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Background: Parents are significantly important in shaping the screen use of children within a family system. This study aimed to examine the associations of Chinese children's screen time (ST) over four years with parents' attitudes toward their own screen use and physical activities (PA) and health behaviors including their ST, PA, cigarette smoking, and alcohol drinking. Methods: The current study utilized data from two waves (2011 and 2015) of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), including 1,941 mother-father-child triads in 2011 and 2,707 mother-father-child triads in 2015 (with children aged 0-17-years-old). The ST of children and the parental attitudes and health behaviors were measured via self-report or proxy-report (for children under 6 years old) questionnaires. Pool-OLS regression models were used to assess the associations of parental attitudes and health behaviors with the ST of children. Moderation models were built to assess whether these associations depended on the gender, age, and family income of children, as well as whether paternal and maternal influences were moderated by the other parent. A multilevel cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) was used to assess parental influences on children's ST over four years. Results: Paternal ST (β = 0.09, p < 0.001), maternal ST (β = 0.10, p < 0.001), and paternal alcohol drinking (β = 0.30, p < 0.05) were positively associated with children's ST. In addition, maternal smoking had a positive association with girls' ST (β = 0.53, p < 0.05). Moreover, the association between maternal ST and children's ST was observed to decline as family income increased (β = -0.03, p < 0.001). Paternal ST had a larger positive association with children's ST when the ST of mothers exceeded 14 h/week (β = 0.06, p < 0.05). Furthermore, lagged associations were found between paternal attitudes toward PA (β = -1.63, p < 0.05) or maternal cigarette smoking (β = 1.46, p < 0.05) and children's ST measured four years later. Conclusion: Children establish a healthy lifestyle within the family system. From the perspective of the healthy family climate, the current study suggests that future programs for reducing children's ST should be built through an integrative approach with special attention to parental attitudes and health behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Violence against patients with schizophrenia is very common, however it is rarely studied in China, especially in primary health care institutions of rural areas. Therefore, we investigated the frequency of violence against patients with community-living schizophrenia in rural China and examined its associated factors and impact on quality of life (QoL) and social function. Method: A survey was conducted among 487 patients with schizophrenia living in rural communities. Data about violent victimization experiences in the past 6 months, demographic information, and clinical characteristics were collected by questionnaires. Results: We found that 92 (18.9%) of 487 subjects experienced at least one type of violent event in the past 6 months. Logistic regression analysis suggested that a history of conducting dangerous behaviors(OR = 1.702, P = 0.02, 95%CI: 1.05–2.73), higher Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (anxiety domain) score (OR = 1.15, P = 0.02, 95%CI: 1.01–1.304) and lower hospitalization rates (OR = 0.89, P = 0.04, 95%CI: 0.81–0.99) were significantly associated with violent victimization in patients with schizophrenia. Analysis of covariance showed the victims of violence tended to have worse social function in patients with schizophrenia living in rural communities of China (P = 0.04). Conclusions: Individuals with schizophrenia living in rural China had a high risk of being exposed to violence and violent victimization of patients with schizophrenia had adverse consequences for social function. More attention is needed for those patients experiencing violent events, because they are simultaneously possible to conduct dangerous behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phellodendron chinense is an extraordinary medicinal plant, and its stem bark is a famous traditional Chinese medicine in China, containing a number of phytochemicals with biological and pharmacological functions. Studies have shown that the medicinal ingredients in P. chinense from various regions are different, as soil types might be important factors affecting the growth and quality of P. chinense. In this study, the effects of acidic purple soil, alkaline purple soil, yellow soil and red soil on the growth, nutrient element accumulation and partitioning in P. chinense seedlings were studied. Our results showed that the biomass of leaves and stems in acidic purple soil was significantly higher than in other soils, and the root biomass was significantly lower than that in yellow soil. C, N, P and Ca contents cultured in acidic purple soil were the highest compared to other soils, and K and Mg content were the highest in yellow soil and red soil, respectively. The distribution of carbon between different organs can reflect environmental stress. N has become a limiting factor for the growth and development of P. chinense seedlings. C:N and C:P ratios in the leaves were significantly lower than those in the stem and roots. Among four soil types, the highest N:P ratio was 1.65 in P. chinense seedlings. These results suggest that four soil types may significantly affect the accumulation and distribution of biomass and nutrient elements in P. chinense seedlings. The characteristic patterns in different organs have different responses. Acidic purple soil is more suitable for the growth of P. chinense. These findings will help to understand the distribution characteristics and requirements of nutrient elements in P. chinense seedlings, and further provide a theoretical basis and reference for site selection and cultivation strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sense of smell is essential in daily life. Children with olfactory dysfunction face a series of problems, so assessing olfactory function during early‐life period is very important. The Universal Sniff (U‐Sniff) test is a widely used measurement of odor identification ability in children and adolescents, although there is a lack of normative data in China. