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Purpose: To evaluate the distribution and dynamic trends in constituents of urinary stones in China. Materials and methods: The composition of 23,182 stones were analyzed and then recorded between January 2011 and December 2019. The characteristics in terms of stone patient's gender, age and calendar year were analyzed. Results: Most stones (22,172, 95.64%) had several crystal components, among which 40.25% (8925/22,172) were mixtures with infection components. Calcium oxalate (CaOx) and uric acid (UA) stones were more commonly encountered in men, but calcium phosphate (CaP), magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) and carbonate apatite (CA) stones were more prevalent in women (p < 0.05). In males, the proportion of CaOx stones increased up to the age of 40, but subsequently decreased (p < 0.001). Interestingly, females showed an inverse trend regarding CaOx stones (p < 0.001). The proportion of UA stones increased with age (p < 0.001), and CA stones most frequently were recorded at age 20–49. Over the past 9 years, UA, CA, and MAP stones increased over time, whereas there was a tendency for CaOx stones to decrease (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The scarcity of pure stones and a certain proportion of mixtures with infection stone components (e.g., mixtures of CaOx and CA) suggest that treatment directed against a single stone component is insufficient for effective recurrence prevention. Age and gender were significant determinants of stone composition, and according to the observed chronological trends, it seems that in the future, more UA, CA and MAP stones and fewer CaOx stones may be encountered in the studied population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To explore characteristics of urinary stone composition in China, and determine the effects of gender, age, body mass index (BMI), stone location, and geographical region on stone composition. Patients and methods: We prospectively used Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy to analyse stones from consecutive patients presenting with new‐onset urolithiasis at 46 hospitals in seven geographical areas of China, between 1 June 2010 and 31 May 2015. Chi‐squared tests and logistic regression analyses were used to determine associations between stone composition and gender, age, BMI, stone location, and geographical region. Results: The most common stone constituents were: calcium oxalate (CaOx; 65.9%), carbapatite (15.6%), urate (12.4%), struvite (2.7%), and brushite (1.7%). CaOx and urate stones occurred more frequently in males, whereas carbapatite and struvite were more common in females (P < 0.01). CaOx and carbapatite were more common in those aged 30–50 and 20–40 years than in other groups. Brushite and struvite were most common amongst those aged <20 and >70 years. The detection rate of urate increased with age, whilst cystine decreased with age. Obese patients were more likely to have urate stones than carbapatite or brushite stones (P < 0.01). CaOx, carbapatite, brushite, and cystine stones were more frequently found in the kidney than other types, whereas urate and struvite were more frequent in the bladder (P < 0.01). Stone composition varied by geographical region. Conclusions: The most common stone composition was CaOx, followed by carbapatite, urate, struvite, and brushite. Stone composition differed significantly in patients grouped by gender, age, BMI, stone location, and geographical region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to report the characteristics of urolithiasis in Uyghur patients from Xinjiang, China. The composition of stones collected from 1863 patients in the Uyghur region of Xinjiang was analyzed. The median age of patients was 17 years [25th and 75th percentiles: 2, 36]. The stones were delivered by 1299 males (69.7%) and 564 females (30.3%). Calcium oxalate was the predominant stone component in 42.1% of the patients, followed by ammonium urate in 20.6%. Females had formed more stones of magnesium ammonium phosphate 8.9 vs. 5.6% (p = 0.010) and carbonate apatite 6.2 vs. 3.3% (p = 0.004). In contrast uric acid was more common in males than in females; 21.6 vs. 15.1% (p = 0.001). In this series, pediatric patients (age range 0–18) were more likely to present with a stone (51.5%, p < 0.001). Moreover, the largest number of pediatric stones was recorded in children 1–2 years old (37.9%, p < 0.001). The occurrence of ammonium urate stones was extremely high (52.4%) in children with an age below 1 year. There was a downward trend for ammonium urate with age in both children and adults (p for trend < 0.001, respectively). In contrast the frequency of uric acid declined with age in pediatric patients, but increased in adults (p for trend < 0.001, respectively). This study provides a basis for further considerations on the management of Xinjiang Uyghur patients and emphasize the severity of pediatric stone problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Objective of this study is to analyze the difference in renal stone composition between Uyghur and Han children with urolithiasis in China and possible reasons. From May 2011 to September 2013, we analyzed the stone compositions of 274 Chinese children with urolithiasis, including 151 Uyghur children from Xinjiang Province and 123 Han children from Guangdong Province. All the stone components were determined by Infrared spectroscopy and the main components were recorded. We also evaluated the data, including age, gender and geographic region of the patients. The mean age of Uyghur children was less than Han children (5.3 ± 4.2 vs 8.6 ± 5.7 years, p < 0.001). Calcium oxalate (CaOx) was the main stone composition in both Uyghur (35.1 %) and Han (64.2 %) children, but was more common in Han children ( p < 0.0001). Cystine stone was also more abundant in Han children (8.9 % vs 0.7 %, p = 0.001). While, both uric acid (20.5 % vs 3.3 %, p < 0.0001) and magnesium ammonium phosphate (16.6 % vs 2.5 %, p < 0.0001) stones were more common in Uyghur. Interestingly, the significant differences in stone composition between the two groups were only observed in males. When the pediatric patients were further divided into three age groups which were 0-5, 6-12 and >12, the prevalence of calcium oxalate stones increased with age in both groups and was higher in Han children at each age level. The compositions of urinary stones were significantly different between Uyghur and Han children with urolithiasis, factors such as diet habit, life style, genetic diversity, environmental and medical conditions may all contribute to the variances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urolithiasis is a common urologic disease whose prevalence is about 1–20% and increasing throughout the world. The recurrence rate after treatment is more than 50%. Urinary stone analysis is important in determining the possible etiology and the pathophysiology of stone formation. A better understanding of the stone composition may help prevent urinary stone formation. From March 2007 to December 2008, physical analysis of urolithiasis in patients who lived in eastern China for more than 5 years and underwent surgery or shock wave lithotripsy in our hospital or passed their stones spontaneously was carried out using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Clinical and demographic findings were evaluated and compared with the stone components. Stone analysis was performed in 625 patients. The FT-IR evaluation showed that 234 (37.4%) were pure, and the most frequent was calcium oxalate (33.9%), followed by calcium phosphate (2.7%), and uric acid (0.8%). 391 (62.6%) were mixed stone, calcium oxalate (43.2%) was the most commonly major component, followed by calcium phosphate (16.3%), cystine (1.3%), uric acid (1.1%), and struvite (0.6%). Uric acid ( p = 0.029) was the major component found more frequently in men, while struvite ( p = 0.037) was more frequent in women. Uric acid ( p = 0.031) was more common in lower urinary tract stones, and its formers with the mean age of 55 years were older than those with other components ( p = 0.039). In eastern China, the most commonly found pure stone was calcium oxalate, while the most frequent mixed stone was calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate mixture. Stone location, gender, and age may influence stone component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]