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Objective: This study is to obtain precise data on iron physiological requirements in Chinese children using single stable isotope tracer technique., Methods: Thirty boys (10.6 ± 0.2 years) and 27 girls (10.4 ± 0.2 years) were received oral 6 mg 57 Fe each day for 5 consecutive days. Venous blood samples were subsequently drawn to examine the change of total iron concentration and 57 Fe abundance at day 0, 14, 28, 60, 90, 180, 360, 450, 540, 630, 720. The iron physiological requirement was calculated by iron loss combined with iron circulation rate once 57 Fe abundance stabilized in human body., Results: The iron physiological requirement was significantly lower in boys than those values in girls (16.88 ± 7.12 vs . 18.40 ± 8.81 μg/kg per day, P < 0.05). Correspondingly, the values were calculated as 722.46 ± 8.43 μg/day for boys and 708.40 ± 7.55 μg/day for girls, respectively. Considering nearly 10% iron absorption rate, the estimated average iron physiological requirement was 6.0 mg/day in boys and 6.2 mg/day in girls., Conclusion: This study indicate that iron physiological requirement could require more daily iron intake in girls as compare with the values in boys having the same body weight. These findings would be facilitate to the new revised dietary reference intakes., (Copyright © 2022 The Editorial Board of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences. Published by China CDC. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study aimed to measure the basal energy expenditure (BEE) of Chinese healthy adults and establish an accurate predictive equation for this population., Methods: In total, 470 Chinese healthy adults had their BEE measured using the Cosmed K4b 2 portable metabolic system. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to develop new optimal equations for predicting BEE. The bias, accuracy rate, concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to evaluate the accuracy of the predictive equations., Results: There was a significant difference in BEE between males and females, with 5,954 kJ/d and 5,089 kJ/d, respectively. People living in rural areas expended significantly higher BEE (5,885 kJ/d) than those in urban areas (5,279 kJ/d). Previous equations developed by Henry, Schofield, Harris-Benedict (H-B), and Liu overestimated the BEE of Chinese healthy adults. The new equations derived from the present study displayed the smallest average bias and RMSE from the measured basal energy expenditure (mBEE). The CCC of the new equations was higher than other predictive equations, but it was lower than 0.8. There was no significant difference in the accuracy rate among all predictive equations., Conclusions: Sex and regional differences in BEE were observed in Chinese healthy adults. Neither the widely used previous predictive equations nor the one derived in the present study were accurate enough for estimating the BEE of Chinese healthy adults. Further study is required to develop more accurate equations for predicting the BEE of Chinese healthy adults aged between 20-45 years., (Copyright © 2020 The Editorial Board of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences. Published by China CDC. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To evaluate the distribution by age and sex of serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in an urban Chinese population and to provide a profile prediction for the risk of bacterial infection, inflammatory diseases, or tissue damages in the body., Methods: Serum hsCRP was determined using the Roche Tina-quant immuno-turbidimetric assay on a Hitachi 7600-010 automatic biochemical analyzer (Roche Diagnostics) in 1,572 males and 1,800 females, including 78 pregnant women, who were derived from the National Health and Nutrition Survey in 2010-2012., Results: The average hsCRP concentration in urban China was 0.68 mg/L for males and 0.65 mg/L for females. Significant differences in hsCRP were found among different age groups ( P < 0.05). Monitoring results showed no significant differences among the 6-11, 45-59, and ≥ 60-year-old groups in the comparison of hsCRP between males and females in large cities. However, hsCRP concentration was significantly higher in men aged 12-17 and 18-44 years than in women., Conclusion: The distribution of the hsCRP status of residents in large cities in China was influenced by age and gender, and the hsCRP levels of both sexes increased gradually with age. In addition, hsCRP concentration was higher in healthy pregnant women than in non-pregnant women. Basing on our results, we recommend that this parameter be included in future national and international screening for early detection of various illnesses., (Copyright © 2020 The Editorial Board of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences. Published by China CDC. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To determine the dietary zinc absorption in a Chinese elderly population and provide the basic data for the setting of zinc (Zn) recommended nutrient intakes (RNI) for Chinese elderly people., Methods: A total of 24 elderly people were recruited for this study and were administered oral doses of 3 mg 67Zn and 1.2 mg dysprosium on the fourth day. The primary macronutrients, energy, and phytic acid in the representative diet were examined based on the Chinese National Standard Methods. Fecal samples were collected during the experimental period and analyzed for zinc content, 67Zn isotope ratio, and dysprosium content., Results: The mean (± SD) zinc intake from the representative Chinese diet was 10.6 ± 1.5 mg/d. The phytic acid-to-zinc molar ratio in the diet was 6.4. The absorption rate of 67Zn was 27.9% ± 9.2%. The RNI of zinc, which were calculated by the absorption rate in elderly men and women, were 10.4 and 9.2 mg/d, respectively., Conclusion: This study got the dietary Zn absorption in a Chinese elderly population. We found that Zn absorption was higher in elderly men than in elderly women. The current RNI in elderly female is lower than our finding, which indicates that more attention is needed regarding elderly females' zinc status and health., (Copyright © 2017 The Editorial Board of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences. Published by China CDC. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate the vitamin D nutritional status in Chinese women of child-bearing age by analyzing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in 2010-2012. Methods: Data were obtained from the China Nutrition and Health Survey in 2010-2012. Using cluster sampling and proportional stratified random sampling, 1 514 women of child-bearing age (18-44 years old) from 34 metropolis and 41 small and medium-sized cities were included in this study. Demographic information was collected by questionnaire and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay, in accordance with the 2010 Institute of Medicine of the National Academies standards. We compared differences in vitamin D levels, specifically serious deficiency, lack of deficiency, insufficiency, and excess. Results: The overall serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of Chinese urban women of child-bearing age ( P (50) ( P (25)- P (75))) was 20.1 (15.1-26.3) ng/ml; minorities had a significantly higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of 22.0 (15.9-27.5) ng/ml compared with women of Han nationality (19.8 (14.9-26.2) ng/ml) (χ(2)=7.02, P= 0.008). The proportions of women with serious deficiency, lack of deficiency, insufficiency, and excess vitamin D were 11.6% ( n= 175), 37.9% ( n= 574), 35.1% ( n= 531), and 0.3% ( n= 5), respectively. Only 15.1% ( n= 229) of women of child-bearing age had normal vitamin D nutritional status. No significant differences in vitamin D nutritional status were observed according to age, body mass index, city, nationality, educational level, marital status, or household income per capita ( P> 0.05). Conclusion: Most Chinese urban women of child-bearing age have poor vitamin D levels and require vitamin D supplementation.