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish normative data for the U‐Sniff test in a large sample of healthy Chinese children and adolescents. A total of 922 healthy children and adolescents (441 boys, 481 girls) aged 6–17 years from China were involved in this study. Odor identification performance was assessed using the U‐Sniff test. The U‐Sniff test mean score across all participants was 10.50 ± 1.73 points (range 1–12). U‐Sniff test scores increased with age, and no effects of sex or an interaction between age group and sex were recorded in this population. Practical Applications: There is currently no published data reporting normative data of the U‐Sniff test among Chinese children and adolescents. From the present research, normative data for olfactory identification using the U‐Sniff test have been established for Chinese population aged 6–17 years. This study provides routine measurements to support future examinations at hospitals, school check‐ups and so on, which can help patients with reduced olfactory function receive appropriate therapy as early as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reporting of suspected CSA cases to authorities in a timely manner is important in preventing continued abuse and protecting abused children at early ages. The current study seeks to explore parents’ intentions of reporting their own children’s CSA experiences to authorities as well as their reporting willingness when they become aware of possible CSA cases happening to children in other families. Two rounds of semi-structured interviews were conducted among a sample of 26 parents in Beijing; these parents were purposefully selected so as to be diverse in terms of gender, age, and socioeconomic status. The data were analyzed thematically. The findings showed that the reporting of suspected CSA to authorities was a choice made by only a few Chinese parents; it was often even a last resort. By using a holistic-interactionistic approach, the interaction between Chinese parents’ intentions of reporting CSA and the Chinese socio-cultural context was analyzed as a dynamic and continuously ongoing process. The impacts of the definition and perceptions of CSA on reporting, the balance of children’s rights and parents’ power, and the double effect of informal social control are discussed. The implications, both locally and globally, are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on public perceptions of parental child beating and child physical abuse (CPA) in mainland China. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 20 parents and a quantitative survey was administered to a sample of 1033 adults in urban districts of Beijing. The quantitative and qualitative results are consistent: both parents and the general public were hesitant to consider the beating of one's own child (by biological parents) as a case of CPA. Respondents indicated that only when parents beat their children malevolently and frequently, so as to cause serious physical injuries, could it be considered CPA. The majority of respondents supported governmental interventions in severe cases of CPA. However, respondents' perceptions of CPA in mainland China are different from those that are prevalent in the West. Therefore, it is essential to develop programmes that educate the public in order to improve their awareness and knowledge of CPA in mainland China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Atrazine is widely used in agriculture and is a known endocrine disrupting chemical. Atrazine can seep into the water body through surface, posing a potential threat to the aquatic ecological environment and human drinking water source. In vertebrate, studies have shown that it can affect reproduction and development seriously, but its molecular mechanism for aquatic animals is unknown. Aquaculture is very common in China, especially common carp, whose females grow faster than males. However, the effects of atrazine on the reproduction of carp, especially miRNA, have not been investigated. Results: In this study, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) at two key developmental stages were exposed to atrazine in vitro. Sex ratio was observed to analyze the effect of atrazine on the sex. MiRNA expression profiles were analysed to identify miRNAs related to gonad development and to reveal the atrazine mechanisms interfering with gonad differentiation. The results showed that the sex ratio was biased towards females. Atrazine exposure caused significant alteration of multiple miRNAs. Predicted targets of differently-expressed miRNAs were involved in many reproductive biology signalling pathways. Conclusions: Our results indicate that atrazine promoted the expression of female-biased genes by decreasing miRNAs in