public health implications associated with some of the imported prescription medicines, for example resistance associated with the importation of antibiotics.