It has long been known that the polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) are associated to increase risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Chinese population. However, consistent results were not obtained among studies. This study is aimed to clarify the association between ACE insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism (rs1799752) and AD. Literatures were searched from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP databases without language restrictions. Eleven separate studies were suitable for the inclusion criterion. The selected studies contained 2,763 Chinese participants, including 1,383 in AD group and 1,380 controls. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to assess the association between ACE I/D polymorphism and AD. Our case-control data indicated that ACE insertion is a risk allele in all genetic models: additive model (I vs. D: OR = 1.32, 95 % CI 1.07-1.62, P = 0.008), dominant model (II + ID vs. DD: OR = 1.61, 95 % CI 1.08-2.41, P = 0.02) and recessive model (II vs. ID + DD: OR = 1.39, 95 % CI 1.07-1.81, P = 0.01). Heterogeneity between studies was significant (P < 0.10) but not in stratification defined by the selection of controls (P > 0.10). After stratification according to the selection of controls, the carrier of ACE I allele remained a high risk for AD in population-based samples subgroup (I vs. D: P = 0.008, OR = 1.32, 95 % CI 1.07-1.61, P(heterogeneity) = 0.47, I (2) = 0 %). Our study provided solid evidence suggesting that ACE gene I/D polymorphism is a genetic risk factor for AD in Chinese population.