primordial gonad. In addition, our results indicate that atrazine can up-regulate aromatase expression through miRNAs, which supports the hypothesis that atrazine has endocrine-disrupting activity by altering the gene expression profile of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonad axis through its corresponding miRNAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The calcicole or calcifuge behavior of wild plants has been related to element deficiency or toxicity. For fern species, however, knowledge about their adaptive differences and responses to soil environmental changes is virtually absent. In the karst regions of southern China, most Adiantum species favor calcareous soils, but A. flabellulatum prefers acidic soils. Such contrasting preferences for soil types in the same genus are interesting and risky because their preferred soils may "pollute" each other due to extreme precipitation events. We mixed calcareous and acidic soils at 1:1 (v/v) to simulate the "polluted" soils and grew three Adiantum species (the calcicole A. capillus-veneris f. dissectum and A. malesianum and the calcifuge A. flabellulatum) on the calcareous, acidic and mixed soils for 120 d and assessed their growth performance and element concentrations. Results: The calcareous soil showed the highest pH, Ca, Mg and P concentrations but the lowest K concentration, followed by the mixed soil, and the acidic soil. After 120 d of growth, the calcifuge A. flabellulatum on the calcareous and mixed soils exhibited lower SPAD and relative growth rate (RGR) than those on the acidic soil, and its leaf and root Ca, Mg and Fe concentrations were higher and K was lower on the calcareous soil than on the acidic soil. The calcicole A. capillus-veneris f. dissectum on the calcareous soil had similar leaf element concentrations and RGR with those on the mixed soil, but their leaf Ca, Fe and Al were lower and leaf P and K concentrations, SPAD and RGR were higher than those on the acidic soil. For the calcicole A. malesianum, leaf Ca, Fe and Al were lowest and leaf P and RGR were highest when grown on the mixed soil, intermediated on the calcareous soil, and on the acidic soil. Compared with A. malesianum, A. capillus-veneris f. dissectum had lower leaf Ca, Fe and Al but higher leaf Mg concentration when grown on the same calcareous or mixed soils. Conclusions: A. capillus-veneris f. dissectum is a low leaf Ca calcicole species while A. malesianum is an Al accumulating calcicole species. They can effectively take up P and K to leaves and hence can thrive on calcareous soils. In contrast, the calcifuge A. flabellulatum grown on calcareous soils is stunted. Such growth performance may be attributed to the increased leaf Ca and decreased leaf K concentration. If their preferred soils are "polluted", A. flabellulatum can grow worse, A. capillus-veneris f. dissectum can remain almost unaffected while A. malesianum will perform better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adult patients with relapsed or refractory T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (R/R‐T‐ALL) have extremely poor prognosis, representing an urgent unmet medical need. Finding an optimal salvage regimen to bridge transplantation is a priority. The CAG (cytarabine, aclarubicin, and G‐CSF) regimen was initially used by one group in China, showing unexpectedly promising results in 11 R/R‐T‐ALL patients. Here, we report the multicenter results of 41 patients who received the CAG regimen as salvage therapy. After one cycle of the CAG regimen, complete remission and partial remission were achieved in 33 (80.5%) and two (4.9%) patients, respectively. Failure to respond was observed in six patients (14.6%). Early T‐cell precursor (ETP) (n = 26) and non‐ETP (n = 15) patients had a similar CR rate (80.8% vs 80.0%, P =.95). Among 41 patients, allo‐HSCT was successfully performed in 27 (66%) patients (22 in CR and 5 in non‐CR). With a median follow‐up time of 12 months, the estimated 2‐year overall survival and event‐free survival were 68.8% (95% CI, 47.3%‐83.0%) and 56.5% (95% CI, 37.1%‐71.9%), respectively. The CAG regimen was well‐tolerated, and no early death occurred. Our multicenter results show that the CAG regimen is highly effective and safe, representing a novel choice for adult patients with R/R‐T‐ALL and providing a better bridge to transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As emergencies occur more frequently, such as natural disasters and industrial accidents, evacuation planning attracts more and more attention. Bus is often used to evacuate car-free people due to its large capacity and manageability. To improve the efficiency and practicality of public transport evacuation plans, this paper presents a round-trip bus evacuation model based on unfixed routes with simultaneous optimization of bus scheduling and routing planning. With constraints of bus capacity, evacuee demand at pick-up points, time windows and flow balance, the proposed model aims to reduce the total evacuee time cost, including in-bus travel time and waiting time. Moreover, a two-layer algorithm, integrating the insertion algorithm and the edge-exchange algorithm, is devised to obtain the model sub-optimal solution. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed model and solution, two cases are presented in this paper. In the first case, the proposed model and algorithm manage to solve bus evacuation problems effectively. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses are conducted to show the impact factors on the objective function. Based on the realistic topology and size network of Ningbo in China, the second case illustrates the practical value of the model and solution in large-scale evacuation, and demonstrates the superiority over the conventional solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Two new oleanane-type triterpenoids (1 – 2), a new ursane-type triterpenoid (3), and a new podocarpane-type diterpenoid (4), together with 20 known compounds (5 – 24) were isolated from the stems of Celastrus hindsii Benth. Their structures were identified on the basis of the spectral data (HRESIMS, IR, UV, 1D, and 2D NMR) and the absolute configurations were determined by comparison of experimental and calculated ECD data. The structures of 1 and 4 were further confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. In addition, all compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antiviral activities against respiratory syncytium virus (RSV) using cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay. Compounds 7 , 10 , 11 , 19 and 24 exhibited obvious anti-RSV activity with IC 50 values from 1.55 to 6.25 μM. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of depression in the elderly is growing worldwide, and the population aging in China makes depression a major health problem for the elderly adults and a tremendous burden to the society. Effective interventions should be determined to provide an approach solving the problem and improving the situation. This study examined the effectiveness of a mutual recovery program intervention on depressive symptom, sleep quality, and well-being in community-dwelling elderly adults with depressive symptom in Shanghai.Methods: Recruitment was performed between July 2012 and August 2012. Using a cluster randomized wait-list controlled design, we randomized 6 communities (n = 237) into either the intervention group (3 communities, n = 105) or to a wait-list control group (3 communities, n = 132). All participants met the inclusion criteria for depression, which were defined by The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). From March to May of 2013, participants in the intervention group underwent a 2-month mutual recovery program intervention. The intervention included seven 90-min, weekly sessions that were based on a standardized self-designed schedule. Depression was used as primary outcome at three measurement moments: baseline (T1), before intervention at 24 weeks (T2), and immediately after intervention at 32 weeks (T3). Well-being and sleep quality were used as the secondary outcomes, and were evaluated based on the WHO-5 Well-being Index (WHO-5) and the Self-administered Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ). Finally, a total of 225 participants who completed all the sessions and the three measurements entered the final analysis. Mixed-model repeated measures ANOVAs were performed to estimate the intervention effects.Results: There was no significant difference in gender, marriage, age structure, post-work type, and education background between the intervention and control group at baseline. Multivariate ANOVAs showed that there was no significant difference within the groups in terms of sleep, well-being, and depression at baseline and before the intervention. Mixed-model repeated measures ANOVAs detected a group × time interaction on depression, sleep, and well-being and showed a favorable intervention effect within groups immediately after the intervention.Conclusions: The mutual recovery program could be a creative and effective approach to improve mental health in older community-dwelling adults with depressive symptom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tectonic setting of the late Paleoproterozoic suite of anorthosite, mangerite, charnockite and alkali-feldspar granite (AMCG) on the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC) is controversial. This paper reports on the petrology, geochronology and geochemistry of the Beibaiqi, Beipuzi and Shibalitai mangerites in the Longhua area and the Shinao mangerite in the Jianping area. Zircon U–Pb dating reveals that these mangerites formed 1768–1725 Ma, similar to the other lithologies (1753–1673 Ma) of the AMCG suite on the northern margin of the NCC. The mangerites have intermediate SiO 2 contents (57.2–66.8 wt.%) and high K 2 O (4.04–7.05 wt.%) and Na 2 O (3.75–5.50 wt.%) contents, which belong to alkaline series rocks. They are enriched in light rare-earth elements (REEs) and large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs) of Rb, Ba and K, and they are depleted in heavy REEs and the high field-strength elements (HFSEs) of Th, U, Nb, Ta, Ti and P. The zircon ɛ Hf ( t ) values of these mangerites are negative (−8.3 to −1.7), with depleted mantle model ages ( T DM ) and average crustal two-stage modal ages ( T 2DM ) from 2250 Ma to 2533 Ma and 2573 Ma to 2959 Ma, respectively. These geochemical characteristics suggest that these mangerites originated from the early Precambrian lower crust of the NCC. Compared with the mangerites, the other lithologies of the AMCG suite display different evolutionary trends of their major elements and different distribution patterns of their REEs and trace elements, indicating that those lithologies were not formed through fractional crystallization by the same primary magma. The anorthosites share similar distribution patterns of REEs and trace elements and zircon Hf isotopic composition with associated norites. The data suggest that the anorthosites were formed by noritic magmas through fractional crystallization at the base of the lower crust. The alkali-granites