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of Kawasaki disease in Jilin province of China and explore its clinical features., Methods: The medical records of children with Kawasaki disease hospitalised in the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University and Yanbian University between January, 2000 and December, 2008 were retrospectively analysed., Results: A total of 735 children with Kawasaki disease were enrolled in this study with 483 boys and 252 girls. The ratio of male to female was 1.92:1. The ages of the children at onset varied from 51 days to 12 years with a mean age of 2.8 years. The children under the age of 5 years accounted for 79.5%, but most children were 2-3 years old. Kawasaki disease occurred all the year and more frequently in both the ending of spring and the beginning of summer. Fever was the most common clinical feature and enlarged cervical lymph nodes were the smallest clinical feature. A cardiovascular lesion was found in 41.4% of these children, in whom coronary artery dilatation was the most common (26.97%). A total of 117 (18.2%) of 643 children (87.5%) receiving intravenous immunoglobulin had a non-response to gamma globulin. Of the 117 children, 66 (56.4%) had cardiovascular lesion. Kawasaki disease recurred in 19 children (2.6%)., Conclusion: The incidence of Kawasaki disease in Jilin province has shown an increasing tendency. The age at onset is slightly higher than that described in other reports. Kawasaki disease is the most common in both the ending of spring and the beginning of summer, and the second incidence peak occurs in autumn.

Objective: The effect of dietary restriction, intense exercise and menstrual dysfunction on bone mineral density remains controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the skeletal health status and relationship between bone mineral density and nutrient intake, menstrual status, estrogen level and other factos in Chinese adolescent dancers., Methods: Sixty dancers and 77 healthy controls underwent measurements of bone density, body composition, and estrogen level. Nutrient intake, menstrual status and physical activity were assessed with questionnaires. The correlation between these factors were analyzed., Results: The dancers under study had a significantly lean body mass index (18.3 +/- 1.4 kg/m2 vs. 21.7 +/- 3.1 kg/m2), lower percentage of body fat (0.25 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.34 +/- 0.04) and later age at menarche (14.0 +/- 0.9 y vs. 13.0 +/- 1.3 y), and the estrogen level, daily calorie and fat intake in them were also lower than in the controls. All the dancers undertook intensive physical activity every day and up to 69% of them suffered from irregular menarche. Yet they had relatively high BMD and BMC of the total body and legs than the controls after adjusting for BMI and age. Site-specific BMD was positively correlated to BMI, body composition and training hours per week and negatively correlated to the age at menarche and menstrual frequency., Conclusions: The relatively high BMD and BMC of the dancers at the total body and legs were probably caused by high levels of weight-bearing physical activity. To ameliorate disordered eating, especially low energy intake might be helpful to prevent the Triad and to improve the bone health in adolescent dancers.

Consumption of resistant starch (RS)-enriched foods is associated with decrease in the postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses, accompanied by the production of fermentation-related gases in the large bowel. The present study aimed to determine the postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to the GM RS-enriched rice and the fermentation-related production of H2 in young and healthy Chinese adults. A total of sixteen young adults (nine men and seven women) were recruited and divided into three groups. Their postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to 40 g glucose, carbohydrates of RS or wild-type (WT) rice were tested by a crossover model with a washout period of 7 d. The concentrations of blood glucose and insulin as well as breath H2 were measured before and after food intake. Although the mean concentrations of fasting blood glucose, insulin and breath H2 were similar, consumption of the RS rice significantly decreased the values of glycaemic index (GI) and insulin index (II), as compared with the intake of WT rice (48.4 (sem 21.8) v. 77.4 (sem 34.9) for GI, 34.2 (sem 18.9) v. 54.4 (sem 22.4) for II, P < 0.05), respectively. Conversely, intake of the RS rice meal significantly elevated the concentrations of breath H2, as compared with WT rice (38.9 (sem 17.6) v. 10.5 (sem 3.7) parts per million for peak levels of breath H2, P < 0.05) through a period of 16-h tests. Consumption of the GM RS-enriched rice meal decreased the postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses and promoted RS fermentation-related production of H2 in the large bowel of young and healthy Chinese adults.