and rapakivi granites display the geochemical features of A-type granites, and might have originated from partial melting of the mid-upper crust. Combined with regional geological data, these findings suggest that the AMCG suite occurred in a post-collisional/post-orogenic extensional setting rather than an anorogenic continental rift setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Zircon U–Pb dating and geochemical data are reported for the Jiefangyingzi and Yongshenghao granitic plutons from the Jiefangyingzi area to the northeast (NE) of Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia, with the objective of revealing the tectonic nature of the northern margin of the Sino-Korean paleoplate in early Mesozoic. Zircons from these granitic intrusions are euhedral and subeuhedral in shape with typical oscillatory zoning, indicating magmatic origin. The dating results indicate that these plutons formed in late middle Triassic (229±2Ma and 229±1Ma respectively), rather than in late Paleozoic, as previously thought. The Jiefangyingzi and Yongshegnhao granitic plutons are composed primarily of granodiorite and granite, with compositions of SiO2 =63.23–68.91wt.%, K2O=3.06–4.51wt.%, and A/CNK=0.94–0.99. Chemically, they belong to the high-K calc-alkaline series and meta-aluminous I-type granites. Zircon ε Hf(t) values of both plutons range from +2.1 to +5.0 and +1.4 to +3.9, respectively, whereas the whole-rock ε Nd(t) values of Yongshenghao pluton range from −1.2 to −0.7, indicating the participation of depleted mantle material in their magmatic source. The petrological and geochemical characteristics suggest that these plutons are post-collisional granitoids. Combined with regional geological data, we conclude that these late middle Triassic granitoids formed during the transitional period from the post-collision setting to the post-orogenic extension setting after the collision between the Siberian and Sino-Korean paleoplates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Hepatitis A was ranked first among all of the different types of viral hepatitis in China, which occurred an average of 500,000 cases annually during the 1980's. A live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine was applied in preventing of the disease in 1992, large scale used in vaccination program in 1995, and incorporated in the Expanded Program of Immunization in 2008 in China. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether, and to what extent, the decline in the incidence of hepatitis A in China was the result of hepatitis A (HA) vaccination. Materials and Methods: Official documents and longitudinal serological follow-up studies were reviewed to compare the incidence of HA before and after the introduction of the vaccine. Results: National trends in the incidence of HA in China saw rates decrease by 92.7% in 2009, compared to the levels seen in 1992. A mass vaccination program was carried out in 3-18 year old children (Wuhan City, China), and its protective efficacy was 85.4%. In a mass vaccination program of an entire population (Shenshi County, China), the annual HA incidence decreased from 359.7/100,000 to 17.7/100,000 (almost 20.3 times). There was a significant relationship found between vaccine coverage and the incidence of HA, the correlation of the negative regression was significant at the 1% (Kendall rank correlation, significant level P < 0.05). Conclusions: In summary, this study highlights the important role of implementing a vaccination program in decreasing the incidence of HA, and the large protective efficacy of such a strategy, as demonstrated in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sexual dysfunction is common in patients with schizophrenia, however it is poorly studied in China, especially in primary health care institutions in rural areas. We investigated the prevalence of sexual dysfunction and its correlates including quality of life (QoL), in schizophrenia patients treated in primary care in a rural area in China. Method: By using a random numbers table, 21 small town primary care service centers (from 63 totally) were selected in the study. Data of 720 community-dwelling patients with schizophrenia in rural area with diagnoses according to DSM –IV or ICD-10 were collected by interviews. Data on socio-demographic and clinical characteristics including sexual dysfunction and quality of life (QoL) were collected using a standardized protocol and data collection procedure. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests, t-tests, U-tests, ANCOVA and multiple logistic regression as appropriate by SPSS 21.0.The level of significance was set at 0.05 (two-tailed). Results: In this sample, sexual dysfunction was found in 71.3% of the whole sample, 82.7% of female patients and 64.5% of male patients. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that older age (OR = 1.06, P<0.001, 95%CI: 1.04–1.09) and higher Brief Psychotic Rating Scale (negative domain) score (OR = 1.16, P = 0.01, 95%CI: 1.02–1.31) were significantly associated with sexual dysfunction. Contrary to previous findings, sexual dysfunction was not associated with quality of life after controlling for confounding variables. Conclusions: More than 2/3 of schizophrenia patients living in a rural area complained of sexual dysfunction, which was associated with older age and more negative psychotic symptoms. Primary care physicians should pay attention to sexual dysfunction during the assessment and treatment of patients with schizophrenia in rural areas in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]