Objective: The current recommendations on dietary energy requirements in China have been based on total energy expenditure (TEE) derived from theoretical factorial calculations expressed as multiples of basal energy expenditure (BEE). Few direct measurements of TEE and BEE have been conducted in Chinese people. This study was designed to measure the TEE and BEE of healthy, light active women of normal body weight living in China, and to evaluate the recommendations on dietary energy requirements by comparing the data correspondingly., Design: 16 healthy female adults aged 22.1 ± 1.2 y with a body mass index (in kg/m2) of 20.4 ± 1.7 were selected. Under well-controlled conditions, TEEs were determined by using the doubly labeled water method. At the same time, BEEs were measured by using indirect calorimetry., Results: Measured TEE was 1380 ± 118 kcal/d, which was close to the value of energy intake (1382 ± 96 kcal/d). Comparing the measured TEE with the recommended (Chinese recommended value for this group is 2100 kcal/d), the recommended was substantially higher than the measured by 15% or so. Meanwhile, the calculated BEE (1230 ± 65 kcal/d) by using the adjusted Schofield equation proposed by the Chinese Nutrition Society was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the measured BEE (1130 ± 110 kcal/d), by 9% or so., Conclusion: Current recommended energy intake for young adult women may need to be revised on the basis of measured TEE and BEE.

Objective: To investigate the association between estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha) gene polymorphisms, pubertal bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers, to better understand the frequencies of ER-a genotypes., Methods: The ER-alpha Pvu II and Xba I genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP in 158 healthy adolescent girls (12-14 years old) while BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The bone turnover markers (BAP, BGP, TRACP) and calcium adjust hormone (25-OH-VitD, E2) were detected by ELISA. The relationship among BMD, bone turnover markers, and polymorphisms of ER-a were examined., Results: (1) Although the bone turnover markers had a trend in ER-alpha Pvu II genotypes as pp>PP>Pp but no significant difference was found (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences found among Xba I genotypes and between Px haplotype and non-Px haplotype. (2) No association was noticed between ER-a genotype and BMD at any site of the forearm and the whole body. Compared with non-Px haplotype, the Px haplotype had lower BMD, but there was no significant difference noticed (P > 0.05)., Conclusion: ER-alpha gene Pvu II and Xba I polymorphism seemed not potentially influence on BMD and bone turnover markers in the pubertal girls in Beijing, suggesting that it might not be the major genetic factor regarding this population.

Objective: To study the relationship between milk intake of 3 - 6 years old preschool children and their growth., Methods: The data bank of 2002 China National and Health Survey were used to analyze the relationship of milk consumption and the growth of children aged 3 - 6 in urban and rural areas., Results: The percentages of the diet with milk in urban and rural areas were 46.9% and 8.2% respectively, there was significant difference between the urban and rural areas. The averaged milk intake of preschool children were 23.8 g/d, the milk intake of urban children was significantly higher than that in the rural areas (P < 0.01). The height and weight of children with milk or its products in their diets in the group aged 4, 5 and 6 years were significantly higher than those of children without milk or its products in their diets (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: There was close relationship between milk intake of children 3 - 6 years old and their growth, the volume of milk intake of preschool children should be improved in urban and rural areas.

Objective: To study vitamin A status, the prevalence of vitamin A (VA) deficiency and marginal VA deficiency and the correlation of VA and iron status of Chinese children., Methods: 380 children were randomly chosen from "Survey on the Status of Nutrition and Health of the Chinese People" (CNHS) in 2002. The plasma vitamin A, hemoglobin (Hb), total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), ferritin (SF) and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) were detected. The prevalence of VA deficiency and marginal deficiency was assessed and the correlation of VA and iron indexes was studied., Results: The VA concentration of subjects was (1.03 +/- 0.24) micromol/L. The prevalence of VA deficiency and VA marginal deficient was 8.4% and 44.7% respectively. Plasma VA was positively correlated with Hb (r = 0.16986, P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with sTfR (r = -0.12863, P < 0.05) significantly but there was no association of SF and TIBC., Conclusion: Iron deficiency coexisted VA marginal deficiency are still very prevalent in Chinese children, plasma VA are correlated with iron status.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and polymorphisms of the eatrogen receptor (ER) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in relation to some environmental factors., Methods: Ninety postmenopausal Chinese rural women of Han population, aged 45 to 65, were voluntarily enrolled in this study. We conducted BMD measurement of the lumber spine and hip by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXEA) and performed a questionnaire survey of diet intake and outside activity. The polymorphisms of ER gene and VDR gene were determined using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism ( PCR-RFLP)., Results: There is no significant influence of ER Px haplotype on BMD in Chinese women. VDR Bsm I polymorphisms was associated with BMD at the lumbar spine and the BMD in the Bb genotype was lower than in the bb genotype (P < 0.05), but the significant difference was weakened after adjusting for confounding factors such as age height weight activity diet and menopause age. Women with the ER Px haplotype and VDR B allele genotype had lowest BMD at lumber (P < 0.05), but the difference of BMD became not significant after adjusting for confounding factors such as age height weight activity diet and menopause age. Diet calcium, protein, carbohydrate and energy simply related to BMD. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that age and body weight were strong predictor of BMD in postmenopausal women. Other significant predictors were menopausal age and carbohydrate at lumber spine and menopausal age at femur neck., Conclusion: BMD was not associated with ER genotype but with VDR Bsm I polymorphism. Environmental factors influence the relationship between gene polymorphism and BMD.

Objective: To estimate the relative risks of dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndromes among overweight and obese Chinese children compared with their normal weight counterparts., Methods: Overweight and obesity were defined by age- and sex-specific BMI classification reference for Chinese children and adolescents. Pediatric metabolic syndrome (MetS) and each risk factor for MetS were defined using the criteria for US adolescents. Definition of hyper-TC, LDL, and dyslipidemia for adults was applied as well. General linear model factor analysis and chi-square test were used to compare the difference in metabolic indicators among normal weight, overweight, and obese groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the odds ratio of metabolic abnormalities between obesity, overweight, and normal weight children, after adjustment for living area, family economic level, age, sex, and daily exercise time and TV watching time, as well as different dietary indices in the model., Results: Significant increases in blood lipids, glucose, and blood pressure were found among overweight and obese children as compared with their counterparts with normal weight. By applying WGOC-recommended BMI classification, the risks for hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL and dyslipidemia among overweight children were 1.9, 1.4, and 1.5 times, and was 3.3, 1.5, and 1.8 times among obese groups compared to their counterparts with normal weight after adjustment for age, sex, region, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and dietary intakes. The overweight and obese children (15-17.9 years) had a high-risk of developing hypertension, which was 2.3 and 2.9 times higher than their counterparts with normal weight. Above 90% obese adolescents had abdominal obesity, while less than 1% normal weight ones had abdominal obesity. No obese adolescents were free from any risk factors for MetS, while 36.9% of normal weight adolescents were from the risk factors. 83.3% obese boys and all obese girls had metabolic syndrome, while only 15.5% normal weight boys and 18.8% normal weight girls had metabolic syndrome. Four risk factors for metabolic syndrome were found in 8.3% obese boys while none in normal weight boys and girls. The prevalence of MetS among normal weight, overweight, and obesity groups was 1.5%, 18.3%, and 38.1% respectively., Conclusion: The cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are clustered in obese Chinese children. Our observations strongly suggest that efforts should be made to prevent the onset of overweight and its associated diseases during early childhood.